1919 - Turkey

[Elias Tarfarius]

No events for Turkey have been written, although some early events have been considered. Heres the timeline for the former Empire of Osman.

1919 May 19, Mustafa Kemal arrived in Samsun, Anatolia, to start the National Struggle.
(http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/sultans.html)

1919 Jun 19, Mustafa Kemal founded the Turkish National Congress at Angora (later Ankara) and denounced the Treaty of Versailles.
(HN, 6/19/98)

1919-1922 The Greco-Turkish war. After the war ethnic Greeks were forced to leave Turkey and ethnic Turks were forced to leave Greece.
(SFEM, 3/12/00, p.28)

1920 Apr 23, The Turkish Grand National Assembly held its first meeting in Ankara.
(HN, 4/23/99)

1920 Jun 25, The Greeks took 8,000 Turkish prisoners in Smyrna.
(HN, 6/25/98)

1920 Aug 10, The Ottoman sultanate at Constantinople signed the Treaty of Sevres, which promised a homeland for the Kurds. The nationalist government in Ankara did not sign the treaty.
(SFC, 2/17/99, p.A10)(PCh, 1992, p.739)(EWH, 4th ed, p.1086)

1920 Aug 10, Turkish government renounced its claim to Israel and recognized the British mandate.

1920-1990 Turkey virtually outlawed the Kurdish language.

1921 Jun 19, Turks and Christians of Palestine signed a friendship treaty against Jews.

1921 Oct 13, In the Treaty of Kars Turkey formally recognized the Armenian Soviet Republic.
(EWH, 4th ed, p.1086)

1921 Oct 13, The Daily Colonist in Victoria BC mentioned the term "cold turkey" in reference to quitting an addiction. This was the first know use of the term in print.
(SFEC, 1/25/98, Z1 p.8)

1921 Kemal Ataturk, a Muslim general, called for sustained military action to "chase the enemy out of our land." He referred to British, French and Italian forces that had helped defeat the Ottoman Empire and were stationed in Istanbul.

1922 Jul 21, Djemal Pasha, dictator of Turkey, was murdered.
(MC, 7/21/02)

1922 Sep 9, Turkish troops conquered Smyrna and murdered Greek citizens.
(MC, 9/9/01)

1922 Nov 1, The Ottoman Empire was abolished.

1923 Mar 6, The Turkish National Assembly rejected the Lausanne Treaty in Angora.

1923 Jul 24, The Treaty of Lausanne, which settled the boundaries of modern Turkey, was concluded in Switzerland. It replaced the Treaty of Sevres and divided the lands inhabited by the Kurds between Turkey, Iraq and Syria.

1923 Aug 13, The Turkish National Congress selected Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Ataturk) as president.

1923 Oct 13, Angora (Ankara) became Turkey's capital.

1923 Oct 29, The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Turkey established secular government under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. He introduced the policy known as Kemalism, which bars any mixing of religious and public life. The country was predominantly Sunni Muslim.

1923 Oct 29, Kemal Ataturk (b.1881) was the founder and first president (1923-38) of the Republic of Turkey. Ataturk grew up to become a soldier, coming to international prominence for his defense of the Gallipoli peninsula during World War I. The Allied powers, eager to claim Ottoman territory, began to occupy territory before the official peace treaty--actions which hardened Ataturk's resolve. Beginning in 1919, Kemal--having resigned his commission--gained military support for a Turkish nationalist movement. He also established a government in Ankara, some 300 miles from the Sultan in Istanbul. Nationalist forces eventually found victory with the Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923. As president, Ataturk instituted a number of legal and educational reforms, expanded women’s rights and encouraged adoption of some European customs (such as the use of the Latin alphabet). He died in 1938 of cirrhosis of the liver.

1924 Mar 3, Kemal Ataturk forced the abolition of the Muslim caliphate through the protesting assembly and banned all Kurdish schools, publications and associations. This ended the Ottoman Empire and created the modern Middle East, though Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Saudi Arabia were still colonies of Britain and France.
(WSJ, 2/11/99, p.A24)(SSFC, 10/14/01, p.A3)

1924 Mar 3, German and Turkish friendship and trade treaty was signed.
(SC, 3/3/02)

1925 Jan 30, Turkish government threw out Constantine VI, the Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople.
(MC, 1/30/02)

1925 Feb 26, Jihad-Saint war against Turkish government.
(SC, 2/26/02)

1925 Apr 28, Kurd rebels surrendered to Turkish army.
(MC, 4/28/02)

1925 Nov, In Turkey Ataturk outlawed the tasseled fez headwear for men. He also outlawed the wearing of veils by women but the tradition continued.
(WSJ, 3/27/96, p.A-16)(WSJ, 11/6/97, p.B1)(EWH, 4th ed, p.1087)

1926 A state code designated the husband as head of the family. The wife had no legal say in decisions concerning the home or children. Equal status was attained in 2001 and made effective Jan 1, 2002.
(SFC, 11/23/01, p.A21)

