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Dead Calm of Change
  • Dead Calm of Change

    “For centuries, the world was static. When you grow up, you end up doing what your father does. Doing it exactly like your father did. As did your father. As did his father. And so on. The change was a rare and slow event. ” the old man started.

    “That is not the way the world works any more. The world is changing at a scary pace, and nothing is the same as it was. And nothing will remain the same as it is.”

    “It is a terrible realization that the world will change. That the old ways are dying and you have to change or perish with them” he continued, and after a pause, added: “Especially if you happen to be a young boy.”

    Now, imagine a house somewhere in Japan. Built and furnished in a style that is best described as western. A house that would fit perfectly in London, or Paris, or Berlin, or New York. A house that felt a bit out of place in Edo. Yet, there it was. As a testament of change.

    Inside the house, there is a room. Again, distinct western style. Despite it being dusk, the room is brightly lit, and not by candles or petroleum lamps, but by electricity. The newest fad of these changing times.

    There was a table. A heavy, expensive, mahogany table in the middle of the room. On it, a tea set. Not Japanese, but made of fine Meissen porcelain, made in Germany, being used to serve English style tea. At least the tea was Japanese in origin.

    Around the table, there were two men, sitting, sipping the tea and eating biscuits. A younger man and a gentleman who can be described as “past his prime”, if you happen to feel generous. What really stood out were his clothes though. Despite all of the western look of the house, the man was wearing very traditional Japanese clothing. Hakama and haori, or loose pants and a jacket. Being in quite a contrast with the rest of the house.

    “It was in Tenpō 6,” the old man started, and stopped promptly, seeing a totally blank look on the younger man’s face.

    “6th year of the second era of Ninko-tennō,” he added. The blankness continued, not being bothered at all by the explanation.

    “18th year of the rule of Emperor Ninko, and 48th year of the rule of Shogun Tokugawa Ienari” the old man tried differently, and the blankness subsided a little. But just a little.

    Then, he laughed and said: “One of my favorite changes is adoption of the Gregorian calendar. It was in the summer of 1835.”

    The blankness on the young man’s face was replaced by total understanding.

    “My father, a retainer of Ninko-tennō, was sent to Deijima. The artificial island built in the city of Nagasaki. Well, artificial island in a sense that we dug a canal between the peninsula and the rest of the city, making it a separate island. The only place in Japan where foreign ships were allowed to land at the time. And only Dutch, Chinese and Korean.”

    dbf-eX4peFULRXx-Ww07yP0Q95DoSLwdIwB_CPTctnJ1EjQwGgB2qpW3QDlPUgYogYOL55OmT1LwAssrPncB94e6L2i29OmdY5U6B1ZDhL0g9HE48auKYKMs7LOAnCtUACeceZQCt_jU1-BciR7ge4xRGovd3BbQCaiZuxVmOJrE7aLHWLcWZFpR2Jp6GA

    The artificial Island of Deijima in Nagasaki

    “Ahh, the famous isolationist policy,” the younger man mumbled.

    “The Sakoku rules. Almost a total isolation indeed,” the older man nodded and continued.

    “My father was tasked to escort Opperhoofd, the chief of the Dutch trading post, to Kyoto and Edo, for his annual tribute to shogun and a little visit to the Emperor on the side.”

    “The latter being an unusual exception?” young man enquired.

    “Yes, it had taken Ninko-tennō considerable effort to gain permission from the shogun. The Emperor claimed to have an interest in Rangaku, or the Dutch studies, as it was called back then. But that is for another time.”

    “We arrived at dawn. Were greeted by Nagasaki bugyō, shogun’s overseer of the port. He apologized profusely, for there had been a dead calm for weeks. Not enough wind, the ships unable to leave the port. Making the crews of several Chinese junks in the harbor more drunk than usual and more restless than usual. And that carried over to the rest of the city.

    Indeed, through the morning mists, we saw huge junks, all sails reefed, anchored in the harbor. And indeed, the noise of drunken sailors and laughter of whores, even though it was early hours, was heard even here. Then, we gazed at Dejima, the Dutch compound. There we saw...”

    The old man took a small dramatic pause. Then continued. “We saw a Dutch ship. All sails reefed as well. But.. but it was moving. Despite no wind. Instead, huge black puffs of smoke were coming from a chimney stationed in the center of the ship and huge paddles on both sides of the ship were turning slowly.”

    “We stood there, on the shore, and watched dumbfounded, as the Dutch ship, despite lack of wind, slowly sped up, moving out of the port. We watched as it passed us, paddles pushing the ship forward. We watched as the ship entered the sea. There, as the ship apparently found some wind, we watched as the small sailors climbed the masts and put full sails on. Majestically, the ship turned westwards and continued her voyage, now apparently, with the power of wind.”

    piYYCmTeN-XNBMi33OPAGsw5PIFr60FL0YN7kt9v16tEM7DK2gukRHtZ-ITvSo5So6azdYf56s1FxYzFlF0aCfokDWm-yOBIfYPFPSQh0h_E5kLIpEo-uwTo3GI7eHz-_lRJmNm6cyrqIGXfk1rSvzkedRtfyp6yAZF5OAIGBDBay0_ueF4u_FAzyQayeg

    Watching the strange ship that is 100% flying under Dutch colors.

    “An early steamer?” the younger man enquired.

    “And a primitive model of that, as well,” the old man laughed. “Nothing that amazing to you, I imagine. Perhaps a bit of a curiosity, for it was a paddlewheeler, not propeller-driven. Oh, how the world has changed.”

    “For to us, it was a total shock. Realization that the Dutch had freed themselves from being the slaves to the wind and can now rightfully call themselves masters of the sea. Something that we did not think to be possible- or rather something we did not think of at all.”

    “It was that morning in Nagasaki,” the old man continued. “That I realized that the world will never be the same. And we can either change with the world or be left behind. Quite a realization if you are 11 years old...”

    “Deadcalm of change,” the younger man muttered.

    The older man just smirked and nodded.
     
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    The Power of the Purse
  • The Power of the Purse

    Jutoku Yoshimichi looked dressed better than your average peasant. Was way wealthier than your average peasant. In fact, was way wealthier than your average samurai and would have dressed better than your average samurai if there were not laws against him dressing better than your average samurai. Yet, in society, he was way below the samurai. And way below the peasants. Just above the Burakumin (you know, the nice folk dealing with interesting jobs like executing people and tanning and such) and these blasted foreigners.

    Jutoku Yoshimichi was not happy with the setup, of course. And, he was not alone in this- other merchants felt this way as well. Considered parasites, for they were not producing anything. But gaining some sort of respect, for at least, they were wealthy parasites.

    1667247000731.jpeg

    The industrialist

    Today though, Yoshimichi was a peasant. Ok, at least he was dressed as one, as he was sipping tea in a quiet corner in a quiet, a bit rundown teahouse in a bit shady district in Kyoto. You know, the kind of teahouse where the owner knew that the popularity of the place depended on their bad memory and bad eyesight.

    1667247122015.jpeg

    Your average small rundown teahouse

    Just as hei had settled in, another man approached. Also dressed in peasant clothes and in addition, wearing a straw hat that covered his face. You know, the Japanese equivalent of raincoat and sunglasses. He gazed curiously under the hat- and forze. Then, kind of panicked, trying to decide between standing up and kneeling on the floor.

    The other man held out his hand, and said: “Jin. Just Jin.”

    Then he sat, opposite Yoshimichi.

    “I heard you wanted to speak to Me,” Jin said.

    “Jin,” Jutoku Yoshimichi said, trying to put as much respect into the word as he could and make a slight bow. “I am Jutoku Yoshimichi, merchant and owner of several textile manufactories in Kyoto.”

    “I know who you are,” replied Jin.

    “And I represent several like-minded merchants in Nippon,” Yoshimichi continued. “There are a few of us. More textile manufacturers, both in Kyoto and Kyushu. Glass manufacturers in Shikoku and Chukoku. Furniture producers in Tohoku. And such.”

    “And what do you, Jutoku Yoshimichi, the textile manufacturer, and your buddies, want from Me?” Jin asked.

    “It is about the future of our beloved Nippon, of course,” Jutoku Yoshimichi replied.

    “Of course. What else? But what about the future of Nippon?”

    Yoshimichi hesitated. Then, he opened his mouth. “Jin, the current situation in Nippon is not a rosy one. Stagnation, starvation, small-scale riots. Our current methods aren’t enough to feed the population or warm them or to clothe them. At the same time, the Shogun and daimyos are unwilling to make any changes. Ienari Tokukagawa is old, set in his ways. An arrogant wastrel. And his son and heir, Ieyoshi, has trouble finding his pants. Literally.”

    1667247049475.jpeg

    Shogun Ienari Tokugawa and his heir apparent. Ieyoshi the pantless.

    “Meanwhile, the countries far West are changing. Employing new technologies for farming, doing mass-scale manufacturing. They are becoming more powerful, while we are doing our best to keep still...”

    “Oh yes, one of my cour.. friends, told me that he had witnessed by his own eyes how the Dutch removed themselves from the shackles of wind,” Jin muttered, half to himself. They, he gazed at Jutoku Yoshimichi and asked. “Well, you have told Me what you don’t like about Nippon. You have not told Me about the future of Nippon as I asked...”

    Dreamily, Jutoku Yoshimichi gazed somewhere distant. “A future of Nippon. Without the power of Shogun. Without authority of daimyos. A future where the rightful Yamato Emperor rules over us all,” he said, dreamily.

    “And a future when a man is free to make his own fortune,” he added.

    “Are you suggesting a revolution? A coup? A rebellion?” Jin inquired.

    Jutoku Yoshimichi looked shocked. “No, no, Jin, I can assure you, nothing of a sort. We are merchants, not fighters- if we go to the field, we will surely lose. In addition, wars tend to disturb trade and make us poorer- and unable to pay for the rebellion.”

    “How then, pray tell me, do you plan to do it?”

    “With the power of the purse. Purse can buy you influence. Purse can gain you laws, officials, institutions. Despite their talks about honor, samurai and daimyos are not above petty bribes...” he replied, with a small smirk.

    He continued: “Currently, Nippon is set in a way that almost every law is set to add to the power of daimyos. They control the military, the peasants, they own the land. I suggest we go for their power- slowly, mind you- and at the same time, try to build a new competing power base that is based on a purse, not land. And while doing so, drive a wedge between the shogun and daimyos, making the shogun distrust his base of power.”

    “So, in your mind, how will it end?” asked Jin.

    “With the shogun resigning, for he has no power left. With the daimyos disbanding their troops, for they have no means to support them left. With the Emperor finally becoming the power in the land of Nippon and leading this country to the new era of prosperity...”

    “While you and your buddies getting rich during the process?” Jin asked

    Not even trying to look ashamed, Jutoku Yoshimichi just smiled and bowed slightly. “That is the intention, Jin.”

    “Just,” he added after a short pause. “Making us rich will make everyone wealthier. We provide stable jobs, not dependent on weather or crops. We will produce items of quality with much lower prices, so everyone can afford them. We will make Nippon an economic powerhouse in progress.”

    “You seem to have quite a thought-out plan,” said Jin, thoughtfully. “What do you need Me though?”

    “We have our purses and our influence, sure,” replied Jutoku Yoshimichi: “But our influence is nothing compared to yours.”

    “I lack the power,” said Jin, with a sad tone. “There are spies of shogun everywhere...”

    Jutoku Yoshimichi reached into his pocket, grabbed a small piece of paper and grinning, albeit very respectfully, handed it to Jin. “The list of spies, Jin”

    Jin grabbed the paper, eyes widened. He combed through the list, mumbling to himself: “I knew it, him. Oh no, not him too? Her, I didn’t even suspect,”

    Then, he gazed at Jutoku Yoshimichi. “How?” he asked, voice full of amazement.

    “Power of the purse,” Jutoku Yoshimichi smiled. “Combined with a slight gambling habit of one of shogun’s men...”

    “We have to be very careful,” said Jin. Kind of implying that he agreed.

    “Believe me, your head is attached safely to your shoulder,” replied Jutoku Yoshimichi. “Ours aren’t. We are very well aware of this fact, and we are quite fond of our heads...”

    Jin just nodded. “And when is the famed date? When the shogun resigns and the Emperor takes over?”

    Jutoku Yoshimichi smiled sadly. “I’m afraid this is a slow-cooking revolution, Jin. I expect to see first results in a few years, but we are talking at least a decade when we manage to push shogun and daimyos apart and perhaps another decade until the power of the shogun is grinded to dust.”

    Jin looked shocked. “Two decades? I might not even live that long...”

    “Might be that me neither,” replied Jutoku Yoshimichi. “But look at it this way- Sengoku Jidai, the time of Warring States, lasted for 150 years. And we are making a bloodless revolution, not a bloody civil war. We shall overthrow the shogun and leave the country richer in progress. A revolution unlike any other.”

    Jin nodded. Then, he stood up. “I have nothing to lose, and much to gain. I’m in.”

    With that , he left. Leaving behind Jutoku Yoshimichi, pretty dumbfounded by the fact that he had called Ninko-tennō Jin, just Jin. And that he was still the proud owner of his head.

    1667247159311.png

    A man with title, but no power

    As for the future of Japan, it changed forever after this little meeting.
     
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    Better Living through Logging
  • Better Living through Logging

    Jutoku Yoshimichi sighed heavily. Diminish the power of the shogunate, drive a wedge between the shogun and daimyos. Easily more said than done, that is for sure, for the Japanese legal system was set in a way that really-really favors the ruling power. From serfdom to army to police to the fact that the Shogun is dependent on daimyos to rule.

    1667318845477.jpeg

    The laws of Japan are really tilted towards keeping Shogunate in power

    “Where to even start?” the man called Jin asked with desperation in his voice. “They’re so dug in...”

    Yoshimichi smiled a bit. “Fortunately, we have Mori Takachika, head of the Mori clan and unofficial leader of daimyos. Who fancies himself a true heir to Mori Motonari, or even as the reincarnation of the famous warlord of the Sengoku era.”

    1667319292265.jpeg

    Mori Takachika, the leader of daimyos. A 16 year old jingoist.

    “Mori Motonari was indeed a man of well-deserved fame,” Jin nodded. “Just, what does he have to do with Takachika?”

    “Takachika sees himself as great of a warrior as his famed ancestor,” replied Yoshimichi.

    “He isn’t?” inquired Jin, curiously.

    Yoshimichi just shrugged. “200 years of peace. I doubt any of us are.”

    1667319373119.png

    Mori Motonari, the famed ancestor of Mori Takachika

    “It doesn't matter though if he is. It only matters that he sees himself as a great military mind”, he continued. “You see, the Samurai have been calling for military reforms, making us less dependent on ashigaru, or the peasant levies, and adopt a more professional armed force. And Mori Takachika totally agreed with it. Even though it goes against the interests of the daimyos.”

