My first attempt at this so:
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Part I
Introduction
The Kingdom of Jerusalem came into being with the capture of the City in 1099 by European crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon. Godfrey refused to take the throne and instead became “Defender of the Holy Sepulcher”. Upon his death the next year his brother Baldwin I became the first King.
Baldwin expanded the Kingdom by capturing the cities of Acre, Sidon, and Beirut as well as gaining suzerainty over several other Crusader fiefdoms. He also arranged for support from the Italian city states such as Venice, Pisa, and Genoa, whose trading fleets brought both military aid and Latin immigrants. Baldwin also arranged to receive a Latin Patriarch for Jerusalem from Rome. He died without heirs and was succeeded by his cousin Baldwin of Edessa who became Baldwin II and also continued to expand the Kingdom, most notable with the capture of Tyre in 1124.
His son-in-law Count Fulk of Anjou succeeded Baldwin II. Fulk faced a competent and powerful enemy in Ataberg Zengi of Mosul. Though he fended him off, Fulk’s death in 1144 led to the uncertain leadership of his young son Baldwin III for whom his mother Melisende acted as regent. Zengi captured Edessa sparking a crisis that led to the Second Crusade. Rather then face Zengi the French and German Crusaders made war on Damascus and suffered a humiliating defeat.
Shortly after the Crusader defeat Baldwin III assumed full control of the Kingdom. He was an able King who expelled the Fatimid Egyptians from Palestine by taking Ascalon. However Nur ad-Din retook Damascus from the Crusaders and unified all of Syria under him. In 1162 Baldwin III was found dead in his personal chapel in the Tower of David. Publicly his death was a mystery, but the Church obtained evidence (a poisoned dart) the implicated the Assassins, a mysterious order of fanatical Muslim extremists. His brother Amalric became king and fought a long bitter struggle with Nur ad-Din and Saladin for control of Egypt. Both he and Nur ad-Din died in 1174 leaving Egypt to Saladin.
Amalric was succeeded by his leprous son Baldwin IV. His health problems contributed to the political decline of the Kingdom. Faction formed around Duke Raymond of Tripoli and Count Guy of Lusignan and political disputes within the government became more common. Baldwin died in 1185 and was succeeded his infant son Baldwin V. Initially Duke Raymond was the regent, but Guy married Sybilla, Baldwin IV’s sister. In 1186 Baldwin V died of the measles. The High Court met to choose a successor and after much political infighting chose Guy de Lusignan as the new king.
Guy I: A New Vision (1186- )
“I have said that the Count took this burden upon himself rashly, for this reason: that he did not carefully appraise his own strength in comparison to the obligation that he assumed. However, his strength and his prudence proved equal to the intolerable burden which he placed upon his shoulders He was familiar with the gospel saying in which it is suggested that the man who wishes to build a tower should first sit down and count the cost to see if he has sufficient strength to complete it, lest lie fail and hear it said, ‘Here is a man who began to build and could not finish his building.’ The Count may not have been up to the task, but the King proved more then able”- William of Tyre, Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum, XXII, 25, Patrologia Latina 201, 879-80, translated by John E. Chapman, Jerusalem: One Nation Under God, (Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University Press, 2004), 146-48
King Guy’s first days were filled with crisis as Raynald, the Duke of Jordan provoked Saladin into war with raids of his caravans. As Saladin gathered a great host to sweep into the Kingdom, Guy entered the Holy Sepulcher on the eve of his coronation. There he had a vision of Saladin’s armies sweeping aside the smaller Christian forces and forever expelling his people from the Holy Land and condemning that land to a never-ending cycle of death and violence. He emerged the next morning determined to preserve and strengthen then Kingdom.
His first act was to make peace with Saladin. In a carefully worded missive he invited Saladin to hold off the war and give the new King time to make justice in his own land. Saladin, impressed by the request agreed.
The external war averted Guy turned his attention to his internal problems. The weakness of the previous kings had led to the existing Dukes achieving too much power. King Guy first addressed this by inviting the Order of Solomon to take land in the Duchy of Tripoli. The Order was friendly to the Kingdom’s cause (protecting the Holy Land), but independent of the King and the Duke of Tripoli. He repeated this move with the Order of Saint John in the Duchy of Jordan. Guy also began constructing an extensive road network throughout the Kingdom to facilitate commerce and the movement of soldiers. Finally he began gathering able and loyal nobles to his court from inside the Kingdom and from Europe.
By 1189 he was ready for action. He demanded that Duke Raynald of Jordan give up his title. Raynald refused and open rebellion ensued. Duke Raynald controlled nearly a third of the Kingdom, but Guy swiftly moved to crush his forces before they could join together. By 1191 King Guy had subdued the rebellious Duchy. Installing many of his loyal nobles as counts, King Guy found many distrusted him because he had made war upon his own vassal. Rather then watch these new counts slowly drift towards rebellion he transferred their loyalty to his 9-year-old daughter Alix whom he installed as the new Duchess of Jordan. He was successful and the new counts rallied to support the lovely and charming young girl in her new role.
