The time from 1839 to nowdays.
The Jezail era, well Kipling.
Rudyard Kiplings poem (...) two thousand pounds of education drops to a ten rupee jezail
During the period of 1839 up until Rahman Khans reign, Afghanistan did not have a formal army. Accounts on weaponry during that time are mostly based on observation by British troops. The smooth bore either in the form of Jezail are assumed to be the main fire armament of all potential politis of the region during the era. There is little else mentioned beside the ubiquitous Jezail up until the importation of western ams beginning with Rahman Khans reign, even then the jezail is understood to have been the main armament. Post WW1 and definitely post WW2 more modern weapons, predominately Soviet entered service in effective numbers. It's notable that the Jezail remained in informal use up until the Soviet intervention, the proliferation of modern weapons in Afghanistan was comparably slow. With the Soviet intervention came the saturation of the weapons we know today. The Pakistani support for the Pashto invasion, the Taliban.
After the American invasion things get messy, the arming of the Afghan army began with an effort to maintain Warzaw pact small weapons but after just a few years a shift in policy meant the introduction of US surplus M16s and other AR-15 carbines. In addition to those you have polish AK derivatives, and an assortment of machine guns and rifles.
There are a lot of sources on modern day Afghan military equipment, from Charlie Wilsons war to the numerous articles on the US army's efforts to train and modernize the Afghan army, depending on what you're looking for. Afghan Soviet deals are fairly straight forward and uninteresting, the usual soviet fare. Easiest way to approach the subject is to pick a gun and Google. The bulk of the material on modern matters are blog posts.
The earlier era is simpler, but not very extensive, Most books such as Peter Hopkirks the great game mentions in passing the equipment in the region, there is extensive literature on indian gun smithing which, were the basis if not the suppliers of Jezails.