    “So, you are saying that Tokugawa Ienari just needs a little push towards military reforms and both the daimyos and the samurai will gather behind him in a unified (and very powerful) voice?” asked Jin.

    Yoshimichi smiled. “Resulting in more powerful samurai. That is not too bad. And also, resulting in a slightly diminished power for daimyos.”

    “Time to push Ienari then. Gently,” said Jin.

    1667319252410.jpeg

    The first reform has quite a success chance.

    “But to other matters. I see we have quite a catastrophic level of logs shortage,” said Jin.

    “And we are going to make the problem worse,” grinned Yoshimichi in return.

    “Why?” Jin looked dumbfounded.

    “Cause we are giving the shogun a chance- to be a great builder. My agents have been whispering in Ienari’s ear about the great buildings that could be built that will carry his name through the ages. Being an old man, about to die soon, this had him listening and nodding. “

    1667319056443.jpeg

    Rough initial building plan- expand construction industry, get some tools up and running and then, iron.

    “And that will increase the demand for logs that are already in short supply?”

    “Oh yes. And that will make the shogun's ear more open to the reform of the logging industry,” grinned Yoshimichi.

    “Privately owned logging industries, with centralized tooling production, followed by the startup of iron mining on an industrial scale in order to make the tools even better?” asked Jin.

    “Precisely,” replied the merchant.

    “Resulting in a situation where all the money of logging business flows through you and your friends?” replied Jin.

    “First, the logging industry, then, the tooling industry and sooner or later, the mining industry as well.” Yoshimichi wasn’t even decent enough to look a bit ashamed.

    “Though,” he added. “To be fair, most of the lumber still comes from the more traditional methods. For now, at least.”

    1667318940654.jpeg

    Shortage of lumber in Japanese market. Most of it still comes from subsistence farms as well.

    “Building is damn expensive though,” said Jin. “Thousands of workers, tons of materials. It can bankrupt a country.”

    “You’re wondering about how the shogun will pay for it?´Well, this is easy. No self-respecting autocrat can resist people whispering into his ear about raising taxes and taxing luxuries...”

    “But the people...” said Jin.

    “To be fair, the tax collection capability of the Shogunate is so atrocious that most will continue paying pretty much nothing to the state,” grinned Yoshimichi. “Still, it is mostly luxuries, so only the rich people like me will notice.”

    “You don’t mind?” wondered Jin.

    “Sure I do. Just, this is a small price to pay- and we’re planning to get it all back through different means.”

    1667318998236.jpeg

    Funding all that future construction

    Jin just dropped it and moved on. “So, building- construction, tooling, more tools and construction and then some iron?”
    Yoshimichi nodded.

    “Then what?”

    “Then, more buildings have to be built to meet the growing needs of the growing building sector,” Yoshimichi said. “To an extent where Nipponese finances can sustain it.”

    “Anything else?”

    “Apparently, the Buddhist monks are a threat to the order of things...”

    “Are they?” Jin asked, curiously

    “To some extent, yes. Along with the Shogunate, they’re mostly stuck in the old ways. Though, they have nothing in particular they are unhappy about right now. Still, it would be wise to diminish their power.”

    “By convincing the Shogun that they are a threat to his power?”

    “Not enough threat that the Shogun would do something radical, to really make them a threat. Instead, something simple, like reducing their power in the government administration and restricting their right to be active in urban centers,” said Yoshimichi.

    1667319127700.jpeg

    Kicking the monks out of government administration and reducing them in urban centers.

    “The Shogun won’t notice that there are actually quite a few changes going on?” inquired Jin.

    “He is old, he is arrogant. And we can mostly manage to make him come up with the solutions as his ideas. If Ienari notices anything, it will be that he is more brilliant than he used to be for decades...”

    “That depends on us and our agents in the Shogun’s court though,” replied Jin.

    “Then, we shall do our best,” Yoshimichi replied. “One final thing, though it is a minor one. I’m not sure this is even worth Shogun's notice. Kyoto is getting a small rework of its urban center. I managed to strike a small deal, and there will be more beautiful markets, with lots of glass being used.”

    Jin gave Yoshimichi a suspicious look. “Price of glass too low for your glass manufacturing buddies liking?”

    Yoshimichi gave an innocent look. “But, it will be beautiful, Jin. Glorious!”

    1667319196250.jpeg

    Kyoto getting new markets- and the price of glass before and after

    Jin just left it at that.

    “And on foreign policy? Do we even have one?”

    “I might have something interesting on that front... but that is for our next meeting, Jin”
     
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    The Bluff on Pearl Harbor
  • The Bluff on Pearl Harbor

    To the Other Side of the World

    “Little did I suspect that I would soon be on board the new Dutch ship,” the old man continued. “Yet, it was in the beginning of 1836, when I was kind of smuggled on board of the ship”

    “Kind of smuggled?” the younger man curiously asked

    “Sakoku rules,” the older man replied. “Are actually two-fold. Yes, they forbid foreigners from setting their feet on Japanese soil. But people tend to forget another, equally important part- they also forbid any Japanese from leaving Japan, under the penalty of death.”

    “Tokugawa Ienari suddenly decided that Nippon needs to improve relations with Great Britain in January 1836,” the old man continued. “So, he sent out an ambassador. And since there were precious few ways of getting to Great Britain, it was decided that the ambassador will board the Dutch ship from Daejima and sail to Java, then take a bigger ship to Holland and from there, sail to Britain.”

    1667419710645.jpeg

    First diplomatic action: be friends with Britain!

    “So, how did you get aboard?” the younger man enquired.

    “Little did Ieanari know that the ambassador was actually serving Ninko-tenno in secret. And that the Emperor decided to send my father with him, as a guarantee or overseer or something. And my father decided to bring me along. Never to return.”

    “Never to return?”

    “Until Sakoku rules were in effect. Yes, no-one knew exactly where we had gone, but there was still a good chance that upon return, we would be captured and beheaded for breaking the Sakoku rules- meaning, leaving Japan.”

    “What a terrible thing to do to a 12-year old kid,” the younger man was shocked.

    “To me, it was more of an adventure. And remember- you can only behead me if I were in Japan. No way Shogun could chop our heads off in London. Instead, I got a chance for something that, well, I was the only Japanese boy that could- see the world outside Nippon.”

    “So, how was it?”

    “First, we discovered that the Dutch had not mastered the wind quite yet. Most of the journey, the paddle steamer went on wind power, with the crew lighting the engines only when there was no other choice. And for as little as possible. We were told that the coal supply was limited. It was kind of disappointing.”

    “But Batavia was amazing. The Dutch capital in Indonesia- a bustling city, totally unlike Japanese cities. Different architecture, different people, different layout. I walked with my eyes wide open- and the goods, in the market, from all over the world. And the people, from all over the world as well. It was mesmerizing."

    1667419994492.png

    Batavia, capital of Dutch East Indies.

    “What was most amazing though were the ships. The sailing ships, the ones we were to take across the world, to Holland. Huge, elegant, fast. They promised to get us to Europe in just 100 days... I could not wait to be on them...”

    And with that, let us leave the people to their journey.

    The Bluff on Pearl Harbor

    As a ship left Nagasaki towards Java, another ship left Edo and pushed eastwards, towards the endless Pacific Ocean. More than 6000 kilometers separated the ship from her destination, and from there, another 3000 kilometers to the western coast of America. Making it without a doubt the longest journey Japanese had taken thus far for sure.

    There of course lies the Kingdom of Hawaii. Isolated between the Japanese islands and American coast, with almost nothing but vast swathes of ocean, with few islands spotted in. The locals were living under an isolationist policy of their own- mostly because few ships even found their way.

    1667419867246.jpeg

    The Islands of Hawaii and their ruler

    Now, imagine the shock of locals when one fine day, a ship did land. Strange men, most of them clad in armor and wearing helmets with very scary faceplates, came to shore and demanded to speak with the leader. And issued an ultimatum- surrender and submit to the Japanese Empire, or be very dead. For there were thousands and thousands more of these nice people with scary faceplates and sharp swords where they came from.

    1667419803902.jpeg

    Just a month with 0 infamy.

    Of course, the Japanese were not lying. There were thousands and thousands more. They omitted some minor details though. Like that nation lacked was a fleet to get even a single thousand to Hawaii, but details-details.

    King Kamehameha of Hawaii did his best to delay. To find allies. The thing is, finding allies is very hard when you are an island in the middle of the Pacific, away from the world. The only people who cared for that part of the world were Great Britain, who fortunately for Japan did not care. And United Tribes in the Northern Island of New Zealand.

    In fact, King Kamehameha, to everyone’s surprise, managed to get their leader, Auha Whaanga, to help him out. Unfortunately for him, the United Tribes had about as much naval capacity as Japan. Meaning, zero. And just a few thousand men, who, even when fully mobilized, were still over 7000 kilometers away. Managing to be even further away than Japan. Making them about as useful as thoughts and prayers.

    1667419749768.jpeg

    A mist useless ally

    Thus, on 6th of May 1836, King Kamehameha of Hawaii declared his official surrender to the mighty Japanese Empire. The islands became officially part of Japanese territory and all of the inhabitants of the island were promised a safe and fruitful life as second-class citizens of the Empire.

    1667419597487.jpeg

    Japan to the left of me, Hawaii to the right. In the middle, lot of water

    This was actually a first-time experience for Japan as well, for before, they only had tested the invasion stuff with Korea and this did not work out so well for them. Suddenly, they had overseas territories. 6000 kilometers away. With nice, fertile volcanic soil, forest full of hardwood and climate suitable for growing this Japan was not the best for. Coffee, fruits and most importantly, sugar.

    1667419645461.jpeg

    Some lumber camps, bananas, rice and sugar! The latter being the most important,

    A worthy first addition to the Empire.
     
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    First Step
  • First Step

    “So, it is now done. We have a professional army,” said Jin, enjoying a cup of tea in the usual no-questions-asked teahouse.

    “And it was surprisingly painless,” he added after a moment.

    Jutoku Yoshimichi grinned and replied: “Look at them- Samurai and Shogunate patting each other's backs, feeling so powerful and accomplished.”

    1667506284901.jpeg

    First step into more modern Japan

    “Now what?”

    “I think now it is time for Tokugawa Ienari to realize that perhaps the Samurai have grown too powerful and need reining in.”

    “Why, yes, they have been increasingly powerful for a whole day,” Jin agreed.

    “Perhaps some whispers in Shogun’s ears that the Samurai would be a lot better off outside the government for now- perhaps it is time to bring the intellectuals in.”

    “Intellectuals?” pondered Jin. “What do they want?”

    “Koan Ogata is a, well. A moderate, sure. But his entire faction is something of a strange one. Believing in people’s liberties and such. With them, we can attack one of the core pillars of the power of daimyos. Going after serfdom,” replied Yoshimichi, slyly.

    1667506159382.jpeg

    Koan Ogata and the Liberals

    1667506338397.jpeg

    And the new Japanese government. Did not even lose legitimacy.

    “What, already?”

    “The time is perfect! For some reason, the Samurai actually hate abolishing serfdom more than the daimyos do. And at the moment, they are thrilled because they have these new professional toy soldiers to play with,” Yoshimichi looked even a bit slyer.

    “But why serfdom?”

    “Because we are stuck in a traditionalist model for our economy. You know, where the peasant is a property of the land-holder. Unless we want to go towards an agrarian economy- that is basically the same, but looks at the relationship through a romanticized lens. And since we are stuck in a traditionalist economy, that means that we tax people less and also, cannot enforce new laws that would make people pay more taxes.”

    1667506388762.jpeg

    This is not going to be that easy. And what's with the Samurai loving serfdom more then the Shogunate?

    “So, serfdom bad, plus serfdom adds much to power of daimyos,” Jin summarized.

    “Exactly,” Yoshimich nodded.

    “So, what construction doing?,” Jin changed the subject.

    1667506096939.jpeg

    Japan has twice the building capacity it had half a year ago and the first tooling workshop being built

    “That is going alongside the plan. We now have three construction offices in both Kanto and Kansai, a third is being constructed in Chubu and the price of lumber is rising. Soon, the first tooling shop in Edo will be finished and then, the economy of Nippon will start it’s transformation.”

    “Ok, I see what I can do about poisoning Ienari’s ear about the Samurai then”, said Jin. He then rose and left.

    Into Indonesia

    As soon as Hawaii was safely in Japanese hands, the Shogunate turned its collective eye towards Indonesia. The region consisted of Java, Borneo, Sumatra islands, Philippines archipelago and several smaller islands. It’s political variety was as great. There were small independent local states. There were Dutch and Spanish colonial administrations. There were small local states, nominally independent, but under the Dutch administration. There were some areas of islands, especially in Celebs and Papua New Guinea that were still considered uncivilized and tribal. And finally, in Borneo, there was Lanfang, the Chinese tributary.

    First, the Japanese gaze stopped at Sulu. A small state with their heart in Sulu islands, just east of Borneo. Controlling half of Palawan island. And most importantly, a small part of North Borneo island itself.

    A Sunni sultanate with a combined population actually lower than Hawaii’s. Run by Sultan Jamalul Kiram. Just one minor power in the very splintered Island of Borneo (total 5 independent states, 3 Dutch East Indies puppets and one tributary to Great Quing). Also, with just two battalions to call up. In short, a perfect stepping stone to get Japanese people into the island of Borneo.

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    Situation in Indonesia, with Sulu territories shown

    On 14th June, 1836, Sultan Jamaul got a visit from people similar to the ones King Kamehameha got just half a year earlier. Promising death and destruction on the poor Sultanate unless Jamaul cedes his Bornean territories to Japan. Again, praising the sheer number of Japanese soldiers- and again omitting the minor fact that the Japanese don’t have a single ship to move them soldiers around in case Jamaul decides not to give up.

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    This is much more crowded then it was during the Conquest of Hawaii

    It was not a pure bluff this time though. On 6th of July, 1836, the Japanese found a way to land their troops on the island. Well, at least find some troops that would land on the Island. Great Britain has agreed to joint the Japan on the following terms:Japan gets North Borneo. Sulu can keep the rest, but spend the rest of their lives as a British puppet.

    Again, the Sulu were totally not without friends. Aceh from Sumatra island and Minondago from Southern Philippines promised to help the Sulu. Neither of them were actually as awesome as Great Britain though.

    1667506448008.jpeg

    Hey, we have some naval invasion capacity this time!

    Realizing the futility of the fight, on 3rd of October 1836, Sultan Jamaul gave up. Giving up his Bornean territories while keeping the Sulu islands, half of Palawan and perhaps most importantly, his independence.

    Japan now has a gateway to Borneo island. And Japan had struck gold with this one. Literally. Well, if we are true, then Sulu struck gold in late August and just month and half later, Japanese marched in to reap the benefits. In addition to gold, Japan got access to the famous Bornan hardwood (though no lumber mills as of yet) and some fields capable of growing tobacco, fruit, coffee or dyes.

