I believe this is self-sufficient. After trying to load with the same checksum as my friend (modded Multiplayer, sometimes desynchs for some reason) I verified Stellaris files' integrity. After that the launcher started displaying "Steam runtime communication error" during the launch. It can be ignored, but launching with any modpack (including an empty one) is impossible, since it shows a Steam error. Reinstalling launcher and rebooting the computer did nothing, as did the additional files' integrity check.