[Resource] Norse Exonyms

[Thure]

Here is something for the modders! I will start to collect Norse placenames so you can expand you mod with localised Norse names! Everythink with a question mark are places which are not clearly located but have some estimates.

My own commens are in Italics. Maybe I will reconstruct some Norse names, based on existing names.

Full list Norse-English:

Spoiler

Abrahams kastali - Hebron (Crusader name of Hebron 'Castellion Saint Abraham')
Abrahamsveller - Plains around Jericho
Acrsborg - Acre
Aegisdyrr - Eider
Affrikar - African people
Agisif, Egisif - Hagia Sophia
Agnésar Kirkia - Sant'Agnese fuori le mura
Alaborg - Aalborg
Albania land - Caucassian Albania (maybe Balkan Albania too)
Albanusborg - Albano Laziale
Aldeigjuborg - Ladoga
Alexandría - Alexandria (maybe other Alexandrias too)
Alkasse, Alkassa - Alcácer do Sal
Ante Portam Latinam - Porta Latina
Anteócía, Antiochia - Antakya
Apardjón - Aberdeen
Apulia → Pulsland
Aquis Grani - Aix-la-Chapelle
[Aqví]naborg - Aquino
Arinsborg - Arnsburg
Arnblackr - Arno nero?
Askalon - Ashkelon
Assatún - Ashdon? (or less likely Ashingdon?)
Átalsborg, Átal - Antalya (hypothetical)
Átalsfiord - Gulf of Antalya
Augusta - Aosta
Austborg - Augsburg
Austurróða - Osterode

Babilon hin mikla / hin forna - Babylon
Babilon hin nyja - Cairo
Bár - Bari
Bardarkyrkiu - Partenkirchen
Barl - Barletta
Barzulun - Barcelona
Beffa - Paphos
Benevent - Benevento
Bernar - Verona
Bernarklutz - Chiusa di Ceraino (named after Verona)
Bessaíðe - Bethsaida
Bethania kastali - Bethany
Bethleem - Bethlehem
Bissenoborg - Bisceglie
Bjarkland → Grikkland
Bjarmaland - Perm
Bjarnardz spítali - Great St Bernard Hospice
Blankaberg - Landsberg?
Bláland - Ethiopia
Blökumannaland - Wallachia, Romania
Bolgaraland - Bulgaria, Slavic settlement area on the Peloponnese.
Bolonia - Bologna
Boslaraborg - Basle
Bót - Bute
Boternisborg - Viterbo
Boz - Bolzano
Brandeis - Brindisi
Breiding - Breitungen
Bretland - Britain, Wales
Bridgz - Brixen
Brunsvyk - Brunswick
Burdigala - Bordeaux

Calþenhaf - Caspian Sea
Campania - Campagna, Campania
Casal - Casale Dare (Kh. Ras al-Dayr)?
Cesarea - Caesarea
Clemunt - Monticchiello? Radicofani?
Crescencius kastali - Castel Sant'Angelo
Crucis markađr - Passo di Centocroci?

Danmǫrk - Denmark
Davis tiorn (turn) - Tower of David
Deventar - Deventer
Domnaborg - Borgo San Donnino
Dudurstad - Duderstadt
Duracur - Durrës
Dyflinn - Dublin
Dynu - Danube
Dýrnes - Deerness

Ebrón - Hebron
Egiptaland - Egypt
Egiptalandshaf - Egyptian Sea
Eiríks spitali - *Eirik Hospice?
Eistland - Estonia
Ekkjall - River Oykel
Engilsnes - Cape Maleas
Ermland - Warmia
Ermland hut micla - Greater Armenia

Feginsbrecka - Monte Mario
Feneyjabotnar - Gulf of Venice
Feneyjar - Venice
Fera - Ferrara
Ferduborg - Verden
Flaians brú - Via Traiana (misspelling of Traians brú)
Flämingialand - Flanders
Flaviansborg - Montefiascone
Florenciusborg - Ferentino
Florens - Florence
Forminterra, Formentara - Formentera
Frackaskáli - Villafranca in Lunigiana?
Frakkland - Francia, Northern France (Kingdom of France)
Fridla - Fritzlar
Frijsland - Frisia
Friđsæla - Vercelli
Fundiana - Fondi
Fívizuborg - Vevey

Gadis - Cádiz
Gaida - Gaeta
Galilea - Galilee
Gallía - Gaul
Galizuland, Gallacia - Galicia
Gandurheim - Gandersheim
Gandvik - White Sea
Garileam - Garigliano River
Garðaríki, Garðavelldi - Gardarike
Gegio - Gijón
Germanusborg - San Germano
Gerun - Girona
Getulia - Getulia
Gilin - Jenin
Ginnungahaf - West Atlantic Ocean
Gnitaheiđr - Niddagau
Gozler - Goslar
Greklandseyjar, Griksalt - Greek Islands (Theme of the Aegean Sea?)
Grikkland, Girkland - Greece, Byzantine Empire
Grímsbýr - Grimsby
Grunnungahaf → Ginnungahaf
Gyon - Gihon = Nile
Gyðingaland - Judea

Hjartarpollr - Hartlepool
Hanabruinborg - Hanover
Hangandaborg - Acquapendente
Heitsinnabær - Itzehoe
Heiðabýr, Heiđabær - Hedeby
Hiericho - Jericho
Hilldisheimr - Hildesheim
Hollsetuland - Holsatia
Horsafell - Harsefeld
Horús - Horhausen (old name of Niedermarsberg)
Hrafnseyrr - Spurn Head
Hrossey - Orkney Mainland
Hyiastad - Bad Neustadt
Hólmgarðr - Novgorod
Humra - Humber
Hún(a)land - Hunnic Empire, Hungary
Hvítabýr - Whitby

Iacobsbrunnr - Jacob's Well
Íl - Islay
Iljansvegr - *The route of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
Iohanniskastali - Sebastia, Nablus
Írland - Ireland
Irlandshaf - Atlantic Ocean west of Ireland
Isinbriggiu - Innsbruck
Island - Iceland
Ismak - Eisenach
Ivent - Giovinazzo
Ívist - Uist
Ívíza, Ivitsa - Ibiza

Jaffa - Jaffa
Jákóbsland - Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
Jalandanes - Cape Gelidonya
Jordan - River Jordan
Josaphat - Kidron Valley
Jómsborg, Jóm - Wolin
Jóns kirkiu Baptiste - Archbasilica of St. John Lateran
Jórsalaborg, Jórsalir - Jerusalem
Jórsalaland - Holy Land, Land around Jerusalem (Kingdom of Jerusalem), Judea
Jórvík - York
Jǫforey - Ivrea

