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Not for humans, no.
 
Is it possible to have rules like:

1) May only colonize a province adjacent to an existing province?

2) May only colonize a province with a land connection to an existing province?

Don't give any nations any explorers (make sure to remove any events that give random explorers as well), and remove the "explore with all navies" ability from Naval Tech.

With the exception of the ability to colonize coastal provinces that you have discovered, the above rules are already true - you can only colonize provinces with a land connection to your own.
 
There is also an exception for trading posts and the colonization of adjacent provinces in regions with colonization_spread = yes. See geography.txt.

But Slavick3000 is right. I don't really see what can prevent a 4000BC mod with some tweakings in the current structure.
 
Share Maps mainly

I think the major problem is the instant you share maps with someone you have a huge explosion of the known world and you can quickly colonize places across an entire civilization.

Is there a way to limit/block sharing maps/gaining rutters until a certain year?
 
No. But keep in mind that sharing explorations does not reveal any uncolonized provinces, so you still need some exploration of your own (unless you steal maps at sea or take someone's capital).