1928 Nov 3, Turkey switched from Arabic to Roman alphabet.
(MC, 11/3/01)

1929 Jan 31, Leon Trotsky was expelled from Russia to Turkey.
(WSJ, 2/29/96, p. A-14)(MC, 1/31/02)

1929 Dec 6, Turkey introduced female suffrage.
(MC, 12/6/01)

1930 Mar 28, The names of the Turkish cities of Constantinople and Angora were changed to Istanbul and Ankara.
(AP, 3/28/97)(HN, 3/28/98)

1930-1937 Kurdish revolts in Turkey were harshly suppressed.
(SSFC, 12/22/02, p.A14)

1933 Franz Werfel (1890-1945), Czech-born Austrian writer, authored "The Forty Days of Musa Dagh," an account of the 1915 Armenian resistance to Turkey. The author's friend, Rabbi Albert Amateau, testified in 1989 that Werfel was ashamed for having written the book, learning that he had extensively relied on the forgeries of Aram Andonian, which provides the only "evidence" of extermination orders.

 

[unmerged(26209)]

Turkey should begin the game with claims on all the old Ottoman Empire, except perhaps Libya.

 

[Tunch Khan]

No events for Turkey have been written, although some early events have been considered. Heres the timeline for the former Empire of Osman.

1922 Sep 9, Turkish troops conquered Smyrna and murdered Greek citizens.
(MC, 9/9/01)

Does this sound cool? Please try to avoid speculative lines that will hurt people's feelings and create unnecessary debates here.

 

[Elias Tarfarius]

Does this sound cool? Please try to avoid speculative lines that will hurt people's feelings and create unnecessary debates here.

As long as it is a historical fact, it matters not whether it "hurts someone's feeling." Unless you can prove to me that the above quoted event DID NOT happen, I see no reason to heed your cautionary post. Nonetheless, thank you.

 

[unmerged(14905)]

Turkey should begin the game with claims on all the old Ottoman Empire, except perhaps Libya.

Yes, but an event is absolutely needed just few months after the beginning to reduce the cores to the modern turkey provinces only.
The republican government was very different from the imperial one: the new turks dont like their past, and Kemal reformed the whole state.

 

[Tunch Khan]

As long as it is a historical fact, it matters not whether it "hurts someone's feeling." Unless you can prove to me that the above quoted event DID NOT happen, I see no reason to heed your cautionary post. Nonetheless, thank you.

the website you copied your information : http://timelines.ws/20thcent/1918_1919.HTML is mostly inaccurate and biased.

There are simply no references to the events that occured against Turkish civilians during 4 years of occupation. And while asking me to prove it did not happen, shouldn't you prove your websites accuracy rather than giving suspicious claims with no numbers? You are saying Turkish army "murdered" Greek civilians. Is that one specific person? 1 million Greeks slaughtered that day? Is that a genocide? Was the order given by Mustafa Kemal himself?
He was there on 10th of September 1922, the liberation of Smyrna from 3 years of Greek occupation. Maybe you want to add he raped some civilians and killed a few babies. That would make the story more colorful.
I am simply against people using hate statements rather than actual facts.
That is why I said the information you provided is speculative.

 

[Tunch Khan]

No events for Turkey have been written, although some early events have been considered. Heres the timeline for the former Empire of Osman.
1926 A state code designated the husband as head of the family. The wife had no legal say in decisions concerning the home or children. Equal status was attained in 2001 and made effective Jan 1, 2002.
(SFC, 11/23/01, p.A21)

People who read your information are going to believe it is actually true. It's a misinterpretation of Turkish customs. Head of the houshold is simply responsible for the folow up of all legal documentation regarding the family. The wifes always had a legal say about the future of the children since men and women had equal rights according to the constitution.

 

[Tunch Khan]

No events for Turkey have been written, although some early events have been considered. Heres the timeline for the former Empire of Osman.

1930 Mar 28, The names of the Turkish cities of Constantinople and Angora were changed to Istanbul and Ankara.
(AP, 3/28/97)(HN, 3/28/98)

This was solely done for the purpose of avoiding further confusion on legal documents since Istanbul was the name already in use by the Turkish speaking citizens for the last 450 years, but christian subjects were free to refer it as Constantinopolis. It is not like Turks were calling the city Constantinopolis a day before this law passed.

 

[Tunch Khan]

Yes, but an event is absolutely needed just few months after the beginning to reduce the cores to the modern turkey provinces only.
The republican government was very different from the imperial one: the new turks dont like their past, and Kemal reformed the whole state.

On January 28th, 1920, The Ottoman Grand Assembly has unanimously voted in favor of the 'National Pact' that unilaterally declared the Ottoman/Turkish boundries, which are modern day Turkey borders except for Mosul and Kirkuk vilayets that were under Turkish control when the WWI ended but later incorporated to British Iraq after the 1925 Sheikh Said Kurdish revolt.