Kantarabyrgt - Canterbury
Kapagus - Mons Caspium (Caucasus Mountains or less likely the Hindu Kush)
Kápharnáum, Charfarnaum - Capernaum
Katanes - Caithness
Kiliandr - Kilianstädten? Caldern?
Kio - Kiev?
Kiriala land - Karelia
Kirkia Iohanni et Pauli martirum - Santi Giovanni e Paolo
Kirkia Ióhannis Postola - San Giovanni a Porta Latina
Kirkiu Stephani et Laurenti - Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls
Kjoformunt - Capriglia? Garfagnana?
Klerkaborg - San Quirico d'Orcia
Kluz - Klausen
Knarrarstaðir - Knarston
Kolnisborg, Kolni - Cologne
Krokey → Krít
Krístinoborg - Bolsena
Krít - Crete
Kurland - Courland
Kápa - Capua
Kænugarðr - Kiev
Kípr - Cyprus
Kirkjuvagr - Kirkwall
Kú - Kos

Langasyn, Sena - Siena
Langatún - Langton?
Langbarðaland - Lombardy (Kingdom of Italy)
Libika - Lübeck
Lic - Latakia
Lifland - Livonia
Lizibón, Leskobona - Lisbon
Ljóðahús - Lewis
Luna - Luni
Lunasandar - Lunigiana
Lundunaborg - London
Lygra - River Loire
Lyneborg - Lunenburg
Lúka - Lucca

Mærævi, Mærhæfui - Moray
Maka Maria - al-Bireh
Malfetaborg - Molfetta
Manork - Minorca
Manupl - Monopoli
Mariohǫfn - Santa Maria del Kassiopi
Mario Kirkia - Santa Maria in Domnica
Marteins kamrar - Ponte San Martino
Marteins vatn - Lake Geneva
Martinoborg, Martinusborg - Borgo Marturi
Maríoborg - Sarzana? Castelnuovo Magra?
Marío Kirkiu - Santa Maria Maggiore
Matran - Matrei am Brenner (useable for Matrei in Osttirol too)
Mattildarspítali - Altopascio?
Mauriciusborg - Saint-Maurice-en-Valais
Mauritania - Mauretania
Meginzoborg - Mayence
Meining - Meiningen
Meinlangsborg, Mélansborg - Milan
Meningstad - Münnerstadt
Michialsfjall - Monte Gargano, Monte Sant'Angelo
Miklagarð - Constantinople
Mioluhús - Mühlhausen
Mireaborg - Myra
Miólestad - Mellrichstadt
Mǫn - Isle of Man
Mons Oliveti - Mount of Olives
Montakassin - Monte Cassino
Montreflar - Pontremoli
Munbard - Monte Bardone
Mundiafjall, Mundia - Alps
Mundioborg - Minden
Muramar - Murom
Mylarkalfr - Calve Island
Mylna - Mölln
Mála mulier/illa kona - Radicofani? Callemala?

Napl - Nablus
Nazaret - Nazareth
Nerbón, Narbon - Narbonne
Nyiasstad - Donauwörth?
Nyjoborg - Nienburg
Norðreyjar - Northern Isles
Nóregr - Norway
Nǫrvasund - Strait of Gibraltar

Ǫngulseyjar - Anglesey
Orkneyjar - Orkney
Oxenport - Ochsenfurt

Paciencia - Sapientza
Padus - River Po
Palenz - Palencia
Pallteskjuborg, Palltekia - Polotsk
Papey - Pavia
Papey - Papa Westray
Párísborg - Paris
Patera - Patara
Peituland, Peita - Poitou
Persidaland, Persiðaland - Persia
Péttlandsfjǫrðr - Pentland Firth
Pisis - Pisa
Plazinza, Plazinzoborg - Plaisance
Poddubrunnar - Paderborn
Pulinaland, Polena - Poland
Pulkrokirka - Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Pulsland - Apulia, Southern Italy (Kingdom of Naples)
Páls kirkia - Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
Pétrskastali - Bourg-Saint-Pierre (?)
Pétrs kirkia - St. Peter's Basilica

Querencium - Monastery of the Temptation

Rábitaland - Arabia
Radstofa - Rostov
Raudakastali - Kastellorizo
Reiðgotaland - Reidgotaland
Roda - Rhodes
Rögnvaldsey - South Ronaldsay
Rómaborg - Rome
Rómaborgarland, Rumaborgar land - Italian Peninsula, Central Italy (Patrimonium Sancti Petri)
Ros - Ross
Rotinnborg - Rothenburg
Ruscia (Tuscia) - Tuscany (Likely a mispelling of Tuscia)
Rín - River Rhine
Rinansey - North Ronaldsay
Rúszia, Rússía, Rúzaland - Russia

Salerniborg - Salerno
Salomons musteri - Al-Aqsa Mosque
Sandey - Sanda Island
Sandvík - Sandwick
Sanntíri, Sátíri - Kintyre
Samland - Sambia
Sanctinusborg - Borgo San Genesio
Saxelfr - River Elbe
Saxland - Germany, Saxony
Selsborg - Seltz
Semunt - Semifonte? Montemaggio?
Sepáransborg, Separan - Ceprano
Sepont - Siponto
Serkland - (Land of the Saracen) Mesopotamia, Assyria (also used for Libya)
Sætt, Seth - Sidon
Skardaborg - Scarborough
Skíð - Skye
Skǫrpusker - Farne Islands
Skotland - Scotland
Sikiley - Kythira? Antikythera?
Sikiley - Sicily
Singitan - Mauretania Tingitana + Sitifensis
Sitifarsland - Mauretania Sitifensis
Sintré - Sintra
Skjaldmeyjaland - Amazonia
Slésvik - Sleswick (also city)
Smalenska, Smalizska - Smolensk
Sodoma ok Gomorra - Sodom and Gomorrah
Solatra - Solothurn
Spanland, Spánn - Spain
Spíra - Spires
Spítali Iohannis baptista - Hospice of Saint John in Jerusalem
Staurr - Stoer, Stoer Head
Stephanusborg - Santo Stefano di Magra
Sterting - Sterzing
Stransborg - Strasbourg
Styrjoland - Styria? Valle Stura di Demonte?
Stǫđuborg - Stade
Suðrland - Sutherland
Suiþjóð in mikla - Scythia
Sursdalr - Suzdal
Svanga - Schongau
Syllingar - Isles of Scilly
Synai (Sion) - Zion (or maybe Sinai?)
Syr - Tyre, Lebanon
Sýrland - Syria
Syrlendzkir - Syrian people
Súdborg - Suderburg
Suðreyjar - Hebrides
Sútarinn micli - Sutri
Sútarinn litli - (small Sutri) La Storta?