    1667506485274.jpeg

    Added bonus- a bit of gold.

    Most of the new gold fields discovered in Borneo were property of Brunei though...
     
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    Retooling the Economy
  • Retooling the Economy

    On 1st December of 1836, the first tooling workshop in Edo was completed. Yes, it provided just crude tools. Yes, it was run by shopkeepers, not capitalists. Yes, it wasn’t very effective. It was still the first tooling workshop in Japan.

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    Let the tooling begin

    The very same day, the first sawmills in Japan appeared. In Chubu, the first industrial logging camp was set up. Using tools produced in Edo, they were much more efficient in their production than the old-fashioned lumberjacks with axes.

    It also created two new classes in Japan. First, of course, were the capitalists. A new power, based on money and manufacturing, not on land and agriculture. A new power to debase the daimyos of Japan and guide the nation to new heights.

    There were also the machinists. People trained to operate the machinery. Better-trained than your average laborer, better-paid than your average laborer. More stable jobs, for the machinery needs operators all year round.

    The starting was rough, but in a year or so, both new capitalists and machinists were enjoying a life.. Well, lavish one for capitalists and much better quality of life for machinists.

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    The change in lumber industry in Chubu. And a year after the change.

    It was not all though. In January, the logging camps of Hokkaido saw the usefulness and also adopted sawmills.

    By April 1837, all but the mills in Chugoku, the biggest ones on the island, were using tools. The difference is staggering. And the demand for tools was still high, even though the factory was running at full capacity.

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    All the lumber industry of Japan. Notice the difference between Chugoku ones and the others

    It was in May 1837, when a second tools factory was opened in Edo. Followed by Chugoku adopting tools in June. With this, every lumber mill in the Empire was using tools. Before the reforms, the Japanese logging industry amounted to around 300 lumber. After, it was near 800. Almost a triple increase. Of course, the only thing being that the demand had increased as well. Especially the construction sector that used to be 150 lumber now demanded 900.

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    Lumber in the summer of 37, compared to January of 36


    On other news: In April 1837, the Japanese discovered the usage of cotton gin. It was timely too, for the need for fabric had also risen when the construction sector had expanded at high speed.

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    The first invention

    Boots on Ground

    Soon after the Japanese bluffed themselves to Sulu North Borneo, they turned their attention to the rest of the state. Namely, the Sultanate of Brunei, who held the rest of the state. And most of the freshly discovered gold fields in that state.

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    This time, we are not bluffing

    This time, it was not a bluff. This was the first true external expansion of Japan. For the Shogun recruited a new general, Tamon Shinsaku. A warrior known for his bravery, loved by his soldiers and common folk alike. Gave him 15 000 soldiers and sent him to Borneo.

    If you are doing a naval invasion, you need warships. Enough warships to fit the troops. Enough warships to cover the troops when they’re landing. But this is not a naval invasion, for Japan and Brunei actually have a common border. Thus, soldiers can be transported over by merchant ships, then, they form up and gather at the border. That is exactly what Shinsaku did.

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    General Tamon Shinsaku, heading to the North Borenan front.

    Borneo was able to field about tenth of the soldiers Shinsaku had amassed on their border. In addition, they were able to gain help of Siak in Sumatra and Maguindanao in South Philippines, but even with their combined power, they could not reach half of Japan’s forces.

    Much to the disappointment of Japanese, who were actually awaiting their first real, true war, on 2nd January 1837, the Brunei Sultanate gave up, allowing itself to be swallowed by the Japanese Empire.

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    Again, no war.

    Turned out that the main issue was that there was not enough people to properly fill the gold fields. By February, around 20 000 people were working there, but that was about that. Turmoil and the status of a newly conquered state most likely didn’t help much. Still, it was around 2000 pounds per week more for the Japanese than it had been.

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    Gold, for now. Still, a nice boost to income.

    For now though, Japan took a small break. To improve the relations with the Dutch, English and Dutch East Indies and let the emotions of sudden conquest cool off a bit.
     
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    The Land Question
  • The Land Question

    “I can’t believe it was done! And so easily,” said Jin with a jubilant voice.

    “Innkeeper, bring us your best sake,” he added. “This is a cause of jubilation.”

    Though, to be fair, the best sake of the rundown teahouse tasted, well, a bit less piss then the usual one. Still, the two man raised their cups in celebration.

    “The serfdom in Japan is abolished,” Jin continued. “The peasants are free! And it took just a bit more than a year and two tries!”

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    Bye-bye, serfdom!

    He held his cup up high.

    Yoshimichi did not look as elated though. “In a way, Jin, you are correct.”

    “What do you mean, in a way! As of today, no noble can claim the peasant to be his!” said Jin, surprised.

    “Ah, yes, you are absolutely correct. Just, what changed?”

    “A lot! The power of the Shogunate diminished, the daimyos were taken down a notch, and the peasants are finally free!” Jin was still elated.

    “The peasants are free to do what?”

    “To keep on working in the fields, on their own behalf, free of the lords?” Jin asked

    “Oh whose land?” Yoshimichi replied with a question.

    “Oh,” said Jin. Elation left his face.

    “The peasants are free, yes.” Yoshimichi continued. “They cannot be brought or sold like dogs. They cannot be forced to work on their masters fields no more. They are free to leave if they wish.”

    “But all the land belongs to Shogunate, who gives it to daimyos, who give it to their vassals. The peasants don’t own any. Meaning that they need to rent the land from the landowner, with terms set by the landowner. This will most likely not involve right of the landowner to sell his peasants, but can still involve working on lords' fields, paying most of their harvest as rent and such.”

    “So, nothing changed?” Jin looked truly shocked. “Nothing at all?”

    “If you happen to be daimyo, then in your eyes, pretty much nothing, yes.” Yoshimichi looked sly again. “That is why the law was passed so easily, I think. Not too much opposition on that one, actually.”

    “But you are getting that sly look in your face again?” asked Jin. “I imagine this has some consequences the daimyos could not predict?”

    “Where is a peasant to go if he is unsatisfied with his lord?” asked Yoshimichi in return.

    “Well, as of yesterday, nowhere,” Jin pondered. “As of today, I guess, to another lord?”

    “Or to the city,” said Yoshimichi, triumphantly. “To work in one of my factories, be it a simple laborer or machinist or something. Or to perhaps open a shop in the growing urban center? Or even work as a street-sweeper.”

    “So, in a way, you made peasants free, so you can have a labor pool to draw from?” Jin’s eyes were wide of surprise.

    “In a way, yes.” Yoshimichi was having this sly look again. “Peasant can’t decide to come to work in the factory if he is a property of the lord.”

    “But, this is a bit more. This creates a shortage of peasants. Creating an incentive for the landowners not to bleed their peasants dry, for a landowner without his peasants is a nice person who owns a lot of land that lie fallow, because he has no-one to till them.”

    “So, by getting richer, you are also making the peasants' lives easier?” Jin said with disbelief.

    “Believe it or not, that is so. And sooner or later, some landowner short on cash comes up with a brilliant scheme- selling the land to peasants can net you cash right here and now. Making the peasant his own landowner and making him actually lose a lot in the long term. And others will follow suit, for everyone has a situation where they need cash here and now,” Yoshimichi grinned.

    “Making the peasant a landowner in the long term?” asked Jin

    “And making the daimyos and the shogunate lose in the long term, yes.”

    “So, what happened today is just a foundation?”

    Yoshimichi nodded. Then, raised his glass. “To foundations, Jin.”

    “What next for us?”

    “I think Ienari would love to see one thing changed. No longer do government positions pass from father to son, but instead, he gets to pick and choose the fillers of positions.”

    “This would make Ienari happy, Jin agreed. “Is it good for us as well though?”

    “The Shogunate is not known for her ability to collect taxes, meaning less money for construction. It is good for us as well, believe me”

    “Just, the inherited bureaucrats are not happy?”

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    Less power for Shougunate, more taxes to Shogun. A logical decision.

    Yoshimichi nodded.

    “Anything else interesting?” Jin inquired.

    “In the end of September, the first iron mine near Edo was completed,” replied Yoshimichi. “As a result, we changed the production methods of our tooling shops to pig iron. This, of course, created a huge shortage of iron right away. Still, this is another capitalist-run venture now and in time, if iron shortages are ironed out, will produce a lot more.”

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    First iron mine and conversion to pig iron tools.

    “That’s that then?” asked Jin.

    Yoshimichi nodded.

    “Until next time,” Jin winked, stood up and left the shoddy teahouse.
    It was the 10th of November 1837. The Shogunate had abolished serfdom.
     
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    First Blood
  • First Blood

    Red Hot Iron, White Hot Iron

    “The journey was uneventful,” the old man started. “Indeed, as promised, they got us to Amsterdam from Batavia with little over 100 days. We spent it wisely though. We hired a Dutch from Batavia who, in return of voyage to Amsterdam and some extra coins, promised to teach us English.”

    “How did it go?” the younger man asked

    “Well, in England, it turned out that indeed, we were all speaking very fluent German,” the older man chuckled.

    “But you know, I thought Batavia to impressive. But Amsterdam was even more impressive. And from there, it was just a short voyage to London- and believe me, that was even more impressive.”

    “I know, I’ve been,” replied the younger man.

    “But you could not see the same contrast as I,” said the older man. “Coming from mostly rural Japan to the most industrialized nation in the world, where riches from all over the world gather to. The lavish life of the upper class- and the extreme poverty of the lower class in contrast: From bright lights to soot-covered housing. From clean, well-dressed people to people in dirty rags. It was a city of contrasts.”

    “Still is,” the younger man confirmed.

    “But what really got me was the City of York. We were given a tour of the heart of Brittish metalworking there...” the older continued.

    “First, getting there... we were taken by a train. We did not even know that such a thing existed. We must have looked like uneducated barbarians to our guides.” the old man chuckled at the memory.

    “Still, a train. A steel beast, with carriages. No horses. Smoke coming from chimney. And it moved with a breakneck speed of 40 kilometers per hour. I was both terrified and excited at the same time, watching the landscape go past.”

    “That slow?” younger man wondered.

    “To you, perhaps. To me, it was fastest thing by far I’ve been on,” the older replied. “The distance between London and York is about 350 kilometers- and the train managed to do it with about 9 hours! It was amazingly fast! Imagine, it was only 100 kilometers less then distance between Edo and Kyoto and for us, it was at least a weeks journey.”

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    Departing from London

    “The landscape started changing. When we entered Midlands, there were more and more mines, both of iron and coal. Even more so when we entered Yorkshite- it was one of major sources or iron and coal in England.”

    “Nothing prepared me what I could expect in York though. Tall chimneys all over the city, with thick smoke emerging, darkening the skies. The blackend smoke, the dirty faces of humans. And the red hot iron of the great smelteries, where coal and iron was used to create steel in quantities and quality we thought impossible. Or the fine, sturdy steel tools produced there. Or the great engines. York was the heart of English metalworks, and it showed.”

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    Not the most pleasant place to live

    “My father looked at the city, and with an expression that was mix between disgust and amazement, said to me: “Son, remember. It is not the fancy gaslights of London that is the basis of British power. This place is.”” the older man continued.

    “And with this, came understanding that unless Japan has these ugly, soot-covered cities, where the smoke of factories darkens the skies, we would never be able to catch up. It is the red hot iron, it is the white hot iron that makes the country.”

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    Yorkshire, a heart of British metalworking

    Tooling Up

    Japanese foray into Borneo had brought them to closer contact with the Western powers. And while it was obvious that the Japanese were more then a match to local powers there, it was also most obvious that against a moden western army, especially against the Brits, the Japanese forces in their current stance had no chance. In order to rectify that, the first move was to equip Japanese armies with artillery. That, of course, needed cannons. So, the first step was ordering of construction of arms factory in Tokoku in May 1838. It would take about a year to complete though.

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    First arms factory being built in Tohoku

    In June 1838, Ienari Tokugawa himself intervened in the process of getting hereditary bureaucrats replaced with ones appointed by him. “Get it done,” were his words. Strangely enough, while it increased the chances of this happening, the intellectuals did not like the fact that the shogun used his god-given right to interfere and were a bit unhappier. Still, with official support of the Shogun, there was pretty good chance of implementing this.

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    Tokugawa Ienari totally endorsing the appointed bureaucracy.

    In August 1838, the Japanese discovered lathes. It was actually quite a simple mechanical tool, but it revolutionized most of the industries in the country.

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    Let the industrial revolution begin!

    The best example were the furniture manufactories in Chubu. With the implementation of lathes, the industry changed completely. From totally handcrafted furniture to mechanized- the production became more efficient, sure. It also changed how the production worked. From simple model involving the shopkeepers and laborers, it changed to much more complex system, with capitalists in charge, machinists working the machinery and for the first time in Japan, engineers.

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    Furniture factory retooling. And a new class. Meet the engineers.

    The clothes manufactories in Kansai and Kyushu also changed their production, becoming more efficient and creating the first true capitalists in the clothing industry in progress.

    Followed by first Japanese lead mine being opened in Chugoku in September, and then first glassworks in the same state being converted from traditional forest glass manufactory to leaded glass. The industrial revolution of Japan was slowly on it’s way.

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    With the first lead mine, the production of glassworks changed to leaded glass

    In November, followed by another iron mine in Kansai, a single construction office in Tohoku was converted to new construction method- iron-framed buildings. Making the construction more efficient, but also demanding more iron and more tools. The demand of iron was such that despite it showing great success in both construction capacity and sturdiness of the buildings, at the moment, Japan could not afford more.

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    First Iron-framed buildings. Iron is still in short supply to make it happen for rest of Japan though.

    Oshio Heihachiro, the head of Buddhist Monks in Japan, was caught with his pants down in December. The scandal of an esteemed monks being, well, just a pervert, shook the nation. A little. Oshio was still loved by everyone, contributing to the popularity of the monks. Just, a little less loved.

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    Still loved

    First Blood

    Bulungan was yet another small country in the Island of Borneo, consisting a few provinces in North Borneo and majority of her power in East Borneo. A logical next target for the Japanese, and thus, in March 1838, the Shougunate started their expansion there. As usual for the small states on the island, it was weak, able to field a few thousand men. A walk in the park, as the Japanese thought.

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    Picking on the weak again.

    Again, Tamon Shinsaku was mobilised. Now commanding 20 troops, the general was marching at Japanese-Bulunganese border, hoping to scare the small sultanate into submission.

    Not this time though. Instead of doing the reasonable thing and backing down, Sultan Muhammed Almuddin of Bulungan sought allies. And it seemed like the Japanese expansion on the island had irked the ire of the Dutch East Indies. So, in return for a simple obligation, the Dutch declared in April that they will support Bulungan.

    This caused a bit of panic in Japan, for for the first time, there was a threat to meet the advanced European power in battle. But after assessing things for a while, the Japanese did not see any Dutch forces amassing in the border. So, instead of backing down, the Shogunate went ahead.