Upset with the King, the Duke of Tripoli rebelled. King Guy marched north and quickly subdued the Duke. On his return the Duke of Galilee attempted to attack him and was likewise defeated. King Guy again drew from his court for both counts and his most loyal vassals to be Dukes. For himself he added the title Duke of Palestine.
While the Kingdom was weak from the civil war, it was secure under a strong leader. King Guy next reorganized the tax structure and put the Kingdom’s finances in order. Using his wealth he embarked on an extensive development plan. He built mines, sawmills, glassworks, breweries, and tile manufactories. He founded schools and libraries. He also expanded the ports and funded moneylenders to promote investment and commerce.
As the Kingdom grew wealthy it grew strong, and by 1210 it was a formidable power, if not so strong as Saladin’s Fatimads. In 1212 Armenian Turks attacked the Duke of Antioch, a powerful and independent Duchy north of the Kingdom. While Antioch’s army was away fighting the Turks, the Assassin’s struck from their fortress in Alamut which bordered both the Kingdom and Antioch. King Guy, realizing the danger of allowing Antioch to fall, led an army north and defeated the Assassin army as it lay siege to Antioch. He followed the fleeing assassins back to their mountain fortress and lay siege.
The Fortress of the Assassins was among the finest, most defensible fortresses in the world. King Guy spent months taking notes and observations as his forces tried in vain to breach its walls. Finally 3 years after the siege began, the fortress succumbed. When the Christian army entered they found not one survivor, all had died by their own hands rather then be captured. The library had been burned, taking most of their secrets with them.
As the King was touring the fortress, again taking extensive notes, he was attacked. A poison arrow, shot by the last surviving assassin, streaked towards the king. Sir James de Anjou, a Templar Knight, threw himself in front of the King and was the last victim of the assassins. King Guy, moved by the knight’s devotion, gave the fortress into the hands of the Patriarch of Jerusalem who would make it a haven of Christian might.
The King returned to Jerusalem and set himself to organizing what he had learned. In 1216 he published Fortress of God, a book on engineering and fortification. That same year he began making drastic improvements to Jerusalem’s walls, the Citadel and the Tower of David. Pleased with the progress he also began making similar improvements in Ascalon and Acre. Though they were expensive, such military improvements would vastly increase the Kingdom’s power.
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Part I
Introduction
The Kingdom of Jerusalem came into being with the capture of the City in 1099 by European crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon. Godfrey refused to take the throne and instead became “Defender of the Holy Sepulcher”. Upon his death the next year his brother Baldwin I became the first King.
Baldwin expanded the Kingdom by capturing the cities of Acre, Sidon, and Beirut as well as gaining suzerainty over several other Crusader fiefdoms. He also arranged for support from the Italian city states such as Venice, Pisa, and Genoa, whose trading fleets brought both military aid and Latin immigrants. Baldwin also arranged to receive a Latin Patriarch for Jerusalem from Rome. He died without heirs and was succeeded by his cousin Baldwin of Edessa who became Baldwin II and also continued to expand the Kingdom, most notable with the capture of Tyre in 1124.
His son-in-law Count Fulk of Anjou succeeded Baldwin II. Fulk faced a competent and powerful enemy in Ataberg Zengi of Mosul. Though he fended him off, Fulk’s death in 1144 led to the uncertain leadership of his young son Baldwin III for whom his mother Melisende acted as regent. Zengi captured Edessa sparking a crisis that led to the Second Crusade. Rather then face Zengi the French and German Crusaders made war on Damascus and suffered a humiliating defeat.
Shortly after the Crusader defeat Baldwin III assumed full control of the Kingdom. He was an able King who expelled the Fatimid Egyptians from Palestine by taking Ascalon. However Nur ad-Din retook Damascus from the Crusaders and unified all of Syria under him. In 1162 Baldwin III was found dead in his personal chapel in the Tower of David. Publicly his death was a mystery, but the Church obtained evidence (a poisoned dart) the implicated the Assassins, a mysterious order of fanatical Muslim extremists. His brother Amalric became king and fought a long bitter struggle with Nur ad-Din and Saladin for control of Egypt. Both he and Nur ad-Din died in 1174 leaving Egypt to Saladin.
Amalric was succeeded by his leprous son Baldwin IV. His health problems contributed to the political decline of the Kingdom. Faction formed around Duke Raymond of Tripoli and Count Guy of Lusignan and political disputes within the government became more common. Baldwin died in 1185 and was succeeded his infant son Baldwin V. Initially Duke Raymond was the regent, but Guy married Sybilla, Baldwin IV’s sister. In 1186 Baldwin V died of the measles. The High Court met to choose a successor and after much political infighting chose Guy de Lusignan as the new king.