Tabor - Mount Tabor
Tafeistaland - Tavastia
Taphana - Taphana (Sri Lanka or Sumatra?)
Tarragun - Tarragona
Társ - River Taro
Társborg - Borgo Val di Taro
Templum Domini - Dome of the Rock
Terentiana - Terracina
Tertinborg - Artlenburg (?)
Ti...... - Tusculum?
Tífr - River Tiber
Tile - Thule = Iceland
Torfnes - Tarbat Ness
Tracia - Thrace
Traon - Trani
Trekt - Utrecht
Trentar - Trento
Trentudalir - Vallis Tridentina
Tripulis - Tripoli
Tulet - Toledo
Tuscumhaf - Tuscan Sea
Tyrkland - Turkey
Tyrvist - Tiree

Þræla þorp - Etroubles
Þeingilsby - Dinkelsbühl
Þiđreksbađ - Bagnoregio

Ungaraland - Hungary
Úsa - River Ouse

Valland - Brittany, Gaul
Valfoborg - Walsrode (maybe misspelled Valsoborg?)
Vatsfjǫrðr - Loch Vatten
Vébjǫrg - Viborg
Vestland - Western Pomerania
Vindland - Territory of the Wends
Virland - Virumaa
Virzinborg - Würzburg
Visgardzhǫfn - Fiskardo
Vívilsborg - Avenches (from German city name Wiflisburg)
Vormizoborg - Worms
Ypponensis - Hippo Regius

Sources:
Simek, Rudolf (1990). Altnordische Kosmographie. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3110121816.
Spruner, Karl. Menke, Theodor (1880). Hand-Atlas für die Geschichte des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit. Gotha: Justus Perthes.

 

[DC123456789]

That's pretty extensive, nice work!

Do you know where one can find Norse placenames like that? I'm particularly interested in looking for names in the British Isles (for such an obvious location they're surprisingly hard to find outside of a few major locations...).

 

[Thure]

In books! Acutally I haven't found that many Norse placenames for Britain. Another nice source with some names in Britain would be this:

https://www.abdn.ac.uk/skaldic/db-map.php?id=174
https://www.abdn.ac.uk/skaldic/db.php?if=default&num=7&table=thing&val=&view=

 

[DC123456789]

Not something I have an awful lot of access to, especially once regarding Old Norse.

But thanks, that website looks like it has some things I could use.

 

[Thure]

I expanded the list a bit to include more Continental European places (mostly in France and Spain). Next time I will add British placenames and add Wikipedia links too the places!

 

[Thure]

So... I expanded the list again. Now it includes more British and Russian place names. Oh and I added Wikipedia links for the most places!

 

[Darkgamma]

So many of those look like unnormalised hapax legomena, or as defective clerical errors. "Paciencia" doesn't even look like a Norse word and "Bernarklutz" even looks German. "Arnblackr", "Hiericho", "Garðavelldi" e.g. all look distinctly non-Norse XP

 

[Thure]

So many of those look like unnormalised hapax legomena, or as defective clerical errors. "Paciencia" doesn't even look like a Norse word and "Bernarklutz" even looks German. "Arnblackr", "Hiericho", "Garðavelldi" e.g. all look distinctly non-Norse XP

That's how they names are written in the 'Leidarvisir' by abbot Nikulás. It's his pilgramage route to the Holy Land. Yes many of them are latin influenced. Especially in the Holy Land he used many forms close to latin or even pure latin forms. And no 'Bernarklutz' don't look that German (the German equivalent would be 'Berner Klause'. They don't invite new names for the places but adopt the local ones into the norse language with some changes. It's like Hanover in English instead of Hannover

 

[Darkgamma]

I know it isn't German but it looks more like (medieval) German than Norse :laugh:
I should compile a list of place names in Norse one of these days ...

 

[Thure]

I know it isn't German but it looks more like (medieval) German than Norse :laugh:
I should compile a list of place names in Norse one of these days ...

Yeah. That happens if Norse try to transform German place names into Norse. Or any other place name in Europe. Acutally I think in the case of Bernarklutz it's just the second part that's adopted from German 'klutz'. In medieval German it's 'klûse' or 'klûs'. And the meaning is 'defile, (mountain) pass'. It's likely that a Scandinavian monk didn't know the meaning of 'klûs' and adopted it as much as possible into Norse. And I don't try to normalised the most names. I prefer to give them like the source use them. And the first part of Bernar is from Verona and he also used Bernar for Verona. This name was common because of 'Þiðrekr af Bern' (Bern = Verona) Maybe I will at least mark the clearly Latin forms in the list like 'Mons Oliveti' which are cleare not norse and not even loanwords/exonyms/transcriptions.

But some extra lists can't hurt. I want to expand the list to.

 

[molave]

I would like to contribute some more. Corrections are welcome. Most are based on Icelandic exonyms. Italics are guesstimate and possibly potential alternate names.

Spoiler

Alamen - Al Alamayn
Alexandersborg - Alexandria (Alexander's City)
Lítiðatlas - Anti-Atlas
Asvan - Aswan

Bareiney - Bahrain (Bahrain Island)
Brúnsvík - Brunswick
Buhærja - Buhairya

Kanaríeyjar - Canary Islands
Kyreneland - Cyrenaica

Gabijaha - Gabiyaha
Geldern - Gelre

Stærrey - Mallorca (stærri eyja -> larger island)
Máraraland - Mauretania (Moorland)
Mekka - Mecca
Mikilinborg - Mecklenburg

Nobaland - Nubia

Pelusaland - Pelusia
Petraborg - Petra

Katara - Quattara
Kena - Quena

Riffjöll - El Rif

Serk - Sarqihya
Norðrríki - Scandinavia (Northern Realm)
Skanland - Scandinavia
Sina - Sinai

Saloníka - Thessalonica
Tunsborg - Tunis

Jaroslavl - Yaroslavl
Jarizleifsborg - Yaroslavl City
Jarizleifsland - Duchy of Yaroslavl

Bonus: obviously not real, but could make for a good AAR
Vanaland - Armenia
Æsirbaídsjan - Azerbaijan

Update: Wikipedia's list of Icelandic exonyms

 

[Ru7]

Spoiler: Norse exonyms

Few exonyms are Scandinavian rather than Old Norse.