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    Not a Dutch in sight

    On 19th of June 1838, the Japanese Empire started their first war in two centuries. Japan versus Bulungan and Dutch East India.

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    For a simple obligation, Japan now faces Dutch East Indies

    As Japase forces crossed the border, a single diivsion was intercepted by Bulungan force and the first battle since the end of Sengoku took place. It did not end well for Japan, with about 10th of force being killed and half wounded in battle.

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    The first battle of Japan in more then two centuries. Did not go too well.

    This was just a first battle though, and the others went a bit better. By August, the northern part of Bulungan was under Japanese control and the Japanese reached the borders of Dutch East Indies. Only to find their armies deeply entrenched there, but without general and just defending, not attacking.

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    I'm gonna stay away from this front for sure

    The Japanese were also not keen on attacking, for the Dutch were better armed, better positioned and it was clear that the medieval force of Japanse Empire would be slaughtered by the modern Dutch army. Instead, the Japanese focused on occupying the Bulungan lands, for this enemy was weaker and much less in numbers.

    Until in 16tth January 1839, Bulungan gave up, ceding their East Borneo lands to Japan. The Dutch East Indes were like “Ok then” and ended the war as well. Japan got another bit of territory in the Boreno island.

    1667846378564.jpeg

    This went surprisingly well
     
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    Change in Governance
  • Change in Governance

    “It’s a bloody miracle,” said Jin, sipping his cheap sake.

    “Are you surprised?” asked Yoshimichi, smiling from ear to ear.

    “The pure amount of it... yes. I mean, Nippon was a few thousand pounds in the red yesterday. Today, suddenly, we are 11 000 in the green. Eleven thousand!” Jin said, with amazement. “I mean, I knew that the system was corrupt, but to that extent???”

    1667928454810.jpeg

    Quite an impressive change in balance

    “I heard even Tokugawa Ienari looks really happy,” added Yoshimichi.

    It was 9th of August 1840 and Japan had finally approved Appointed Bureaucrats. The changes were instantaneous. A budget that was slowly drifting to negative was hugely positive again.

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    Finally

    “No wonder there was such an opposition to the law,” said Jin.

    “From November 1837 to August 1840. Almost three years,” Yoshimichi agreed. “With the decree from Shogun that insisted that it should be implemented as soon as possible, no less”

    “Oh yes, we got bureaucratic struggle, adding extra enactment time. We got splitters from intelligentsia, who decided they did not want the law. But in the end, we got what we wanted!” said Jin. “I had given up hope already.”

    “Now what?” asked Jin

    “Now, the daimyos are pissed,” replied Yoshimichi. “But we do not want them too pissed. Yet. Instead, I propose we do something that does not piss them off anymore. How about bringing the Samurai back to the fold and do something that makes intellectuals angry?”

    “Like?”

    “Like implementing the national guard. I would love some secret police, but we just don’t know how yet, so the national guard in the meantime should work ok. And it makes intellectuals less angry when it is time to implement the secret police.”

    “So, no serious reforms until daimyos have cooled off a bit?” asked Jin.

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    Now, going for a National Guard. Meaning, if you don't agree with the government, you shall receive a free bonk in your head.

    Yoshimichi nodded.

    “Oh, congratulations are in order, right?” said Jin. “You industrialists are finally not marginalized. In fact, your power can be compared to samurai.”

    With a smug look on his face, Yoshimichi agreed. Things were looking up for Nippon.

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    Time for samurai to be in power again. And, look at the power of the industrialists!

    The Industry Grows

    In April 1839, first arms factory in Japan was completed. Yes, it was producing both small arms and cannons and yes, the small arms went totally to waste, but Japan had cannons. Some cannons. Not enough to rearm everyone, but the troops under Tamon Shinsaku got equipped with cannons. Again, not enough to meet the Duch East Indies in battle, but increasing their success chance if that happened nevertheless. And also, giving the Japanese a definite edge over other unrecognized powers of the area.

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    First arms industry, plus Tamon getting first cannons

    Meanwhile, lumber production had more than doubled since 1836, though demand had skyrocketed as well. Still, in the course of a few years, Japan had become the 4th producer of lumber in the world. Also, it was obvious that the economic change initiated by Yoshimichi was a great success. Once, lumber mills produced less than half of what subsistence farms did. Now, they produced over twice the amount. Proving to everyone that mechanization was the way to go.

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    Lumber, the driving force behind Japanese industrialization

    Western influences helped Japan to unlock the Currency Standards. Allowing Japan for a new, better system of collecting taxes from the population. If only the economic system wasn’t traditionalism. And imagine the shock of the Japanese when they first saw a Dutch paddlewheeler in 1835. Few would have imagined that in November 1839, the first Nipponese paddle steamer would come into service. Yes, ordered from the Dutch, built in dockyards in Amsterdam, but sailing under Japanese flag. The ship sailed mostly in Seto Inland Sea, carrying cargo and passengers between Shikoku island and Honshu island, the main island.

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    These are due to influence from other countries

    The gold rush of Borneo did not last for very long. Already in September 1839, four gold fields were depleted. Meaning, no more easy pickings and Japan lost an important source of income. This was a blessing in disguise though, for the gold was still there, just needed proper mines to be built. In future, the gold mines would for sure be able to produce gold in greater properties then the greediest army of men armed with pans. Just, it takes time to build.

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    So long, easy income. Welcome, more easy income in the future

    By March 1840, the first cotton plantation were built. The price of fabric went a bit too high, so in order to cut the funding costs of the construction sector, some specialized cotton was needed. Of course, this was not in a scale as lumber and most of the fabric still came from subsistence farms, but it was a start.

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    First cotton plantations and the demand for fabric

    In July 1840, the first food industry was built in Chubu. Using sugar and grain to produce both booze and groceries, it was a first industry that managed to make some food that would preserve for quite some time and do it industrially. And make a sake that is cheap, but not total swill.

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    First food industry.

    Into West Borneo

    Sintang was a small nation in Borneo. Offshoot of Lanfang, the Chinese tributary, the nation was totally inland. Recently, some gold fields had been discovered in West Borneo as well and Sintang also had one. So, on 17th January 1840, Japanese started play to occupy them. As usual, Tamon Shinsaku was mobilized and sent to the border. His 20 000 army against 2000 of the opposing force. Just, now armed with cannons.

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    Further into Borneo

    The thing is, Dutch East Indies were unable to support them, for they had a truce with Japan. Other powers in the island were also not really interested in helping out. So, on 1st of May, Sintang gave up, leaving their province (and a lot of unpassable territory) to Japan.

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    Poor Sinfang. All alone against the evil Japanese

    The main value of Sintang was its gold field. As for the rest of the state, nothing special. Still, it was the first entry of Japan into West Borneo. And this one is a tougher nut to crack, for it is either under direct or indirect control of Dutch East Indies or under Lanfang, a tributary to Quing. Japan is not ready to pick a fight with either of them.

    1667928360419.jpeg

    Gold and some other things.
     
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    The Solid Black Gold
  • The Solid Black Gold

    It was in March 1841 when Japan discovered the first practical steam engine- atmospheric engine. Mostly used by mines to pump out water. Allowing to dig more greedily, more deeper, until you awaken some monstrosity deep in the mines.

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    A new era begins

    The thing is, these engines need coal. And a lot of it. Fortunately for Japan, there was plenty in Kyushu island in the south and also in Hokkaido island in the North. In fact, two coal mines were already under construction in Kyushu, in anticipation of the first engines.

    In May, the first coal mine was completed, with the second one expected to be finished in a few weeks. They were also the first ones to actually use the atmospheric engine. Kind of handy when there is coal supply nearby. Soon, the production was up and running and Japan officially entered the industrial era. First chimneys pumped black smoke over the neighborhood as miners with dirty faces and even dirtier clothing entered the ground to bring up as much black gold as possible.

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    The first coalmine

    And the first one to adopt the new engines (apart from the coal mines themselves) was the lead mine in Chugoku. Again, as usual, disrupting the social order or the mining business while doing so. Suddenly, the shopkeepers dealing with the mines became capitalists, and as usual, some machinists popped up. Someone has to keep these pumps flowing. Another side effect was that there was enough lead that every glass factory in Japan now switched over to leaded glass. Resulting in surplus in glass that again resulted in fresh new market stalls being introduced in Edo.

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    First mine to adopt new methods and new leadership

    In June, the amount of coal produced was enough that the iron mines in Kanto got an upgrade. Yes, suddenly the demand for coal skyrocketed, but another mine was coming and the first one was still picking up speed. And even that was enough to make the price of iron go down. Considerably.

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    Skyrocketing demand for coal, but the production of Iron goes boom!

    The price drop was actually enough that the very next day, the construction sector in Edo switched over to iron-frame buildings. And the Japanese budget switched from being around 10 000 pounds surplus to about a thousand in negative.

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    And all the surplus iron goes to Edo!

    This was rectified in September. With the new coal mine complete in Kyushu, Japan now had enough surplus to change the production of gold mines in Borneo. The results were staggering- from 2000 pounds per week to profit of 4000 per week that goes straight into the treasury. Gold really-really helps to keep the budget above 0.

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    All this sweet-sweet gold

    It can be said that moving from more traditional methods to coal and steam is the true beginning of the industrial revolution. And Japan had just started it. At least in the mining sector, but that is a good start. The influx of more capitalists surely helps as well, for the Industrialists are growing in influence. With just a few years, from marginalized to around 10% of support is not bad at all.

    And by January 1842, the coal mines in Kyushu had grown quite a bit, and were still making a profit. Steampower was here to stay.

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    Coal is a hot commodity in Japan now

    Conquest of Kutai

    Kutai was the last of the independent states in Borneo. Yes, about a third of the island was still under direct or indirect control of the Dutch East Indies and Lanfang, a Chinese protectorate, was there too. But the island was fast running out of countries that were truly free. And in April 1841, the Japanese started their play for Kutai. As usual, Tamon Shinsaku and his merry men were put on boats and sent overseas, where they spent happy time near the narrow gateway into Kutai, between the Dutch territories and impassable jungle, trying to look as intimidating as possible.

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    Play against Kutai, with Japanese military showing off in the narrow passageway

    This worked out about as well as usual. On 26tht June of 1841, Kutai rolled over, ceding all their territories to Japan without a single shot being fired. Tamon Shinsaku was disappointed, for he really-really wanted to test his new cannons. Alas, this was not to be yet. And Japan was in a bad place now. They had taken all they could in Borneo, without going against China (too many soldiers) or Dutch East Indies (too good soldiers).

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    As much of Borneo as possible is Japanese

    What Japan still lacked was a proper navy. Though, first steps were done to rectify this. A shipyard was being built in Shikoku island and in October 1841, the construction of 10 naval bases began in Edo. Shipbuilding is slow progress though and it would be years before Japan had a navy capable of transporting an invasion force across the seven seas. Until then, Japan had to either pick a fight with someone too strong or pick another weak nation to bluff.

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    Finally, a construction of proper military fleet.
     
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    Convincing the Emperor
  • Convincing the Emperor

    Today, Jin was not alone. With him was a boy, around 10 years old.

    “Call him Asashi,” he said to Yoshimichi. “He is my sunlight, after all.”

    With a deep sadness in his voice, he continued “And he is my fourth son. Only one who is still alive.”

    With even greater sadness, he added: “Of my thirteen children, only two lived for more than a few years.”

    Then, brightening up, “But Asashi here turned out just fine”

    The boy eyed Yoshimichi with curiosity. Dressed in simple peasant’s grab- just like themselves-, it was clear that peasant he was not. Though he was talking to Them, the man was respectful, but showed no hesitation, no reverence. More like an ally than a subject. It was clear Yoshimich knew who he was, but greeted him with the same slight bow as he did to his father. Sure, conspiracy and all, but the boy was not used to it.

    “Could be good for the boy- to learn of the life outside... our closed walls,” said Jin as he sat down. “And at the pace we are moving onwards, I think it is wise to incorporate him too.”

    He beckoned Asashi to sit down as well and as the boy obediently did, he started: “So, Mizuno Tadakumi messed up?”

    Yoshimichi nodded. “Unfortunately so. The fault of many of men- they overestimate their abilities and this leads to blunder. Or in this case, Tadakumi-san thinking of himself being an expert political operator, while in reality, being anything but.”

    “Subtle as a sledgehammer,” he added with a sigh.

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    This did not turn out so well.

    “So, what do we do?” asked Jin

    “The implementation of the National Guard is... well, not as important,” replied Yoshimichi. “I suggest we scrap it- and go for a bigger prize.”

    “Like?”

    Now, for the first time in years, Yoshimichi hesitated. “Jin,” he started slowly.

    “In order to topple the power of the shogunate, we need to diminish the power of daimyos. In order to do that, we have to create a system where other factions have power.”

    Impatiently, Jin nodded. “We have been doing just that for years now, I know.”

    “But one of the main power from daimyos comes from being the enforces of the all-mighty Shogun...” Yoshimichi continued.

    “Yes, that is the... no, wait, you’re not proposing.. “ said Jin

    “I’m afraid so,” replied Yoshimichi.

    “Voting? Giving more power to the masses?” said Jin, looking shocked.

    “Well, to select masses,” clarified Yoshimichi.

    “But this will be almost impossible to take back- when I finally sit on the Chrysanthemum throne,” replied JIn.

    “It can be doable,” replied Yoshimichi, “But I doubt this will end well.”

    “But, Jin,” he continued. “Look at this this way. When you finally sit on the Chrysanthemum throne and rule as the all-mighty and all-powerful ruler, you need a class to rely upon to keep that power. Whatever you name it, it will be the new aristocracy. And in time, they will grow in power while yours weakens. Just like what happened to your ancestors. Just like what is happening to Tokugawas at the moment. It will be yet another cycle- one we can break by giving more base to your power.”

    “While removing some of my future power,” Jin did not look convinced.

    “Father,” for the first time, Asashi spoke up. Jin looked at him, curiously.

    “Father,” the boy repeated. “Is it better to be an Emperor with no power, or an Emperor with limited power?”

    “The boy has a point,” Jin conceded.

    “Just, how are you going to convince the Shogun?”

    “Not me,” Yoshimichi replied. “Kujo Tomonosuke.”

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    Industrialists going to government

    “Who’s that?” Jin wondered

    “Newest member of the Shogun’s cabinet. A smooth political operator. A new leader of the Industrialists. And yes, we are going to the government.”

    “Hey, what about you? I thought you were...” Jin was shocked.

    “I prefer to remain in the shadows. The open political landscape suits Kujo better,” replied Yoshimichi. “But I’ll be sure to bring Kujo with me for our next meeting.”

    With it, Yoshimichi rose. Made a small bow towards Jin and his son and left. Again, the future of Japan changed a bit.