 

[Kurdistani]

On January 28th, 1920, The Ottoman Grand Assembly has unanimously voted in favor of the 'National Pact' that unilaterally declared the Ottoman/Turkish boundries, which are modern day Turkey borders except for Mosul and Kirkuk vilayets that were under Turkish control when the WWI ended but later incorporated to British Iraq after the 1925 Sheikh Said Kurdish revolt.

there was no Kurkuk vilayet 1919.... Only a Mosul one... In fact the Turkish army had been ejected from the region in 1918... It had fallen under the control of Shiekh Mahmud Barzinji... By 1919 a Kurdish government had been set up in Sulymania... Howver, Barzinji was removed and in 1925 after a failed Turkish intervention by Oz Demir (based in Rowanduz) what British souces call 'Southern Kurdistan' was intergrated in to the Iraqi Kingdom...

So for the sake of historical accuracy... in 1919 South Kurdistan should be indepedent... However the should be a number of events that led it either been incorperated in to Iraq (historical) remain independent or be incoperated in to Turkey...


Turkey should have Kurdish as a national culture.... until 1925 Shiekh Said revolt... then the options should be...

1. Crush revolt... loose Kurdish a a national culture revolt in South East...
militancy of liberals -2

2.Make peace... militancy reactionaries -2 Keep Kurdish as a national culture...


If option 2 is selected then
Turkey should get a chance to incoperate Southern Kurdistan in to Turkey

 

[Tunch Khan]

You are correct about Mosul being the including vilayet for Kirkuk. However, by the time of the cease-fire agreement, it was still under Ottoman sovereignity, simply beacuse British troops had not advanced that far and they were not recognized as an independent state.

 

[Kurdistani]

You are correct about Mosul being the including vilayet for Kirkuk. However, by the time of the cease-fire agreement, it was still under Ottoman sovereignity, simply beacuse British troops had not advanced that far and they were not recognized as an independent state.

True... however... in 1919... what was created was effectivly a UAE/Q8 style protectorate... The region was no simply transfered from Turkish to Iraq sovereignity... there was a period of six years were the Kurdish region of Iraq was administratively seperate from Turkey and Iraq... In fact the Brits had do use bombers to intergrate the area Iraq after 1925...(in response Berzinji sent all the people with 'pis chawan' (evil eyes) to look at the planes obviously it did not work... )

Still as late as 1924 the Brits were looking at the idea of creating South Kurdistan as a dependent king (which Berzinji would be king of) of Iraq.... This lost favour when Berzinji scotched his own chances by proclaming himselve king...
thus Mosul/Sulymania/Mendeli should be created into an satillite of Britain... Then in 1925 should be annexed in to Iraq or Turkey (of couse there should be an option to remain independent as a satillite of Iraq...

 

[Kurdistani]

Check David McDowall's 'Modern History of the Kurds' It is the best on the subject... (and also hated by exstream Turkish AND Kurdish nationalists...)

 

[Jayavarman]

 

[Kurdistani]

Kurdistan Region

Sep 1922 - Mar 1923
Adopted 19 Mar 1992

18 Nov 1534 Mosul part of the Ottoman Empire.
1623 - 1638 Persian occupation.
1918 Mosul occupied by Britain.
Sep 1922 Southern Kurdistan (from Nov 1922 Kingdom) proclaimed in
the former Ottoman province of Mosul.
Mar 1923 State supressed.
11 Mar 1974 Autonomous Region of Kurdistan created by Iraq.
1 Jun 1980 Increased autonomy.
10 Mar 1992 Most of Iraqi Kurdistan occupied by Kurdish forces.
1 Apr 1992 Iraq reoccupies Kirkuk.
19 May 1992 Kurdistan Regional Government established (in opposition to Iraqi
rule).
31 Aug 1996 de facto division of region between PDK (later at Erbil) and PUK
(later at Sulaymaniya).
27 Sep 1996 Iraq reasserts control over Erbil for a few hours, then
withdraws the same day after displacing the PUK.
4 Oct 2002 Deceleration of self-rule within "federal" union with Iraq

 

[Strategist]

thanks, but can you give me the situation as it was in 1919? Then I can add it to the map... please give me the Victoria prov ID's which where Kurdish, and tell me how the nation was called in English

 

[Kurdistani]

thanks, but can you give me the situation as it was in 1919? Then I can add it to the map... please give me the Victoria prov ID's which where Kurdish, and tell me how the nation was called in English

Ok then...
PROV1382 Al Mawsil
PROV1393 Mendeli
PROV1414 Suleymania
Kurdistan (Kurdistan government 1919-1922 Kingdom of Southern Kurdistan 1922-1925)

 

[Kurdistani]

Flag of the Kingdom of Southern Kurdistan 1919-1925......

 

[Strategist]

for this flag you should go to the flag requests tread and ask Xiechengnuo

 

[Tunch Khan]

If a Kurdistan that is not recognized by anyone is going to be independent, so should there be two seperate Turkish governements, nationalist Ankara and monarchist Istanbul with two different armies and governments.

On the other hand, Kars, Ardahan, Igdir, Batumi and Ahiska regions, declared their independence on 5th of November 1918 with their capital in Kars. This "Republic of Southwest Caucasia" was officially recognized by United Kingdom.

Flags in victoria format can be downloaded from here with special thanks to XieChengnuo.