Azov - Ásgarðr
Basel - Boslaraborg
Cadiz - Karlsa, Gaðis
Carpathians - Harvaða
Coruna - Jakobsland
Dublin's holding* Howth (or other) - Hǫfuð
Galicia - Fetlafjørðr
Gibraltar - Njorvasund/Njörvasund
Grobin (holding in Kurland, Latvia) - Seeburg
Gützkow (a holding in Szczecin province) - Kotskógr
Harrogate (Yorkshire city) - Hǫrgrgatt
Estonia - Estland
Kamień Pomorski (or any city-holding in Szczecin) - Kammin/Steinborgar
Karelia - Karjala, Kirjálaland
Kolka, Latvia (or ck2 analogue) - Domesnes
Laanemaa's holdings Dirhami, Haversi, Kudani, Kulani and others (see last link) - Derhamn, Haversved, Gutanäs, Kolnäs
Lancashire's temple - Ormskirk
Lillehammer - Litlikaupangr
Lisboa (Lissabon) - Lizibónar
Lower Dnepr (province) - Lægri-Danpar (or Neðri-)
Lower Don (province) - Myrkviðr (can also be Azov)
Lukomorye's holding (Kamjans'ke Horodyšče/Kamianka-Dniprovska/other) - Árheimar
Mohni (Estonia) - Ekholm
Molde - Moldar
Mordva/Mari/Merya - Merjaland/Meriland/Mirdeland
Murmansk (city in Kola) - Norðmaðr/Murman
Nantes - Nancsaborg/Namsborg
Novgorod (Nýgarðr)'s city-holding - Gutagard
Novgorod's castle holding - Hólmgarðr
Oleshye - Danparstöðum (Danparstoðum can easily be Lukomorye)
Oleshye's holding - Gammalsvenskby
Oxford - Öxnafurða / Øxfjǫrðr / Óxforð / Úxefjǫrðr
Polotsk - Palteskja
Papacy/Pope lands - Papar(land)
Rostock - Rauðstokk(r)
Sambia - Könungsberg
a city in Sambia (near Danzig) - Kaup
Santiago (province, Spain) - Seljupollar (Seljupollar is also said to be a city called A Guarda).
Scarborough - Scarðiborg / Skarðaborg
Sjalland's holding - Hringstöðum
Smolensk - Miliniska/Milinðka
Sturgate - Storrgat
Świnoujście (or a holding in Szczecin province) - Plazminni
Szczecin (city) - Burstaborg
Tranmere - Tranmeir
Transilvanya - Kaukaland(a)
Ventspils - Vindau
Vineta - a city in Rostock/Werle/Wolgstad
Volgograd - Volgugarðr
Worms (Germany) - Vernisa

Spoiler: Pomeranian local holdings from saga(s)

from https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:914928/FULLTEXT01.pdf

*When writing "a holding", I mean secondary holdings in the province (castles, temples, cities).

Spoiler: Bonus: some New World toponyms for EU4 conversion and megacampaign

Furdustrandir - wonderlands in North America
Helluland
Miklaland
Hóp
Hvitramannaland
Irland hvid Mikkla
Kjalarnes
Madksjonborf
Markland
Skuggifjord - Hudson
Straumfjord - a fjord in Vinland.
Straumsey - an island there.
Vestbygden - Vestribygð; 2nd province - Eystribygð
Map - http://sagamap.hi.is/is/# (Eiríks saga rauða)

New Caledonia - Ný-Kólidóney

Spoiler: P.S. A big map with names, mostly kingdoms or already mentioned ones tho

P.S. P.S. Feel free to leave your feedback if there are any wrong links/wrong word formation (I'm not a norse/scandinavian languages speaker)/repeats/etc.

 

[Ru7]

Translated/persumable/close-sounding/roleplaying options rather than historical-accurate ones (although still based on history one way or another) :