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    It is time for a major change

    Bluffing Continues

    With Borneo, or at least as much of it as possible, was under Japanese control, the Empire needed to turn their attention elsewhere. At least, until Japan can safely deal with the Dutch East Indies. And well, Indonesian islands just happened to have a few more suitable targets nearby. Java was Dutch, Celebs was uncivilized, but Sumatra was there and available. For the northern tip of the island was owned by Aceh and Siak, two independent and really small countries. And on 14th of March, 1842, Japan began to annex Aceh. Again, few units against the 100+ Japanese troops. It seemed hopeless and seeing several similar nations fall in Borneo, everyone thought the Japanese victory would be inevitable.

    A bit over a month later, on 20th of April, Aceh rolled over in a speed that amazed even the Japanese. And Japan had another island. Well, part of an island, at least. This one was good as well. Had iron, sulphur and also, was a second source of sugar in the Japanese Empire.

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    The next island

    Russians are Coming

    More worrying news arrived from the North this time. Russia, an Empire that stretches from the Pacific to Baltics, had decided to expand their territories. Right next door to Japan. On 27th April 1842 just a week after the Japanese were still celebrating the conquest of Aceh, news arrived from the north. Russia had settled a permanent colony on Sakhalin Island.

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    Still no navy

    Japanese protests about expansion fell into deaf ears. In fact, it was predicted that soon, Russia will try the same with the northern part of Hokkaido, still disputed, though the Japanese thought of it as theirs.

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    The Russians are coming!

    On a bit brighter news, Japan got her first admiral. Jutoku Samanta, in August 1842. a member of the samurai. Commanding a mighty Japanese fleet of 1 ships- though to be fair, more were in their way. Japan had finally started to flex their muscles as a sea-faring nation.

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    Admiral of a mighty Japanese fleet of 1 ships

    And in July 1842, Japan had finally adopted atmospheric engines in all Japanese mines and all of these mines were making a hefty profit. The next step would be improving these engines, to be more efficient and allow even better production values. Th steam was coming to stay.

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    Steam, steam everywhere!
     
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    The Long Road to Democracy
  • The Long Road to Democracy

    Higher Learning

    On 10th of December 1842, the plans were finally made to implement a sort of official higher learning for Japan. Universities, where the people would be educated on the more advanced stuff. This was good, for in Japan, the need for qualified workers who can do advanced stuff was on the rise. Like a clerk who does only not know how to read and write, but also do some math. Ok, there is more demand for qualified engineers as well.

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    Let the education begin!

    Just, education is expensive. Especially the higher ones. And for it to really show results, you need a lot more universities than Japan can afford at the moment. In addition, a proper basic education would be nice to have also. It would be nice if the students knew how to read a bit before entering the palace of higher learning, after all.

    Still, Japan did build a small university complex in Kyoto. A very secular university, with no monks policy. Unless the monk happened to be an expert of the field of course. Then, he would transform into a professor monk, a proud member of academia.

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    The new university

    The new university was prioritized in construction and was completed in April 1843. Ninko-tenno himself opened the new building and wished everyone entering it to learn hard and advance the Japanese cause by doing things smartly.

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    Things are looking kind of... up

    Technological Advances

    In January 1843, Japanese adopted a more modern banking system. The most immediate result was increase in minting- a good thing, since Japan was becoming more and more dependant on the gold income from Borneo to sustain her modernization drive.

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    More banking means more money from minting!

    Followed by better distillation methods and mandatory service unlocked in August 1843. None were really useful for the moment, for Japan needed groceries more than liquor and valued professional soldiers more than drafters. But both of them were requirements for better advances.

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    Kinda useful things

    Perhaps most importantly, there were Water-tube boilers. Someone came up with the idea that hey, instead of boiling the whole kettle, how about we split the kettle into smaller tubes. Allowing the water to be heated more efficiently and quickly.

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    More of everything!

    This created yet another, though a bit smaller-scale industrial revolution in Japan, as the different mines quickly adopted the new engine. Bringing, for example, the weekly profit from gold mines in Borneo to 5000 pounds alone.

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    Getting more gold out of these mines

    It also created a huge surplus of iron. The next logical step- construction offices in Kyoto were switched over to iron-framed buildings as well, bringing the construction power of the Japanese to 73. Quite an advancement over the initial 9. It also meant that the Japanese budget went quite deeply into red. This was alleviated later a bit, but still, the Japanese budget was bleeding money. The reserves were still deep, but if unchanged, this would drag the nation down to debt and ruin in the end.

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    This is not so good

    In September 1845, the Japanese discovered empiricism. This was an important milestone for several reasons. First of course, was public schools. An idea that every Japanese should go to school until, at least, they can read and write. Also, an idea that there should be a total separation of church and state. The Buddhist Monks were really not into that one. And finally, an idea that there could be a thing called a Constitutional Reform Party. Fancy name, at least.

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    This one will be useful

    The Lure of Gold

    Gold was discovered in Hokkaido in September 1843. Not a lot, but still, the gold fields quickly attracted a lot of people with dreams of getting rich quick.

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    Ahh, nothing like fresh lumps of gold in the morning

    Unfortunately, the Japanese hoping to find a nice juicy nugget and living in luxury for the rest of their lives were not the only ones attracted by gold in Hokkaido. In May 1844, news came in that the Russians had just sailed in and settled them in Kunashir island, a small island next to Hokkaido. It was obvious that they were eyeing the northern part of the island. Much to the dismay, who considered Hokkaido to be their sovereign territory.

    All complaints to Russians fell on deaf ears though and on several occasions, Japanese were told to put a sock on it, with a variety of racial slurs added to it. Russians looked like they were here to stay. And to be fair, the Japanese samurai at the present were no opposition to the Russian army, so the Japanese did not have much else to do then to put a sock on it.

    But Russians in Hokkaido shocked the nation- and made it clear that the Japanese needed a better army. Or the Russians would get a silly idea like North Hokkaido looks nice, entire Hokkaidio looks even better.

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    Russians in Kunashir

    Further into Sumatra

    Siak was another nation in the northern tip of Sumatra island. For a change, they owned two states, not one. Well, partly, at least. Part of Aceh and part of Siak. And the Japanese had such convenient land access to it. So, in November of 1843, the Japanese started the play for their Aceh province. The very next day, the demanded Siak as well.

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    Furthering Japanese territories again

    Siak knew that they were in trouble and therefore, recruited the Spanish to help them out. And on 19th February 1844, this resulted in an all-out war between Japan versus Siak and Spain. In theory, this could have gone very badly for the Japanese, for Spain had better troops, more ships and such.

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    This might be worrisome

    In reality, there was no Spaniard in sight when Tamon Shinsaku and his 20 000 soldiers entered the Siak lands. There were no Spaniards around when the Japanese fought their first battle, nor were there any during the second battle.

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    .. and it might not be so bad

    Then, it was all quiet. Japan controlled all of Siak’s territory and not a Spaniard was in sight. Until in August 1844, a peace was signed. Japan now controlled the entire northern Sumatra, while the Dutch East Indies controlled the rest of the island. And again, the Japanese were running out of things they can conveniently conquer.

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    Indonesia is starting to look Japanese

    The Long Road to Democracy

    The first notion to institute landed vote passed without any major events. Guess no party involved, apart from Samurai, saw it as a real threat to their power- on the contrary, a way to extend their power.

    The next step was in November 1843, where to everyone’s surprise, Mori Takachika made a speech, advocating the advancement of Landed Voting. Or, as Yoshimichi put it, “The man has a very welcome tendency to shoot himself in the foot.”

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    Thank you very much, Mori Takachika of the Shogunate faction, for endorsing this motion

    In July 1844, Tokugawa Ienari himself got involved, demonstrating to the world that his skills in shooting himself in the foot are at least equal to Mori Takachika ones. For some reason, this angered the intelligentsia, who did not like the Shogun using his power to implement a law that they really approved of. That’s life for you.

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    Now, it is Ienari's turn

    In April 1845, there was another major foot-shooting season, as collusion between Mori Takachika and Kujo Tomonosuke was brought to light, showing the entire Nippon that there is a need to change the current system. With this, the support for the reform had grown over 75%. Now, a true majority of the nation’s powers supported the idea that there should be a democracy of kind.

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    Oh dear, not so good for Mori and Kujo.

    Finally, on 22th December 1845, the motion passed. Before that, the Japanese political system could be described as “One man, one vote” and of course, the Shogun was the one man with one vote. Now, though, there were several men with votes. Of course, these men were either aristocrats, clergy, officers or as a fresh breath of wind, capitalists. It was still multitudes better than it was a day ago. It was still a very first step on a very long road towards a time where every man had a vote. Or every woman, for that matter.

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    Japan, having a bit more democracy then a day ago

    This also meant that the first elections in Japan were underway and new parties were formed. Unsurprisingly, the Shogunate created the Imperial Rule Party. Aptly named. And also unsurprisingly, the Samurai wanted to be on it. Intelligentsia on the other hand created the Constitutional Reform Party and industrialists wanted to be in it. Creating a bit of an awkward situation, as Shogunate and Industrialists shared the government seat.

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    New parties coming up

    As for the next law, pretty much everyone but the monks agreed that it is prime time for Japan to institute some kind of education for the masses. Even industrialists agreed that while private schools are infinitely better, public schools are still better than no schools at all.

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    New thing on the agenda- some schooling is in order.
     
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    The First Decade: the Slumbering Beast Awakens
  • The First Decade: the Slumbering Beast Awakens

    Since the end of Sengoku Jidai, a civil war lasting about 150 years, Japan had been ruled by Tokugawas. Taking up the title of Shogun, leaving the Yamato dynasty in place, but without power, Japan had been more or less stable for two centuries. Cutting most of the contacts with the outside world, they had been living in relative isolation for these two centuries, caring little about the outside world. And the outside world caring little about them in return.

    It is still widely debated what happened in 1836, but one thing is for certain. Something disturbed the sleep of the beast and slowly, it awakened. Much to the surprise of everyone, the Japanese suddenly invaded Pearl Harbor. Well, bluffed their way into ownership of the Hawaiian Islands, to be precise.

    Followed by entry into Borneo, then to Sumatra. Alongside with first steps of abandoning the sustenance farms based economy towards a more efficient one. And more reforms were done in the first decade than had been in previous centuries.

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    The Japanese territory in 1846

    It might be questionable why Japan suddenly made these changes, but the results are very clear.

    The Industrial Revolution is Begins

    The Sakoku rules still applied, meaning that Japanese were banned from any contact with the outside world, especially the trading kind. Creating a situation that as long as the rules were in effect, Japan had to produce everything it needed locally and there was no way of getting nothing from the world, be in for temporary or permanent shortages. Creating an unique challenge.

    First was the construction sector. The Japanese capacity for construction was a main bottleneck in the beginning of the decade, and so, it was expanded. Rapidly. By the end of the decade, Japanese construction capacity was 73, meaning several simultaneous buildings could be built. Also, during that time, first construction offices had switched from more traditional wooden buildings to iron-framed buildings.

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    Construction industry grew almost a tenfold in the decade

    This also created a need for lumber. A serious need for lumber, and the one that subsistence farmers could not produce. And there, the industrial revolution began, the Japanese way. Not by coal and heavy industries, but by making the existing lumber mills more efficient- industrial-scale sawmills. Also, of course, building more of them. Most notable were the lumber mills in Chugoku, around Hiroshima, producing around half of Japanese lumber. Result- by 1846, Japan was 4th producer of lumber in the world.

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    The lumber industry- first step of industrialization

    These new lumber factories relied on tools produced by not local blacksmith, but more professional tools built in manufactories. At the moment, there is one in Edo. In addition, the tooling factory supplies the entire mining sector and prodvices to emerging industries, making the tools a backbone of Japanese growing industry. And also, making the tooling factories Edo bring in record profits and making Japan 5th producer of tools worldwide.

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    The tooling industry, initially built to support lumber industry

    Then, the tooling factories needed iron, in order to produce more and better quality tools. For this, the first iron mines in the Edo region were built. Then, some more. Then, some construction offices switched to iron frames, generating an even bigger need for iron. Thus, the iron mines were expanded, and additional ones built in Tohoku. By the end of the decade, Japan was no 3 in iron-production and had a total 15 iron mines.

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    The iron industry, built to support tooling industry. Though now it's mostly construction industry that demands iron.

    The mines had tendencies to flood though and getting rid of the water had always been one of the most time- and labor-consuming tasks in the mines. And this was the start of the classical industrialization- discovery of steam engines and using them to pump water from the mines. First, it was atmospheric engine pumps, then condensed engine pumps. Making Japanese mines one of the most modern ones in the world. And also, new coal mines being built in Kyushu island to get the coal to feed these greedy steam engines. Making Japan the 6th producer of coal in the world.

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    Coal industry, built to make most out of iron industry

    These steps can be seen as the main drivers of the Japanese economy. There was more to it though. During that time, Japan also opened a lead mine (being 6th producer in the world) and transformed its glass industry from forest glass to leaded glass. Modernized production of clothing in furniture industries. Opened brand new factories of food production, producing groceries and booze on industrial scale. Opened the first cotton plantations. Still, this was minor compared to the changes of the mining and lumbering industry. Also, Japan started their arms industry, though only cannons were of use to the army.

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    Various other Japanese industries

    All this resulted in Japanese GDP rising from 15 million to 28 million in a decade- almost a double growth.

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    GDP moving on up

    Still, this also puts a real strain on the Japanese budget as well, especially due to the costs in the construction industry. Despite taxes being high and every luxury imaginable being taxed, the Japanese budget had been constantly in the red for quite some time now. Fortunately, Japan still had quite numerous gold reserves, so things were far from catastrophic and the government had adopted the “you gotta burn money to make money” approach.

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    So are the costs though. Well, would be net positive without construction, so not that bad yet

    It was not all roses though. The rapid expansion had left many fields lagging behind, creating a shortage of several goods. For example, clothes and furniture had become overly expensive. Same with groceries. The price of paper was making the Japanese bureaucracy cost a bit too much. And the price of grain was also on the rise, making it more expensive for people to get their bellies full. All these issues would have to be addressed in the next decade though.

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    Some serious shortages here

    Societal Changes

    The industrialization also resulted in several new classes of people appearing in Japan. Most importantly, the capitalists, owners of the new mines and factories. For the first time in Japanese history, it was a power based on money, not on land. Creating a new kind of people- and changing how the Empire had worked for over a thousand years. And during the course of a decade, some of them managed to get riches even unimagines over a thousand years of Japanese history- with just a decade.

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    Some people are really wealthy

    This was not all though. The new industries needed less unskilled labor and more specialized labor. Machinists, the operators of new machines, appeared in Japan. Though still lower strata, their skills were much higher than the ones of simple laborers- and so was their pay. Not to mention engineers, who devised new technical solutions and operated the more advanced machinery. They were middle strata and in fact led a better life than your average aristocrat presiding over subsistence farms.

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    Engineers and machinists in one of the most profitable factory in Japan versus old-school aristocrats in the same province

    In addition, with the opening of new universities in Kyoto and Edo, yet another class appeared. Academics, men dedicated to teaching and studying in these institutions. Specialists in their own fields, they made sure that the Japanese population does not only know how to read and write, but be smart and productive citizens.