Guy I: A New Vision (1186- )
“I have said that the Count took this burden upon himself rashly, for this reason: that he did not carefully appraise his own strength in comparison to the obligation that he assumed. However, his strength and his prudence proved equal to the intolerable burden which he placed upon his shoulders He was familiar with the gospel saying in which it is suggested that the man who wishes to build a tower should first sit down and count the cost to see if he has sufficient strength to complete it, lest lie fail and hear it said, ‘Here is a man who began to build and could not finish his building.’ The Count may not have been up to the task, but the King proved more then able”- William of Tyre, Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum, XXII, 25, Patrologia Latina 201, 879-80, translated by John E. Chapman, Jerusalem: One Nation Under God, (Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University Press, 2004), 146-48
King Guy’s first days were filled with crisis as Raynald, the Duke of Jordan provoked Saladin into war with raids of his caravans. As Saladin gathered a great host to sweep into the Kingdom, Guy entered the Holy Sepulcher on the eve of his coronation. There he had a vision of Saladin’s armies sweeping aside the smaller Christian forces and forever expelling his people from the Holy Land and condemning that land to a never-ending cycle of death and violence. He emerged the next morning determined to preserve and strengthen then Kingdom.
His first act was to make peace with Saladin. In a carefully worded missive he invited Saladin to hold off the war and give the new King time to make justice in his own land. Saladin, impressed by the request agreed.
The external war averted Guy turned his attention to his internal problems. The weakness of the previous kings had led to the existing Dukes achieving too much power. King Guy first addressed this by inviting the Order of Solomon to take land in the Duchy of Tripoli. The Order was friendly to the Kingdom’s cause (protecting the Holy Land), but independent of the King and the Duke of Tripoli. He repeated this move with the Order of Saint John in the Duchy of Jordan. Guy also began constructing an extensive road network throughout the Kingdom to facilitate commerce and the movement of soldiers. Finally he began gathering able and loyal nobles to his court from inside the Kingdom and from Europe.
By 1189 he was ready for action. He demanded that Duke Raynald of Jordan give up his title. Raynald refused and open rebellion ensued. Duke Raynald controlled nearly a third of the Kingdom, but Guy swiftly moved to crush his forces before they could join together. By 1191 King Guy had subdued the rebellious Duchy. Installing many of his loyal nobles as counts, King Guy found many distrusted him because he had made war upon his own vassal. Rather then watch these new counts slowly drift towards rebellion he transferred their loyalty to his 9-year-old daughter Alix whom he installed as the new Duchess of Jordan. He was successful and the new counts rallied to support the lovely and charming young girl in her new role.
Upset with the King, the Duke of Tripoli rebelled. King Guy marched north and quickly subdued the Duke. On his return the Duke of Galilee attempted to attack him and was likewise defeated. King Guy again drew from his court for both counts and his most loyal vassals to be Dukes. For himself he added the title Duke of Palestine.
While the Kingdom was weak from the civil war, it was secure under a strong leader. King Guy next reorganized the tax structure and put the Kingdom’s finances in order. Using his wealth he embarked on an extensive development plan. He built mines, sawmills, glassworks, breweries, and tile manufactories. He founded schools and libraries. He also expanded the ports and funded moneylenders to promote investment and commerce.
As the Kingdom grew wealthy it grew strong, and by 1210 it was a formidable power, if not so strong as Saladin’s Fatimads. In 1212 Armenian Turks attacked the Duke of Antioch, a powerful and independent Duchy north of the Kingdom. While Antioch’s army was away fighting the Turks, the Assassin’s struck from their fortress in Alamut which bordered both the Kingdom and Antioch. King Guy, realizing the danger of allowing Antioch to fall, led an army north and defeated the Assassin army as it lay siege to Antioch. He followed the fleeing assassins back to their mountain fortress and lay siege.
The Fortress of the Assassins was among the finest, most defensible fortresses in the world. King Guy spent months taking notes and observations as his forces tried in vain to breach its walls. Finally 3 years after the siege began, the fortress succumbed. When the Christian army entered they found not one survivor, all had died by their own hands rather then be captured. The library had been burned, taking most of their secrets with them.
As the King was touring the fortress, again taking extensive notes, he was attacked. A poison arrow, shot by the last surviving assassin, streaked towards the king. Sir James de Anjou, a Templar Knight, threw himself in front of the King and was the last victim of the assassins. King Guy, moved by the knight’s devotion, gave the fortress into the hands of the Patriarch of Jerusalem who would make it a haven of Christian might.
The King returned to Jerusalem and set himself to organizing what he had learned. In 1216 he published Fortress of God, a book on engineering and fortification. That same year he began making drastic improvements to Jerusalem’s walls, the Citadel and the Tower of David. Pleased with the progress he also began making similar improvements in Ascalon and Acre. Though they were expensive, such military improvements would vastly increase the Kingdom’s power.