Spoiler: Stuff

Alexandria (EGY) - Altsandur / Álreksstaðir
Altai (and derivatives) - Aldei (with derivatives, f.e. Gorno-Altajsk - Aldeifjǫll).
Archangelsk - Erkiengill
Arthania - Ærðane, Ærðanarland
Assiria - Assirtia
Azerbaijan - Ásabyggðan/Æsirbyggðan
Baghdad - Byggðgoð/Byggðguth (Baghdad translates as "City given by God". "Byggð" is "settlment/town", "guth/goð" is god).
Belomorje - Hvitsmarland
Bern (SWI) - Björn
Birmingham - Bjormstad/Bjornheim
Bjarmland holdings can be named after Óttarr, a Scandinavian voyageur whofirst travelled across the Northern Scandinavia to White Sea and local lands. For example, Óttarrsby/Óttarrsborg/Óttarrsbyggð
Blackburn - Blakkbrúnn/Blakkbrenna/Blakkarbrúnnre
Borisoglebsk (Khopyor's lower holding (city)) - Guðleiftborg / Burizguðleifs / derivatives
Brighton - Bjarttún
Bucharest - Blakumengarðr
Burgundy - Burgundariki
A holding in Burgundy - Niflungr and derivatives
Chester's holding - Thorsteinnstūn
Chester's temple - Birkireda
Cobham, West Ham, Northhampton, Southhampton - Købheim, Vestheim, NorðheimÞør, Surðheimtún
Colchester - Kœlthør
Coventry - Køvntre
Croatia - Harvaðaland
Desht i Kiptchak's city Yampol/Yampil - Holurvölle
Dolgoprudny (or a city in Moskva) - Langdammby
a province in Lower Dunai region - Dunheið
Egypt (kingdom) - Ægiptsriki
England - Ængland
Ethiopia - Æthopland / Æðópía
Exeter - Vatngast / Heksthør / HeiksÞorp
Ganges river/province around it - Gængå / Gængandiå
Georgia - Gjóliulfarland (Land of mountain wolves); Georgia means "the land of the wolves" + it's located in mountains. Gjólgjarn(land), gjarn = eager, willing
Gjetulia - Mali?
Grýting, Tyrfing - any kingdom/duchy/county/holding you (dis)like in corresponding (see links) lands.
Hasdingiriki - a kingdom on central Europe/East Germany
Hastings - Gæjarling / Gästnings
Herrey - a holding in Scotland
Ipswich - Torgvík / Köpvik
Italy [kingdom/empire] - Romerike
Jaroslavl's 2nd city-holding - Sarðgarðr
Jaroslavl's 3rd city-holding - Tíðmare
Jaroslavl's holding - Nerojaur
Might want to name a holding/province in Central Europe/Eastern Germany "Haddingjar" (and derivatives) in honor of Saga's heroes.
Kazan - Totargarðr
Kent - Kæntborg
Kholmogory - Holmbergur
Kostroma (province, city, temple, castle) - Freyja
Leicester - LjóssÞor
Lillehammer - Lilþlæhamarr
a city near Liverpool - Hylrsund
London - Lundrunbaer
Mercia - Mjǫrs/Mjǫrsland/Mjǫrsariki
Mezhdurechensk - Milliårsgarðr
Middlesborough - Midborg
Moskva - Maskuva (presumably; lithuanian)
Mstislavl - Haraldr (or derivatives)/Grimmrvegr
Nikolaev (city in what is Oleshe in CK2) - Hakonburg/Haakonborg (name Nikolay is descendant from Hakon)
Pereyaslavl' - Pallriðleifa
Pereyaslavl'-Zalesskij - Pallriðleifa-Hananskóga
Perm (city, province) - Bjarm(e/a)
Plymouth - Plymoss
Polesje - Pskógsland/Pskógområde/Skógsilande
Polyane, drevlyane - Vǫllrar, Fornar
Pomorye - Mardragland / Viðmarer
Preston - Prestfunn/Freysteinn
Pskov - Pskógr
Randallstown - Ragnardrstaðr
Reading - Ræðingar(ðr)
Rotherham - Roðrheim / Rjodrheim
Ryazan - Ryzan / Ersjan
Sudreyja's holding - Ljóðhús
Sudreyjar's temple - Eiriksey
Saintbury (or a temple in Gloucestershire) - Kirkaborg
Salisbury (or a temple in Wiltshire) - Sallsby
Scunthorpe - Skumsþorp
Sheffield - Hvitthølm/Skyldvǫllr
Smolensk's city-holding - Hreiðurborg
Solnechnogorsk (Moskva's holding) - Sólríkefjǫlle
Starodub - Aldinneiki
Swansea - Svanurmar
Szczecin (province) - Jómsburg/Jómsland
Theodor - Þjóðólfr
Tunis - Túnið
Tunguska - Tunguskarð (more for eu4 I guess)
Uglich - Kolirstad/Hjørnejordet/Ugla
Ufa - Ulfra/Ufå/Öfö/Üpö
Valldaholm(i) - a h in Vallonia.
Vepsjalland/Vepsaland - Veps' province(s)/holding(s)
Vinnitsa - Vinnastad
Vitebsk - Vihtyäkoski/Vicbå
Vladimir - Valdarmýrr (Norse origin of name "Vladimir" - Valdar, + mýrr (swamp)) / Valdrmarheiðr / Lodomer / Volodmerj
Vyatka - Vitå
Vyazma - Vazemåe
Yeovil - Jojåhkå

 

[Ru7]

[updating]
Some more of (un)intelligent guessing, or using toponyms of unplaced places, or translation, or something of similar sounding/meaning/writing, or alternative variants:

Spoiler

Adygea - Aðygée
Adriatic sea - Aðrimarr
Afganistan - Afgein
Afreksstaðir - a city in Africa (which should be a trade centre, a "stop" for traders and travelers on their way in and out of Africa).
Agadir - Agaðir
Algerie - Aljeirland, Aljær
Alkialnuaborg - a city in Albania, AZ, or Oceania.
Ampthill - Æmtil
Amsterdam - Æmsþorpdamm
Annecy - Annesþing
Antwerpen - Anþverfu
Arquin - Arkin
Arzamas - Ærsjamað / ÆrðamÞorp / Herjamað
Asha (Miass) - Askå
Ashford (Kent) - Askfurða
Ashgabat - Æshofbygd / Ásgeirrbygd
Ashmoun (Cairo) - Asmunn
Ashoknagar - Askknappr / Æshofangr
Ash Shafa (Mekka) - Askshof
Ash Shamiyah (Mecca) - Askiskamja
Ash Shaţrah (Al Amarah prov.) - Askskatr
Ashtarak (Lori) - Askdalr
Ashton - Asktún
Astrakhan - Æstarheim
Province(s) in Volga estery and around Caspiy - Ossætr(land)
Atherton (any city-holding in Lancashire) - Æsirtún
Æðælstein - A holding in England I'd want to have as Ragnar or his descendants.
Aegean Islands - Ægeyjar
Athenes - Afion/Aðion
Avranches - Avringar
Azov - Ashóf
Bakalar - a city in Koln/Berg
Bamburgh (castle, Lindisfarne) - Bamborg
Banbury (Oxfordshire) - Bansborg
Barcelona - Barðelun/Barðerlun
Bartoszyce (Marienburg) - Bardrsteinn
Bataysk (Azov) - Bataldr
Belbeuf (temple, Rouan) - Bjälbo / Bjälbuð
Belfast - Lándefjǫrðr / Berrfljót / Berrvað
Berezniki (City-holding in Perm) - Bjǫrkene
Bergen op Zoom (Breda) - Bergenasund
Belgorods: Bálgarð - Odessa's; Bálagarðssíða, Bálagarð(r), - originally smw on Finland coast; Belgarð - Russian; Belgarðr - Serbian; Beligarð - Tver's; Beligarðr - Ryazan's; Bjálagarðr - Pomeranian; Bjálgarðr - Kiev's;
Bethlehem - Vifliheim
Bilbao - Bjàlby
Bohemia - Biemland
Bolton - Bóltún
Bournemouth - Bornemóss
Bradford - Breiðfurð
Brest - Breiðtopt
Bréville / Brébeuf (temple-h, Caen) - Breiðbuð
Brimston (smw in Wales) - Brimistún
Bristol - BrúsÞorp
Bromborough (holding in Chester) - Brunnarborg
Broughton (inc. in Perfeddwlad) - Borgtún
Brugge - Bryggur
Bulgaria - Wlgaria
Burton - Borgtún
Bury - Borg / Bruni
Burry port (Swansea) - Borgaport
Butzow - Urkiborg
Caen - Kænborg
Cairo - Kæir / Kajrborg
Cambridge - Kambryggja
Capadocia - Kappadokja(land)
Holdings in Cardiff: Stokkland (Stockland), Raðr (Radyr)
Carlisle - Kjarlajl / Kargarðr
Cardiff - Cárdyff / Garðyf
Cascais - Kaskasja
Catalonia - Katalúnjæ
Chalkidike - Engilsnes
Chelyabinsk - Skeljabær
Cherbourg - Kjarrborg
Chernigov/Chernihiv - Syrnes [probably]
Chester - Kæstaðr
Cirkasia - Sirkasarland
Constantinopol's holding - Væringjaskipt
Cork - Korkja / Kørk
Cornwell - Hornvella
Coulibœuf (Caen) - Kollirbuð
Coutances - Kunnsætja / Kunnstaðr
Crickhowell (in Brycheiniog) - Krikhaugr
Criquebeuf[-sur-Seine] (holding Evreux) - Krikkurby / Kirkjabuð (if temple)
Гюмри - Gýmri
Dalmacia - Dalmatika
Dieffenbach (holding in Nordgau) - Djúpibekkr
Dieppe (city, Eu) - Djúpå / Djúppe
Dindigul (India) - Dyndugsstaðir / Dyndugir
Dnepropetrovsk/Dnepr (city) - Danparstaðr/Nepraborg/Neprastaðr
Dorsted - Dorgstaðir
Dortmund - Þortmund
Dover - Dufr
Dorchester - DrøsteinnÞorp
Duncansby Head (Caithness) - Dungalsbær
A province/holding on Dvina river - Vínaheimr
Dyfed's castle-h - Vereyrr
Dyfed's T-h - Uggðistún
Edinburgh - Oðinborg
Ekaterinburg - Ketillborg
Elbeuf (holding, Evreux) - Völlurby/Völlurbuð
Esperlone (T, Gower) - Aspénlúndr
Estrébœuf (holding in Ponthieu) - Austrby
Etna - Ætna
Eu - Háugátt
Flaviobriga (temple/castle, Asturias de Santillana) - Fleiribryggja / Flavabryggja
Fleetwood - Fljótvið
Florence - Fluránz
Gainsborough (Lincoln) - Gagnsborg
Gijon - Gilhorn
Giza - Giðar
Gloucester - Glækistur
Gomel - Holmelr / Gamell / Gomall
Goodwick (Dyfed) - Guðvík
Gronningen - Grøningar
Гугмор-наволок - Hummara-Mårka
Guingamp - Ginnungagap
Hague - Hagi
Harfleur (holding, Rouen) - Hárfljót
Harkiv - Arkiv
Haugsfljót - a town in England, most likely in the territories once controlled by vikings (red).
Heerenveen (city, Frisland) - Herranfen
Heiloo - Heilagr / Heilund(r)
Herford (holding in Minden, SAX) - Herforðaborg (presumably)
Hereford - Heraforð / Hingaforð
Hérouville (Caen) - Hærulfvǫllr
Holland - Hǫllanð
Mortain* - Hringsfjörðr *and/or a bay near Mont St-Michel
Hungary - Hunland
Immeretia - Meginrætja
Iran - Irkjan
Izborsk (holding in Pskov) - Isuborg
Jordan - Jórðánland / Jórðánar(land)
Jülich province - Humblunge
Jungafurða - a town in England
Karfagen -Karðagór