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    Another new breed

    To be fair though, some basic education would have been nice as well, for most of the Japanese still don’t know how to read and write. And more universities are also needed, but that is for the future- when then budget allows it. At the moment, the literacy rate is just 24,5%, so it is a long way to go.

    Over the decade, Japan saw other societal changes as well. Perhaps most importantly, abolishment of serfdom and first seeds of democracy. Yes, the peasants were free, but still had no land and the voting was solely for the wealthy landowners, but it was still better then decade ago. In addition, Japan now leaned more towards a professional army and had abolished hereditary bureaucracy in favor of appointed bureaucracy.


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    Laws of Japan in 1846

    It was still a traditionalist economy and the Sakoku rules, or the isolation, was still in effect. Still, Japan in 1846 was very different from Japan in 1836. And it seemed like these changes would keep on coming.

    Perhaps the biggest change was with the industrialists. Insignificant power in 1836, the result of early industrialization also meant it roaring through the ranks of interest groups, being 4th IG in the Empire, much more powerful than the Samurai and the Peasants. Also, industrialists were currently in the appointed government.

    Meanwhile, the biggest losers were the daimyos. Once, their power was near absolute, and almost every law in Japan was there to keep them in power. Now, they had lost quite a bit of their influence and laws favored them much less. Still, it was power diminished, not power gone. They were still powerful, they were still in the government. And they were still in the way of bringing changes to the country.

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    The Japanese interest groups and government.

    On final note, Ienari Tokugawa is now 72 years old and has ruled from 1787. Meaning he had been steering Japan for 59 years already.

    The World

    Apart from Japanese conquest, the world stood more or less still in the last decade. Prussia got into a fight with Hannover and is currently getting their ass kicked, for Austria joined the Hannoverians. Texas is still free, while Mexico and Columbia District, a British Dominion, had split the west coast. Egypt had not yet taken Constantinople and there were no other significant changes as well.

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    The world in 1846
     
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    The Ascension of Komei
  • The Ascension of Komei

    Yoshimichi entered the familiar teahouse. As expected, he found Asashi sitting all alone by the table. Dressed as a peasant again, but in all black. Kind of as expected. A mourning peasant, nothing special these days. Yoshimichi looked at the boy, sitting there. And just a boy he was, for he was just 15 years old.

    “Would this be a setback?” he wondered to himself, as he walked towards the table, made a polite bow and sat. “The boy lacks the skills of his father and his influence as well.”

    Instead of that, he simply said “I am sorry for your loss, Asashi. During our years of working together, I really appreciated his guile and his intelligence.”

    He hesitated for a moment, then added “And as strange as it might sound, his friendship.”

    Asashi raised his head and looked outside. Most likely to hide tears coming from his eyes.

    “Spring is coming,” he said with a somber voice. “The sakuras will soon be in bloom. He loved the sakura blossoms and every spring, he would take me to watch them fall. The frail blossoms, scattered in the wind, it was a beautiful sight. I am sorry he will never see them again.”

    Then, Asashi wiped his eyes and turned towards Yoshimichi. “He always spoke highly of you, you know. And he considered you to be his friend as well.”

    “He said you were the only person in Nippon,” said the boy with a sad smile. “Who was open and honest about why and how you would use him. And the only one who offered something in return.”

    “Your father was wise beyond his years,” replied Yoshimichi. “It is a cruel fate that he was taken from us so young. Just 46 years old...”

    Yoshimichi, just two years younger than Jin, suddenly felt his age as well. He shivered.

    Then, Asashi turned into practical manners. “The deal you father and you and your friends had. I want to continue it.”

    Yoshimichi looked a bit surprised, but the boy continued.

    “I realize that I don’t yet have the wisdom or influence of my father, but I am willing to learn- if you agree to be my mentor.”

    Now, Yoshimichi was truly surprised.

    “You.. you want me to guide you?” he asked.

    “My father believed you were on the right track,” replied Asashi. “And so do I. A bloodless revolution that will end the Bakufu and in the process, will transform Nippon into something new. I truly want to be part of that.”

    “On top of that,” he corrected himself.

    Yoshimichi replied: “I would be honored to be your mentor, Asashi.”

    Then, the meeting was interrupted, as a small band of peasants burst into the rundown teahouse. Already semi-drunken, they seemed to be. But no hostile intent, quite the opposite. They were jubilant.

    “More sake!” They ordered from the innkeeper and, noticing Yoshimichi and Asashi in the corner, cheered at them.

    “Come, join us! Let us drink in the name of Emperor Komei!” they insisted.

    A man and a boy exchanged glances, then smiled and joined them.

    “To Emperor Komei!” Asashi raised his cup and emptied the cheap swill they called sake. The rest of the party followed suit. Then, Yoshimichi and Asashi parted, leaving the peasants to their celebration.

    If only they knew that they just drank to Emperor Komei with the Emperor Komei...

    It was the end of February of 1846, when Ninko-tenno, the Emperor of Japan, died at the age of 46. His only surviving son, now known as Komei-tenno, the Emperor of Japan, took over.

    Will Komei see the end of Bakufu, or will it be his yet unborn son who will rule over Nippon as a true Emperor?

    1668530572482.png

    Emperor Komei

    The Elections

    As the nation mourned and celebrated, the first elections in Japan were underway. Intelligentsia and Daimyos were the main contenders, but to be fair, there were first ones and with little warning before. People were just scrambling around, trying to find their way to convince people to vote for them. Fortunately, the number of people who actually could vote was not very high.

    When the dust settled on 23rd June of the year 1846, it seemed like the Imperial Rule Party, or the daimyos, won. But Tokugawa Ienari did something unexpected- he formed a large coalition, with both Imperial and Constitutional parties in government. The Samurai joined the Imperial and industrialists joined the Constitutional.

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    Result of the first elections. A large coalition

    This created a wide coalition of various conflicting interests. Strangely enough, this also created the highest legitimacy of the government in ages. Perhaps finding a common cause would be more efficient than going one party way? Time will tell.

    1668530700158.jpeg

    This coalition added to the legitimacy of the Bakufu

    The immediate effect was that enacting public schools became twice as likely, thanks to both Industrialists and Intelligentsia being in the government and throwing their weight behind the proposal. Soon, Japan will have an education system.

    1668530678398.jpeg

    More likely to get school system in place
     
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    The Education System
  • The Education System

    Again, a rundown teahouse near Kyoto. Again, two men sitting at a table. The older one looking about the same, but the younger one looking... well, a bit less young. With a first sign of moustache showing in his upper lip. In short, it was October in the year of 1847.

    “We did it!” exclaimed the younger. “Finally!”

    “Oh yes,” agreed the older one. “Took us two years and some concessions to Samurai- but with help from academia. But it was surprisingly easy. With both Intelligentsia and Industrialists in the government, it had a solid foundation anyway.”

    1668720660585.jpeg

    First, the Samurai made some demands, then academics to the rescue

    “But now, everyone gets a change to learn how to read and write!” exclaimed Asashi.

    “In time, sure,” agreed Yoshimichi.

    “In time? LIke by next April, when the new school year starts for everyone?” Asashi asked.

    “I wish,” sighed Yoshimichi. “But we don’t have enough teachers. Or schools. Or to be fair, enough peasants who are interested in sending their children to schools instead of them doing something useful.”

    “So, in short, we don’t have a public education? Even though we passed the law that there is?”

    1668720782710.jpeg

    Education for all. Kind of.

    “We do have public education, sure,” replied Yoshimichi. “What we lack is a good public education. Perhaps in a few decades...”

    “What’s the point in passing the law then?” wondered Asashi.

    “Gotta start somewhere...” replied Yoshimichi. His voice was a mixture of sad and amused.

    “We will need to extend the bureaucracy anyway, to get more teachers,” he added. “This is good, for this means better taxation capacity as well.”

    Gazing at Asashi’s confused face, he added. “Don’t ask. That’s just how things are.”

    “And, we shall be needing money badly”, continued Yoshimichi. “Really badly.”

    “Why?”

    “Cause we are going after the traditionalist economic model next,” said Yoshimichi. This time, grinning. “Guess whom we are going to piss off?”

    “The daimyos?” pondered Asashi.

    “Royally pissed,” Yoshimichi corrected.

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    The Shogunate does not approve

    “We are going to overthrow the government pissed?” asked Ashashi

    “We are staying in the government, but we are very unhappy kind of pissed,” replied Yoshimichi. “But pissed enough that they start withholding the taxes.”

    “And we are still largely dependent on them for taxes?”

    “More or less, yes. And to make matters worse, we were too deep in the red already. Now, it gets worse...”

    “We could decrease the spending a little?” wondered Asashi.

    “The Shogun’s coffers are still deep and Ienarii believes that spending that gold will help him in the longer run, so it is not catastrophic. Yet. But we should start doing something fast, for with a 25 000 weekly budget deficit, Ienari’s gold reserves last for about two years. We better get into balance or we shall have to take loans and interest payments don’t help us keeping the balance positive.”

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    This is not good

    “Economic reform will help, yes?” asked Ashashi.

    “This will give us legal means to invest more into the country, so this will help a little. There is also a possibility of raising taxes. Or making bureaucracy more efficient. And of course, there is gold...”

    “Nowhere nearby though?”

    “Unfortunately not. But we shall see,” said Yoshimichi and winked.

    With this, the main topics of the day were concluded.

    Not a Bluff No More

    Johore was a smallish country in the southern tip of the Malay peninsula. Sharing the state of Malay with two other, even smaller local powers of Perak and Selangor. Then, a part of the state belonged to Siam, a much bigger country in the north. And finally, some bits and pieces of the province belonged to British East India Company, the giant behemoth of the area.

    Until on 24th of June in 1846, Japan started their play for Johor. “Heh, you’re bluffing,” said the Sultan Ali Iskander when the Japanese sent their ambassador demands. “I know your game!”

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    Going to Malay

    “Not anymore,” said the Japanese ambassador with a devilish grin. “We have a navy!”

    And that they did. Sure, it would be crowded there. Sure, the getting the soldiers out of the ships and into the land would be a bit difficult if you stack them on top of each other. But the Japanese were no longer bluffing.

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    Japan now has a navy. Kind of capable of making naval invasions

    In fact, Tokugawa Ienari recruited another general, Jutoku Tomonusuke. Main purpose of it was to dilute the forces of Tamon Shinsaku a bit. Not by much, but at least the good general had to fit 17 brigades into 7 ships, not 20.

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    Not be best general, but hopefully that wound gets him soon

    The 7 ships and 17 mobilized brigades was enough though. Well, this and some threats. On 19th of August, Johore capitulated and was welcomed into the Japanese Empire. For the first time, the Japanese did not conquer an island, but instead, entered mainland Asia.

    Followed by another play against Perak, a smaller nation in the Malay peninsula on 27th of September 1846. As usual, now that the Japanese had a bridgehead, Tamon Shinksaku gathered his forces and made themselves look scary in the Japanese-Perak border.

    1668720976882.jpeg

    While we're at it...

    The result- capitulation on 31st of October. Now, Japan owned the majority of Malaya, though it was still crowded. It was a nice state. Coal and lead deposits. Some lumber. Some fruits plantations, terrain suitable for coffee and sugar and tea.

    This was as far as Japan would go though. Siam- well, was doable, but in low priority list right now. The British East India Company would likely defend Selangor. And well, the Company itself- the Japanese were not suicidal.

    1668720915320.jpeg

    Japanese Malaya

    Military Reforms

    “It is unthinkable!” said Mizuno Tadakuni, leader of the Samurai. “That a peasant with a few months of training can point a gun at a samurai, who spent his entire life honing his skills. Then, press a trigger. And that’s that. Years of draining wasted! I oppose this!”

    The idea of line infantry, proposed in May 1847, met quite an opposition. It was a claim made since early Edo Shogunate against firearms, and the argument had been used many times over many times over.

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    Peasants with guns? Unheard of!

    This time, it was Tokugawa Ienari himself who ended it conclusively. “If you can think of a way to remove guns and cannons from say, Dutch and Spanish peasants as well, then I’m all ears.”

    There was silence.

    “And do you really want your trained samurai charging the Dutch lines with your katanas and naginatas, looking for a close-quarter combat while the enemy sprays you with volleys?” Ienari continued.

    There was silence again.

    And therefore, Japan finally had the first kind of modern regiments. And a profitable arms industry. Though equipping all of the more then 100 Japanese regiments was deemed to be too big of a cost. At first, only units under Tamon Shinsaku and Jutoku Tomonosuke were upgraded. Still, Japan does have a bit better fighting change against the western powers.

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    First unit to receive new weapons and training

    As for the economy. Japan was building. Building more factories. More lumber mills. Clothing factories to ease the shortage. Steel factories and the first sulphur mine, useful soon. With the advancement of line infantry, arms factories were added to the queue. And now, more bureaucrats as well.
     
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    Out With the Old!
  • Out With the Old!

    “I can’t believe we’re done!” exclaimed Asashi.

    Yoshimichi nodded. “Me neither.”

    “I mean, we convinced the Shogun in just October that the traditionalist economy model does not cut it any more.”

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    No more traditionalist economy!

    “Yeah, Ineari was truly lured by the promise of new, interesting ways to tax people when we adopt the new system,” smiled Yoshimichi. Wickedly.

    Asashi nodded. “But still,” he added. “I expected it to be more... time-consuming?”

    “Me too,” said Yoshimichi. “But apparently, one of the things is that pretty much everyone was fed up with the old system. Apart from daimyos, who are still very much pissed about it.”

    “Just, Yoshimichi,” said Asasashi. “You promised a lot of investment from your fellow capitalists?”

    “That I did indeed” nodded Yoshimichi

    “Just, I don’t see any?”

    “You’re building bureaucracy. There is nothing a capitalist can gain from investing in bureaucracy, unless the capitalist has a masochistic love for the red tape. Just wait until we’re done,” replied Yoshimichi.

    “What’s next?” asked Asashi.

    “I think we should go after another pillar of the Bakufu. The Isolation.”

    “You mean opening up Japan?” Asashi was shocked.

    “Why, yes,” replied Yoshimichi. “And you know, the surprising thing is that only peasants oppose. None too strongly as well.”

    “That is strange indeed,” nodded Asashi. “Guess everyone wants to see the world?”

    “Or sees the benefits of trading with the outside world,” nodded Yoshimichi.

    “We’re lucky, you know,” he added.

    “In what sense?” asked Asashi

    “Japan has coal, lead, sulphur, dyes, silk. Plenty of arable lands. The only thing we lacked in quantity was sugar and by now, we have solved this problem as well. We don’t really need the outside world- but the outside world has a use.”

    “Like?”

