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Related to the army, assuming you are not playing a tribe.

Most of your troops come from levies, which come from pops of Integrated culture. There are two ways to integrate pops.
- You can assimilate them, which happens slowly on its own and can be accelerated by governor policies, building theaters (themselves requiring a tech, as indicated in their tooltip), and various other bonuses sprinkled around.
- You can integrate their cultures, which you can only do a limited number of times because each integrated cultures adds a small but cumulative penalty on the others.

Once you progress in tech, you gain access to laws unlocking legions, which are permanent armies. They are much stronger and you can choose their composition. I don't know what the best composition is, but heavy infantry and light cavalry tend to give me good results to mow through barbarian hordes.

Lastly, mercenaries are surprisingly good. They are expensive at the start of the game, but they come with excellent generals (12+ martial) who can be decisive on their own. Note that siege bonuses are very powerful, forts can immobilize an army for a long time and anything that accelerates the siege is helpful.
 
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