Kayseri - Kestaðri
Kiel - Kjölr
Kineshma - Kæneskmar
Kolguev (нен. Холӈгов) - Holmhof
Kolguev's citiy-holdings - Holmhǫfn, Borginga/Borgvin
Kuban - Frœðinsø; a city there - Oðinstorg
Lancashire - Langskirr / Langskjer
Landsberg - holding in Santok
Leipzig - Leindskr
Liège - Ljáðum
Lintentot (h. in Eu) - Lindiþorp
Limassol - Limassól
Lincoln - Lingköln / Líndköln
Lipetsk - Lindeskja
Lokeren - Lœkuren/Lœkrene
London - Lúndrun
London's Temple St. Mary's Church - Hörgrholm
Lordemanos (Leon) - Lordemann / Lordmanhús
Lordemão (Coimbra) - Lordmaðr
Lodimanos (Santiago) - Ladjámennborg
Lorient - Vesturleira
Magadan - Magaðan
Malaga - Máldaga
Maldives - Martiljar
Mannheim - Mannheimr
Marbella - Márbeljár
Marbeuf (Eu holding) - Márby
Margam - Márheim
Maribor - Máríborg
Marseille - Márselja
? - Martini
Merthyr Tydfil (Brycheiniog) - Gwaelod-y-garth - Gvæloðigarðr
Metz - Metsborg
Milford Haven (city, Dyfed) - Melfjǫrðr
Moera (New Zealand, near Wellington) - Mœra
Moravia - Marhavjaland
Morsha - Morsland, Morshansk - Morsgaðr
Munich - Munheim/Muniborg
Munster - Munnstaðr
Münster - Múnnstillr
Nazareth - Nazareð
Neath (Cardiff) - Niðe
Newcastle - Nýkastali
Niort (Poitiers) - Njörður
Nizhniy Volochek - Neðri Mårkstað
Norfolk - Norðrfólk
Nottingham - Nyþingheim
Novgorod-Sieverskiy - Nýgarðr-Norðri/Nýgarðr-Norðan
Nubia - Bláland (originally, Baland - Ethiopia or Northern Africa, Baland i mikkla is Africa southern of NA, if I get it right)
Nyjamoða - the exact place stays unknown, but the battle was, probably, in the South-East England. You may want to use this "free" toponym for a holding in the province (Kent or Sussex, likely) you have(had) a bloody battle with the English; Possibly - Newhaven, Sussex
Odintsovo (holding in Moscow) - Oðinbys
Ogmore (Cardiff)- Ogrmár
Oka - Olkogå
Onega Peninsula's temple/city-holding Severodvinsk - Norðrivinå/Vinå
Orsha - Drǫfn (land under Polotsk)
Overijssel - Øfreisa
Osetia - Øsetia
Quentovic - Kventvík
Quillebeuf [-sur-Seine] (temple, Evreux) - Keldeby
Paderborn - Fóðrarbón ("fathers' prayer") / Irminsulland
Paimbœuf (holding, Retz) - Pinebuð
Palestina - Palæsþina
Penboyr (h, Swansea, T?) - Pinebær
Penza - Penså
Pibeuf (temple, Rouen) - Pyttrbuð
Pinsk - Pinå / Pineå
Peterborough - Pjeturborg
Polotzk's holding - Drauln
[Western] Pomerania - Vestrvind / Vestrvends
Ravenna - Ragnarsheim
Rennes - Reynes / Rénnes
Repton (t-holding, Derby) - Réptún
Richmond - Riksmund
Rimini - Rómjini
Rochester - Róðkerstur
Rome's temple-holding - Pávagarðr
Rotterdam - Raudardam / Roðrdam
Rum - Rúm
Riga - Hryggå
Saint-Lô - Brúverå / Brúviråe
Samarkand - Samarknaðr
Sarracín (h, Burgos) - Sarre
Saransk - Saranskja
Sarkasteinn - a castle in Sarkland
Sarov - Sarsnes
Sergeev-Posad - Særgis-Setja
Serkjagarðr - any city/castle in Serkland
Shrewsburry - Burstbær / Skógbyeyrr
Sinai - Sinaj / Sýna
Sion - Sjon
Soria - Sarri
Sparta - Sparbrú
Stavropol' - Stavrapollur
a Suffolk's holding - Nýjamóðu/Nýjamóða
Svafaborg - a city/castle-holding in Swabia.
Syktyvkar - Syslagarðr
Syzran - Syðran
Tabaristan (duchy) - Irkjanjalland
Tana's holding - Tanakvíslur
Tangiers - Tangjær
Tatarstan (or Kingdom of Tatrars) - Tattaríaríki
Thale (holding in Magdeburg) - Dall
Thubœuf (temple, Maine) - Þórrsbuð
Tirana - Týräna
Tmutarakan' - Tartarari
Toledo - Tǫgleiðr (on river Tog, see below.)
Talavera de la Reina (Toledo, temple-h/city) - Tǫgvella ("hot Tog[river]"/"boling [river of] Tog")
Tours - Þórs
Trier - Reynir
Trier's castle - Trélinnborg
Tunta / Sunta / Sontgana / Wieck - some stuff in Estland.
Tura - Þóra
Turov - Þórir
Tver' - Tvær
Tyumen - Tømeinn
Ustyug - Óssjug
Uzbekistan = Asgårdsland/Asgårdriki
Valencia - Balensja / Valinz
Verden's holding Drakenburg - Dragonborg / many different options
Vibeuf (temple, Rouen) - Vébuð
Volokolamsk (Citt, Moscow) - Mårkalamå
Volkhov (a river; a holding in any province you like around the river, maybe in the middle) - Olhavå / Fólkhof
Vyshniy Volochek - Efstr Mårkstaðr / Efstr Mårkastað / Efstr Drabåten
Wales - Valsung/Völsung
Warwick - Ærvík
Westfriesland - Kinnlimasíða
Wessex - Vestsax
West Frisia - Vestfirðing
Wight - Vættir
Wilhelmshaven - Vilirshaven
Willemstad (eu4/some ck2 holding) - Vilirstað
Winchester - Vinkastal
Worcester - Wēsþorp
Yarmouth (city, Wight county) - Jarmóss
Yerevan - Jerevatn
Yquebeuf (holding, Rouen) - Eikibuð