    “Like we have to produce everything ourselves. Be it tools, ships, engines, steel- we have to do everything ourselves. And this is fine, for the most of occasion. But occasionally, there should be an option to overcome a shortage and import something. Or, export the excess stuff we produce. I am told the Brits really like tea and we really have a surplus for example.”

    “So, mercantilism?” asked Asashi.

    Yoshimichi nodded again. Soon after, the two parted ways again. It was May 1848. Interventionism was approved with just one go.

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    Time to open up.

    Revolution Continues

    In November 1847, the Japanese invented machine tools. Allowing industries to adopt new, exciting production methods. Most important were the paper mills, and right on time too, for paper was becoming expensive, driving the Japanese costs up. A thing that was not so good when the government was deep in the red.

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    Another important waypoint in industrial revolution

    This time, the Japanese were prepared. A steel mill had already been constructed in Kyushu and the first sulfur mine was opened in Shikoku.

    First was the paper industry. One of the few traditional industries left, they were employing the standard shopkeeper-laborer model of the old days. The first ones to switch over to a new model were the ones in Hiroshima, Chuhoku. Using less wood and more sulphur, and replacing the shopkeepers with capitalists and adding machinists as well, the new system proved fruitful. Able to produce more paper at a lower cost.

    The other places followed suit. The paper mills in Kyoto and Nagoya saw that they either have to adopt or perish and they adopted as well. By February 1848, all of the paper mills in Japan had adopted sulphite pulping and also had stepped from traditionalist era to industrial era.

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    The revolution in paper industry

    Much to the merriment of the mine owners in Shikoku, who now lived a nice luxurious life thanks to sudden demand of sulfiur. Incidentally, this one mine was enough to make Japan 8th producer of sulfur in the world.

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    Right from the bat to 8th producer of sulfur in the world

    The tooling industries saw something new as well. At least a smaller one in Tohoku, with only 2 factories. Japan wasn’t building enough steel for the one in Edo. But the smaller factory switched over to better quality steel tools. Introducing a need for engineers in the tooling industry, as well as more machinists and less demand for simple labor. While producing more tools in the process.

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    The new tooling industry, now with engineers and steel tools

    The steel industry did not take off as merrily as sulfur one though. It was not enough to totally switch to steel tools in Edo, and it was more then enough to produce steel needed by the one in Sendai, Tohoku. Over time though, it will get better. Especially when Japanese are in the brink of adopting Bessemer steel, a better smelting method.

    Then, there was the question of gold. The gold fields in Borneo had been depleted again and merrily, Japanese built some fresh mines over the place. Now, adding nearly 10 000 gold per week, these were really useful in keeping Japan... well, not afloat yet. But away from total economic ruin.

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    Gold. Keeping Japan from going under.
     
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    A Cunning Plan!
  • A Cunning Plan!

    “I have a cunning plan,” said Asashi, cheerfully.

    “Really? Care to enlighten,” replied Yoshimisci, somewhat skeptically.

    “Yes! Colonization!” exclaimed Asashi.

    “You must elaborate on that one,” said Yoshimichi.

    “There is actually a pretty big demand for colonization. The Samurai, of course. But also the Industrialists and even daimyos think it is a good idea to start taking territory from the helpless natives. Hell, even the Trade Unions,” said Asashi. After a pause, he added “Though, Trade Unions don’t matter.”

    “Would piss off the peasants,” said Yoshimichi.

    “Ahh, but it would piss them right to the edge- if we cancel mercantilism,” Asashi beamed, being sure that he had thought of everything.

    “This might actually work, you know,” said Yoshimichi. “Just one tiny detail you have omitted...”

    “Like?”

    “Like we don’t actually know how to colonize!”

    “Oh yes, I know that,” said Asashi. “But our research for centralized archives could wait a bit, right? How about we try to get colonization as soon as possible and then continue with the original plan?.”

    “What’s the rush?” asked Yoshimichi.

    “Well, we can’t do much else anyway, without making daimyos too angry. This would actually make the daimyos much less angry, allowing us to push on with new reforms much sooner then planned...”

    “You know,” said Yoshimichi. “This is a cunning plan indeed! Let us do so!”

    “Works well with our other cunning plan,” grinned Ashasi.

    “Indeed it does,” nodded Yoshimichi.

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    Would be very popular. If only Japan knew how to colonize.

    Another Cunning Plan!

    Thus far, the expansion of the Japanese Empire was constrained to South-East Asia. Well, apart from Hawaii. Indonesia first, and then Indochina as well. Mostly, it worked the following way: Japanese bluffed their way into some weak enemy and then, after getting a bridgehead, they threatened the neighbors until they submitted. With all the expansion, the wars were actually few inbetween, for the threat of Japanese invasion was usually enough to make people fold.

    Just, Japan run out of things to conquer. Yes, there was Siam, but it was deemed too much too soon and too without use at the moment. The same applies to Dai Viet. Rest were either under Dutch, Chinese or even Company influence. Instead, the Japanese turned their conquering gaze elsewhere.

    The southern tip of Africa was divided. There were the Brits. There were the Portuguese. There were the unorganized tribal natives. And there were two former Dutch colonies- Oranje and Transvaal. The latter was known for their criminally underdeveloped gold mines around the world. And there were rumors that massive gold mines are in Oranje as well. Quite a prize for a nation with a negative budget, but dreams of grandeur.

    The main problem was that the little Dutch colonies were safely inland. To get to them, one would have to get to Africa first. And there we have the Zulu. A militaristic warrior nation.. Constant threat to their neighbors. A bane of South Africa, if you want. Also, the only gateway to Orajne and Transvaal.

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    Zulu. A militaristic unrecognized nation. Also, gateway to Africa.

    So, in June 1848, the Japanese began their preparations for invasion. This time, it was clear- the enemy was not really interested in folding the Japanese bluff, but instead would fight the Japanese invaders. Fortunately for the Japanese, this time, they were not bluffing. The Japanese navy consisted of 13 flotillas, capable of carrying enough soldiers on board to make the invasion.

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    Going to Africa

    On 4th of October, 1848, the Japanese and the Zulu were officially at war. Necessity makes strange bedfellows, as the sole supporters of the Zulu were their constant enemies, Dutch from Orajne. Perhaps understanding that if the Japanese do come in, they would be knocking on their door next and perhaps it would be better to join up with the known enemy then have an Empire with questionable intentions knocking at their door.

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    Necessity makes strange bedfellows

    As for Japan, it was time for their first naval invasion since the failed one to Korea in the end of 16th century. Not a great track record, but everyone was sure this would be just fine this time. Though it was a bit too crowded for the soldiers of Tamon Shinsaku in the Japanese fleet, 13 flotillas trying to fit 17 brigades, it was not catastrophic any more. Everyone was giddy with excitement.

    1669050739357.jpeg

    The first Japanese naval invasion since 16th century

    And on 6th December, the Japanese made landfall. It was in favorable conditions. Tamon managed to get 12 of his brigades on ground before the enemy appeared. Though they were lesser in number, the Zulu knew that they had to push the Japanese back and thwart the invasion before the Japanese could establish the bridgehead, so they attacked without hesitation. Just, the Japanese line infantry, armed with muskets and supported by cannons, was superior to the Zulu. Though the Zulu were ferocious fighters, the discipline of Japanese troops was enough to turn the tide.

    On 28th of December, the Japanese had secured the bridgehead and Shinsaku Tamon and his soldiers were marching inlands, to meet the enemy. At the same time, another army, led by Jutoku Tomonouske, was sent to Africa, meaning two armies would now be fighting against the Zulu and Orajne. Two armies with superior quality to the enemy forces, for Oranje forces were similar to Zulu in quality.

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    The first naval invasion

    On completely unrelated news, the rumors of riches in Oranje proved true, as in January of 1849, the news of discovery of huge diamond fields reached the Japanese ears. Resulting in Japanese eyes being lit up quite greedily.

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    Now, there is a most welcome discovery

    Tamon Shinsaku and his soldiers were attacking the Zulu, pushing them further inland. At the same time, Orajne soldiers opened another front, trying to cut the Japanese access to the sea and vital supplies. It might have worked, but by the end of February 1849, Jutoku Tomonouske and his merry men arrived and turned the tide back to Japanese favor.

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    Oranje trying to cut Japanese access to the sea.

    By May, the Japanese had separated Orajne and Zulu forces and made first entries into Orajne territory, while Zulu were desperately making a last stand around their capital. It was clear who the victors were by now.

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    The smell of victory

    On 6th of June 1849, Japan and Zulu made peace. The very same day the nation of Zulu ceased to exist and turned into the Japanese province of Zululand. Something that was unthinkable mere two decades before had happened. You could say the words “Japanese Africa” without people falling on the floor, laughing about such an absurd notion.

    Even better- Zululand was not just a gateway into Transvaal/Oranje. Zululand also had fertile lands, mostly fit for millet, with potential for fruits and cotton and tea as well. And perhaps most importantly, the province was home to an ample supply of coal as well. Something that will be important once the supply in Japanese islands is completely tapped.

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    Japanese Africa. Or Japanese Zululand.

    Economy Still Keeps on Growing

    The Bessemer process, a new and better method for making steel, was adopted from the rest of the world in August 1848. This meant that the Japanese could produce their steel a bit more efficiently. Not that it mattered much, for one factory was still not enough to feed the tooling complex in Edo. Another one was on the way though. More importantly, the Japanese started adoption of railways next. It was high time, for industrialization had severely eaten up the Japanese infrastructure.

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    More steel, and railways coming

    As for the budget- as Yosimichi promised, after the construction of government offices, the capitalists jumped in, investing in factories, mines and such. Making the Japanese budget even go positive for a while. One thing it was used for was to make the construction sector in Chubu also iron-framed. Just, the capitalist investments were not constant. Once, they peaked at even 60k per week, but that trickled down soon. Still, Japan was now in less of a deficit and some more construction capacity then it used to have.

    1669050702769.jpeg

    Investment pool goes up to 60k and then trickles down
     
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    Exploiting the Natives
  • Exploiting the Natives

    “Great success,” said Asashi, as he raised a cup of cheap sake and downed it with a satisfied smile.

    “Oh yes,” said Yoshimichi. Raising his cup of sake as well.

    Then, he beckoned the innkeeper, pulled a bottle from his sack and said “Offer this instead.”

    “From my factory in Chubu,” he said to Asashi. “Much better than this swill. For the occasion. For your plan was a cunning one indeed.”

    “I just knew it would work,” exclaimed Asashi.

    “So, in September of 1849, when we finally figured out how colonization works,” said Yoshimichi.

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    The Plan hits the first milestone

    “Basically, send in some chaps, say this is our land now and kick any tribals that oppose,” added Asashi.

    “Precisely,” said Yoshimichi.

    “And the very same day, we convinced Ienari that it would be a very good idea to implement it,” added Asashi.

    “Even better, this proposition had support of the daimyos, the Samurai and the Industrialists, making it very popular. Just the peasants opposed it.”

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    Established on first try

    “In fact, the daimyos liked it this much that they forgot that they should be mad about abandoning traditionalism and started paying taxes again. The result- as a bonus, Japan had a positive budget!”

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    The Shogunate not being angry no more made Japanese budget positive

    “Not by much though,” said Asashi. “And I’m sure it will go negative again once we add some more construction.”

    “Still, it was smooth sailing from there,” said Yoshimichi. “Until on 30th of May, 1850, we implemented it. On the first try!”

    “Now what?” asked Asashi

    “Now, it is time for something that at least Tokugawa Ienari is 100% behind. The tax reform, where we move from land-based taxation to per-capita taxation. A bit more efficient system. And as an added bonus, though we make the daimyos a bit less happy because of that, we also make peasants a bit less unhappy.”

    “So, everyone wins?” asked Asashi.

    Yoshimichi shrugged. “If you count paying more taxes as a win, then sure.”

    1669141423871.jpeg

    Time to pay more taxes!

    Exploitation Begins

    As soon as the colonization was accepted, the Japanese started their colonization efforts. Sure, huge areas of land were still too inhospitable, for malaria was abundant. But there were many places the Japanese could safely start their efforts.

    First was a kind of logical step. The Japanese already controlled most of Zululand. Why not take the small bit that was so annoyingly not Japanese as well? Especially since you don’t have to go very far to take the territory.

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    Rest of Zululand will be Japanese soon

    Then, there was the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Small bits of it were under control of the Dutch East Asia, but the rest of the island was fertile, with iron deposits and filled with tribal natives. A chance too good to just pass.

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    Expanding in Indonesia

    Finally, the Japanese moved into the South Pacific, starting to colonize Tahiti and the surrounding islands. Granting Japanese a base in the vast ocean, again filled with nothing but natives. Not much opposition was expected from there. To be fair, not much of value was expected as well, but it would be a good waypoint between Asia and America to have.

    1669141590503.jpeg

    Tahiti, rest of Polynesia and a very important message

    Elections

    The second election of Japan ended on 23rd of June. It came out as a total old guard victory. To make the matters worse, Industrialists and Intelligentsia, two that should be moving the nation forward, managed to get into a good fight amongst each other, making the Industrialists leave the Constitutional Reform Party.

    Meanwhile, the old guard consolidated, with Monks joining the Imperial Rule Party, with daimyos in charge and the clout of the party over 50%.

    The result- Tokugawa Ienari booting the intelligentsia from the government, making a coalition of Imperial Rule and industrialists. Quite the regressive party, but at least the government’s legitimacy was high.

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    The Old Guard took home a major victory

    Other News

    In August 1849, Japanese adopted the Mass Communication. Meaning, first newspapers appeared. And also, meaning that the authority of the Shogun grew immensely.

    1669141758992.jpeg

    Kind of useful

    In December 1849, more gold was discovered in Vrystaat, Orajne. Making the gold fields of the province richest in the world- and making Orajne the prime producer of gold in the world (a place held by Japan, by the way). Unfortunately, the Japanese still had a truce with Oranje, but soon...

    1669141660375.jpeg

    More gold, and just next door...

    In March 1850, a second steel mill in Kyushu was completed. Meaning the Japanese steel production was well on their way. At the same time, the plant also switched to Bessemer steel, increasing the production even more. This allowed the tooling factories in Edo to switch to steel tools, flooding the markets with high-quality steel tools. And making the price of tools below average. While also making Japan a 5th steel-producing nation in the world. Incidentally, also 5th tool-producing nation.

    1669141297006.jpeg

    New steel mill, new production method and sudden surge of demand. Japan is now 5th steel producer in the world.
     
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    Harnessing the Steam
  • Harnessing the Steam

    Better Taxation

    “Well, this wasn't the toughest,” said Asashi.

    Yoshimichi nodded in agreement. “We had the Industrialists and the Samurai behind the plan, after all,” he replied.

    “All it took was for us to spend lavishly on charity,” he added, looking quite smug. “Not like we didn’t do it anyway, but we really went overboard with this one.”

    1669242123390.jpeg

    Capitalists trying to be nice

    “Oh yes, that gathered quite the support for the reform,” Asashi said. “And helped the poor too...”

