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Yes, the cost for research increases depending on how many provinces you have. I am not sure of the actual calculation, but it is a significant amount. I find that if you are playing a small one or two province country it is often a good idea to wait to expand until you have a few technologies since they are so cheap when you are small.
 
What goes up must come down? E=MC2? :)

Tech costs increase as your empire increases. And, it appears the new patch will increase the costs if you get too far ahead in research (to keep you from getting too far ahead of an historicially-realistic timeline.)