    “Resulting in these poor people paying more taxes afterwards though,” added Yoshimichi.

    “Though, I'm pretty sure we are working on ways to ensure that even the poor have enough money for the taxes- and for their everyday costs,” queried Asashi.

    “Working on it. Not there yet. Not by far...” '

    1669242793364.jpeg

    Better taxation system

    “And now what?”

    “And now we wait a bit. Still a few months to go and then we get the Central Archives sorted out. And then, with the help of Samurai, we try to implement the Secret Police.”

    “They’re what?”

    “In theory, the secret arm of the Shogun that will keep his enemies under observation and sometimes with bruises,” grinned Yoshimichi.

    “In practice though?”

    “We have ensured that the man Ienari chooses to lead them is... well, with more of an Imperial worldview.”

    “So, the future secret police would need some secret police to watch out for them?” chuckled Asashi.

    Yoshimichi chuckled as well. “This will be an uphill battle though. Intelligentsia does not really like it and the Samurai are the only ones who favor it. But if we do implement, we gain a mighty force, able to suppress some factions- and able to keep the revolutions from happening.”

    “Let us do our best to ensure it’s passing then,” said Asashi.

    1669242690969.jpeg

    The secret police. Not the most popular law

    It was 9th of January, 1852.

    Reforming the Bureaucracy

    Central Archives were discovered on 27th of April, 1852. This sounds like a trivial thing, but was actually years of preparation in order to standardize the bureaucratic system. The same day, the new system went into effect. Yes, skyrocketing the price of paper, but also creating a more efficient system, where people had little chance to hide from the bureaucratic machine of Japan.

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    Switching to a more centralized bureaucracy.

    This also meant that Japan suddenly had excess bureaucracy. Quite a lot of it, in fact. And since no-one wants state officials to sit idly and do things just to justify their existence (apart from the said state officials themselves, that is), the logical conclusion was to expand the institutions. Both the colonial growth and the education institutions got bumped to the next level. Meaning that in just 50 weeks, schools will get better and the Japanese colonies will grow faster.

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    Increase of institutions

    Another side effect was that there was suddenly more money around. Thanks to both better bureaucracy and a better taxation system. And where else to invest but in construction? By July 1852, all of the Japanese construction industry was using iron-based buildings and some new buildings were built as well, resulting in a mighty construction value of 135. Quite a change from nearly two decades ago.

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    The construction sector gained most of benefits

    Of course, this drove the Japanese budget to red again, but the problem was the price of iron, and that was being solved. Quite efficiently, thanks to the new construction capability.

    Gold-gold-gold!

    Though Transvaal was available since the conquest of Zulu, the Japanese hesitated. For yes, Transvaal had a very nice amount of gold. It also had serious lack of infrastructure to bring in the necessary tools for large-scale mining- and to transport all this gold back to Japan as well.

    So, the Japanese waited. Patiently, knowing full well that the gold is not going anywhere. Until on 28th of April, 1852, the Japanese started the play to conquer the nation.

    On 23rd of August, seeing no-one would help them and with Japanese soldiers enjoying themselves on their borders, the Dutch found their chances akin to snowball's chance in hell and surrendered, keeping their lives, but giving up their lands.

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    Time to get the gold

    And what lands they were. News of the new gold fields discovered arrived in June, making the state able to hold 7 gold mines and in addition, 5 gold fields. A paradise for gold miners for sure. Plus, the coal reserves in the province were perhaps the biggest in the world, and there was plenty of iron as well. Truly, a gem in the Japanese crown.

    Just, as said, the infrastructure was atrocious.

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    Look at all that gold... and coal.. and iron. And infrastructure.

    Other Matters

    In August 1850, Japanese adopted the idea of army reserves. Meaning, if needed, more troops could be fielded, recruited from your average population. Let us hope it never comes to that. More importantly, Japan started to adopt better cannons for the army. Expected results- soon.

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    Meh.

    In November 1852, the first pass of the Secret Police law came to fruition. The Intelligentsia had been busy, making a movement to preserve no home affairs, just a thing you need a Secret Police to stop. They were told they have nothing to worry about, but pretty much everyone knew this was a lie. And Intelligentsia was not happy.

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    Don't worry, it will be fine!

    Harnessing the Steam

    In fact, the capability of the Japanese infrastructure had been stretched thin. All states, apart from Shinjuku, were either at the capacity or over it by a margin. The situation was not catastrophic yet, for there were ports that could be built, but the horse cart jams were getting out of hand almost everywhere in Japan. Not to mention a bit of an infrastructure crisis in Transvaal. Even Aceh and Malaya lacked the proper infrastructure.

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    Lack of infrastructure is getting out of hands

    Fortunately for Japan, on 31rd August of 1852, the first drafts of the railroad came through. And the construction started immediately.. Incidentally, there already was a motor industry factory in Kyushu, waiting for the first orders of steam engines.

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    Fortunately, a solution arrives

    The construction started immediately. In Kansai, in Chubu, in Kanto, in Tohoku and Kyushu- all the states where infrastructure was stretched thin. And two in Transvaal. Making the fresh conquest a state with the most advanced rail infrastructure in the Empire when it was finished. For now, at least.

    The railway construction was given a priority and perhaps it is the most telling thing of Japanese growing power- the nation was able to construct seven quite complex infrastructure objects at the same time and even have a few men left over tinkering with iron mines in Shikoku.

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    Total 7 railways constructed simultaneously

    The 7th February of 1853 was a historical day for Japan. It was when the first train left the capital of Kyoto, then through Edo and ended up in Sendai, carrying the Emperor Komei with him. A trip that would have taken weeks before was now completed in a single day. Train, moving at a breakneck speed of 50 kilometers per hour, drove some cows mad, scared a lot of people but even more came to the tracks to see the Emperor and the new contraption and to wave and cheer.

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    The Age of Steam had begun

    In Edo, Komei met with the aging Tokugawa Ienari, who watched the thing in amazement, but refused to enter it himself.

    It was a major engineering achievement. The line was little over 800 kilometers long. Went through some quite mountainous terrain. Had two pairs of rails, running parallel. Was using Japanese native trains, though build by western designs.

    It runs from Kyoto to Nagoya, the capital of Chubu prefecture. From there, it hugged the coastline, passed Mount Fuji and reached Edo, the capital of Shogunate.

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    Kyoto-Edo railway

    From there, one could take another train to the north, to Tohoku, to their capital, Sendai. In fact, the Japanese got a bit carried away with this one. There was Edo-Hitachinaka-Fukushima-Sendai line, there was Edo-Takasaki-Fukushima-Sendai line and there was also Nagoya-Niigata-Fukushima-Sendai line. Sendai was very popular these days. ‘

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    Lots of options if you want to get to Sendai

    Kyushu, understandably, being a separate island, was not connected to the network. But it got its very own railway system, connecting the capital Fukuoka to the rest of the island. Most importantly, making sure that coal from the mines gets efficiently transported into harbor and loaded to ships, where it is distributed to the rest of Japan.

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    Local railway of Kyushu

    Finally, there was Transvaal that got the most extensive rail network. Pretoria was connected to all of the outlying towns by a pair of rails. Especially the ones that produce valuables. Making the Japanese conquest a surprise blessing, for the state was struggling before to keep the flow of goods happening.

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    This was where it was needed the most

    In addition, rail construction began in Zululand. Mostly to connect Transvaal properly to the seaports. In Aceh and Malaysia as well. And in Japan proper, the Island of Shikoku and Chugoku state stated the construction as well, though these were not prioritized no more.

    The Age of Rail had begun for Japan.
     
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    The Lure of Gold
  • The Lure of Gold

    Other News

    In June 1853, Japan did a small reform in the field. Like, actually requiring people practicing medicine to have a degree in medicine. Well, this was thanks to universities that actually did teach medicine. If nothing else, it reduced the amount of snake oil salesmen a bit.

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    A novel thought- to practice medicine, you have to have a degree in it.

    In October 1853, Napoleonic innovations in the field of battle finally reached Japan, as new, more mobile artillery was adopted from the western states. The forces of Tamon Shinsaku and Jutoku Tomonosuke were updated straight away. Making Japanese troops at least comparable to the mainstay of European forces.

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    New cannons

    With the conquest of Transvaal, the Japanese could also move a bit deeper into the heart of South Africa. The Northern Cape, or the northern part of the Northern Cape, that was not part of the British Cape, was ripe for the picking and in February 1854, Japanese settlers crossed the border from Transvaal and started new life there, totally not hearing the protests of locals. Again, the province was rich with gold.

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    Moving into Northern Cape

    Torii Yozo, one of the old guard generals, had gotten himself a nice habit of smoking opium. Giving a good way to get rid of him without annoying the daimyos too much and therefore also reducing the influence the man had.

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    Thanks to opium, the Shogunate has less power

    In October 1854, the Japanese finished colonization of Tahiti. Most of Polynesia, including Easter Island, was now Japanese. Not that it was much of a gain, for the islands lacked much natural resources. Still, it was an important step in controlling the Pacific Ocean. Next, the Japanese took West Micronesia. That actually was finished by March 1855.

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    Two new states in Pacific

    Now, it was time for something more interesting. South Island of New Zealand. At least the natives were expected to give more resistance there.

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    Moving to New Zealand

    Industrialization

    The new rail lines proved popular, and continued to grow. Both in mainland Japan and in the colonies. Resulting in increased demand for engines. That again resulted in more engine factories being built in Kyushu. By August 1853, Japan was the 3rd engine producer in the world. To be completely honest though, Great Britain and France, the number 2 and number 1, were several times ahead of Japan

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    The third producer of engines!

    By February 1854, the gold mines in Transvaal were complete, adding another 10 000 pounds per week to the Japanese economy. Making sure that the Japanese budget was actually in a healthy surplus.

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    All the gold in Transvaal

    The Elections of 1854

    Nothing much changed from the previous time. The Imperial Rule Party was still the old guard- Shogunate, Samurai and Monks. The Industrialists and Intelligentsia still failed to see any common ground and the Constitutional Reform Party constituted solely of Intelligentsia.

    It ended pretty much as predicted. The Old Guard won the elections and stayed in power with the Industrialists, while the Intelligentsia was still unhappy about institution of secret police and still in opposition.

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    Guess it will be Mejii restoration

    Better Higher Learning

    In March 1855, Japan discovered dialectics. Meaning, in practice, that the universities are now twice as productive. By now, Japan had one in Kyoto, size 10. And one being built in Edo, also size 10 soon. Of course, both universities switched production immediately.

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    Finally, universities are becoming useful!

    By the end of August 1855, this bore fruit. New philosophy departments flourished in both Kyoto and Edo, increasing the output of the universities. This also meant that for the first time, Japan was producing more research than it was consuming. A bit, yes, but even a bit matters. Incidentally, since the start of the educational system, Japanese literacy has risen to 30%.

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    For the first time, more innovation then there is cap

    Gold!

    In June 1854, soon after the truce with Oranje ended, the Japanese started the preparations for the conquest of Vrystaat. By September, Oranje followed the Transvaal in surrendering peacefully and the Japanese got the province.

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    Quite a hopeless situation

    Again, the first order of business were the railroads, for the infrastructure of Vrystaat was as atrocious as it was in Transvaal. But the province was even richer in gold than Transvaal.Multiple mines, waiting to be built. Multiple gold fields, ready to bring instant cash to the Japanese budget.

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    The result- that's one province filled to the brim with gold.

    Then, it was time for more gold. This time, the Japanese turned their gaze away from Africa and towards South America, where a nice country called Chile was. And their capital, Santiago, had some nice gold deposits. Not much, but hey, at least something. In March 1855, the Japanese started their play.

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    Surprise!

    The Chileans were not the surrendering kind though. They managed to gain help from Paraguay (that turned out to be completely useless) and were ready to defend their homelands at any cost. War broke out in July 1855.

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    Oh well, war it is.

    The thing was, the Japanese navy was no longer a joke. Almost 30 ships sailed forth from Japan, carrying 26 brigades under Tamon Shinsaku towards the coast of Chile, ready to make a landing in Santiago. On 11th of September, Jutoku Samata and his fleet arrived at Chilean coast, where it was intercepted by a mighty Chilean fleet of 3 flotillas. The result was as predicted- Japan won their first naval engagement while the Chilean fleet was decorating the bottom of the Pacific.

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    The first naval battle of Japan

    This was followed by the invasion of the Japanese army, led by Tamon Shinsaku. Against all odds, they succeeded, taking the city of Santiago on 5th of November 1855. As the general pushed forward, another invasion was planned by Jutoku Tomonosuke to a bit southwards.

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    The Invasion. Close call, but a success.

    The second invasion happened in January 1856, resulting in already outnumbered Chilean forces coming under threat of being cut off, resulting in them retreating rapidly towards the south. With the Japanese hot on their heels. Soon, Tamon and Jutoku joined their forces.

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    With this, Chile is doomed

    With this, the war was decided. Yes, it took Chileans a few months to figure it out, but figure out they did. On 5th of April 1856, a peace was signed, with Chileans having to move their capital elsewhere, for Santiago was now part of the Japanese South America. This was a nice catch, for besides gold, the province also had sulfur, good fertile soil where wheat could be grown. Some industries and also, nicely developed sugar plantations.

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    Japanese South America has a nice ring to it, right?

    Foreign Affairs

    In March 1854, France decided that it was high time to get their share of Indochina and started a play to conquer Bangkok from Siam. The Japanese were very upset about this, for they had been eyeing the rich opium fields of Bangkok themselves, but since it was French, they decided to do pretty much nothing. It was supposed to be a clear-cut case. Modern French troops versus Siamese, who still employed mostly melee troops or primitive rifles. And even that was way less than the French could field. Until in April 1854, the Company decided they didn't like the French much. And joined the Siamese side. The result- the French are now paying reparations to Siam.

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    I think the French were not expecting this outcome...

    In August 1855, the Spanish made a go against the Dutch East Indies, claiming Pontianak, a semi-independent nation under the Dutch East Indies, to their own. The Spanish outnumbered the Dutch by far and in the end, the Dutch gave in. Now, Spain has part of West Borneo to themselves.

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    Spain entering Borneo

    Secret Police

    “That was a wild ride,” said Yoshimichi.

    “Totally,” agreed Asashi. “First, we push the intelligentsia a bit. Then, we hit a setback. Then, we push again. Then, we push the Ainu. Then, we hit a setback. Then, we made a deal with intelligentsia. Honestly, I was giving up hope by this time.”

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    This was quite a rollercoaster ride

    “Yet, here we are,” replied Yoshimichi. “I’m actually as surprised as you are.”

    “The thing is,” he added. “We were not expecting it to pass. We had not prepared. Now, we need more government buildings. Fast.”

    “A small price to pay though,” said Asahsi.

    Yoshimichi nodded. "At least now we can bonk the opposition if needed."

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    Finally, in December 1855
     
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