 

[Ru7]

[updating in progress]
And historical stuff with sources:

Spoiler

Acre, Israel - Akrsborg
Aachea - Akaialand / Achaialandi
Abydos - Siggeum
Africa - Affríka
Agde (holding in Narbonne or Montpellier) - Hvin
Antalya - Átalsfjǫrðr/Átalea
Antiochia - Anþekja
Apuolė - holding in Samogitia
Aragon - Aragún/Arragún
Armenia - Ermínaland
Arnhem - Arnheim
Artlenburg (city in Werben) - Tertinborg
Astorga - Storga
Aquino - Akvínaborg
Aquitania - Akvítáníaland/Akvítánía
Avenches - Vifilsburg
Balve (persumably in Paderborn) - Ballofa (might want to name it Baldvé, "shrine of Baldr")
Bath (England) - Badónisborg
Bavaria - Býjaraland
Bay of Biscay - Fetlafjörður/Biskajaflóa
Berwick (holding, prob. temple, in Northumbria) - Beruvík
Betis - Betus (Bæþis)
Birsay - Birgishérad
Borislav (Boryslav) - Búrizlaf
Borovichi - Áluborg
Brabant - Braband
Brandenburg - Brandeborg
Braunschweig - Brúnsvik
Breidenbach (castle in Marburg) - Bratinga(borg)
Breitingen (holding in Ulm) - Breiðing / Breiþing)
Bremen - Brimar
Brentford - Brandfurðu
Bretagne - Armonica, Bertangaland, Bærtanga
Brixen (holding in Bolzano) - Brigdz
Burgos, Spain - Burgs (Borgs)
Canterbury - Kantaraborg
Capernaum (temple in Acre) - Þolomaida
Capharnaum (city in Acre) - Chafarnaum
Capua - Campania
Carlingford (in Meath county, Ireland) - Kerlingafjörth (Kerlingafjǫrðr)
Carlisle - Kærleil
Castile - Kastalinn
Castropol (Asturias de Oviedo) - Gríslupollr
China - Kynaland
Cleveland - Klifiond
Cologne's church holding/Aachen - Aquisgrani / Takn
Connacht, Connaught (Ireland) - Kunnaktir and derivatives
Constantinopol's temple holding (St Peter’s Basilica) - Pétrskirkja
Cornwall - Kornbretaland
Cumberland - Kumraland
Cumbria - Kanbriæ
Cyprus - Kiprar / Kapr
Dacia - Dakien
Damiette (EGY) - Damiað
Daugava, Dvina - Dynaminni
Derby - Djúrbý
Dol-de-Bretagne (Rennes' holding) - Dól / Hól
A province near Don river, probably on black sea coast and neighbouring Don's hestery from the West) - Tanaís/Tanakvísl
Durham - Dijnholmar
Dyrrachion - Dyrakr / Dýraksborg
Dyfed's temple-h - Gumfreston - Gomfrestún
East Anglia (duchy) - Úlfkellsland
Edinburgh - Eidinaborg
Efes - Еffesus(borg)
Ekron - Accaronsborg
Elben - Saxelfr
Ely (Cambrige's Temple-holing) - Heli
Estonia's mainland - Sysla
Euphrat - Éufrates
Faroe - Færeyjar
Filey (Hull) - Pílavík
Fishguard (city in Dyfed) - Fiskrigarðr
Flanders - Flæmingjaland
Formentera (Baleares minor island) - Formiterra
Freystrop Cross (tmpl-h., Dyfed) - Freysþorp
Frisland - Frísland
Fritzlar - Fridlar
Galicia - Galizuland
Galloway - Gaddgedlar (Orkneyinga saga); Galvæi
Gandersheim (a city in Braunschweg) - Gandurheimr
Gänsefürtchen (a strait in Koblenz) - Gransport
Gascogne - Gaskun
Germany - Þýskland
Girona - Gerno
Glasgow - Glerskógar
Graach on the Moselle (holding in Trier) - Grekenborg
Greek islands - Griklandseyjar
Grobiņa - Seeborg
Hamburg - Hornborg
Hannover - Hanabrunnir / Häbrunniborg
Hastings - Helsingjaport
Haverfordwest (Dyfed) - Hafrfjǫrðr
Hemingbrough - Hemmingaborg
Hippon (Anaba) - Hippona
Hull (province) - Hellornes
Huntingdon (Cambridge holding) - Hundatún
Innsbruck - Isinbriggia
Iona - Eyin helga, ‘Holy Island’
Itzehoe - Heitsinnabæar
Jersika - Gersekaborg
Kama - Kuma
Karfagen - Kartagóborg
Kirkwall - Kirkiuvag (Kirkjuvag)
Ladoga (province and lake) - Aldeigja, (Aldeigjuborg would be a main holding there)
Laleston (Cardiff) - Lǫglausstún
Leixlip (Dublin) - Laxhleyp
Limerick - Hlymrekr
Lincolnshire's* 2 holdings - Partar, Langatún * - (most likely)
Lissabon's castle Sintra - Sintré
Livonia - Lifland(i)
London - Lundúnabryggju / Lundúnir
Magdeburg - Magaðaborg (Magðeborg)
Marburg - Marsteinn
Marrakesh - Marukæ
Meiningen - Miolestadr (Mjolestaðr)
Menorca - Manǫrk
Messina - Messanaborg
Milan's holding (prob. Pavia) - Vafey
Minden - Mundiuborg
Mölln - Mylna
Mont-Saint-Michel (Mortain's holding) - Hœli
Moray - Móreiðe / Mærhæfi
Moray's temple holding Duffus - Dúfeyrar
Nairn (Moray) - Nóar
Napoli - Nepl
Narbonne - Nerbónar
Nervión (river, also a holding in Bilbao prov.) - Verbon (Orkneyinga saga)
Netherlands - Niðrlands
Neustadt - Njjastadr (Njastaðr) / Nýjastað
Neva - Nyja
Nienburg (city in the province of, I think, Verden) - Nyioborg
Normandy - Noríðmandí / Norðmandí (Egils saga Skallagrímssonar)
Northumbria - Norðimbraland
Norwich - Norðvík
Oberstadt - Oprostaðir
Olvia/Oleshye - Ellipaltar
Osterrode (Braunschweig's/Thüringen's holding) - Austrróða
Oldenzaal* (city in Overijssel) - Aldinsæla * - also Ohlensehlen–Woltringhausen
Paderborn - Påddubrunnir
Pafos - Baffa (Pafoþ)
Palestine - Gyðingaland
Parises temple-hoing, La Sainte Chapelle - koninghens capellæ
Partenkirch (temple holding in Freising, GER) - Bárðarkirkja
Pézínavellir - Northern Wallachia (Danubian plains)
Phthia (city-holding, Thessalia) - Picíam
Poitier's city-holding - Varrandi (or Nantes' Guérande, per another analysis)
Polotsk's temple - Þorvaldsklaustr
Pomerania (kingdom) - Vendland
Portchester/Portsmouth - Filistria
Pylos (Methone) - Píló
Ratibor - Réttiburr
Ravenna - Rensna
Ravenser (city in Hull) - Hrafnseyri
Reims - Remsborg
Rerik - city in Meklenburg
Reval - Refalir
Rhein (river) - Rinar
Ribe - Ripar
Rindum - Ragnarstaðir
Rome's temple holding - Laterankirken
Rouen - Ruða
Rugen - Rægna (and other options)
Saaremaa - Eysýslu
Salamis - Salomina
Salerno - Salernaborg / Salernborg
Saltzberg - Salsberg
Santiago's city-holding Tui - Gunnvaldsborg (persumably)
Sardinia - Sardínarey
Sevilla - Sibilía (Sibílja)
Shaftesbury (holding in Dorset, England) - Baladyrr/Paladur
Sherston (holding in Wiltshire) - Skorsteinn
Sidon - Sæt
Scotland - Skotia
Schongau (holding in Augsburg) - Svanga
Schwangau (castle in OberBayern) - Svangi
Scrabster (h. in Caithness) - Skarabolstaðr
Seine (France) - Signa
Shetland's temple-holding - Dunnrossnes
Shuya - Suoja
Slesvik's castle-holding - Mildinborg
Smolensk's holding (Gnezdovo) - Sýrnes
Solothurn - Solatra
Southwark (London) - Suðrvirki / Suðrvíkr
Spain - Spáníaland
Speyer (city/temple holding in, most likely, Worms) - Spíra
St Albans (temple in Hereford) - Værolamm
Stade - Støduborg
Stamford Bridge - Stanfurðubryggja / Steinfurðubryggja
Sterzing (it. Vipento), a city in Bolzano/Insbruck - Sterting (SterÞing)
Strasbour - Stransborg
Sussex'es Ringmer(e), likely a temple-holding - Hringmaraheiðr
Swabia - Sváfa
Syracuse - Syrakúsaborg
Syria - Sýrlandz
Tajo - Tøg
Taphana (Táfána) - Ceylon/Sri Lanka
Tarsos - Tharsusborg (Ðarsuðborg/Tarðborg)
Tavasts - Tafæistaland
Темза - Temså / Þemså
Thebes - Þebas
Thuringia - Þyringaland
Thurso (Caithness) - Þórsá
Toulouse - Dolosa
Túskaland - Túskaland
Travemünde / Trave (city in Lubeck) - Traufn
Трент - Trent
Trento (province) - Trentudalir
Troja - Trójuborg
Truso - a city in Marienburg
Tuscany - Túskanía/Toskana
Ulster - Úlaðstír / Úlfastir
Ustje (holding in Kiev) - Ustahólmr
Valkenburg (holding, persum. in Loon) - Vølskuborg
Valladolid - Valhdent, Valledent, Valdelikt
Vaud's holding Vévey - Fivizuborg/Vífilsborg
Velehrad (holding in either Brno or Olomouc) - Valterborg / Velegarðr
Verden - Ferduborg
Verona (province) - Bernarkluz
Viborg (Denmark) - Vebjarga
Vilameá (Lugo) - Viljámsbœr
Vindborg - a h. in Wolgast
Vitichev (holding in Kiev, pres. castle) - Vitahólmr
Volga Bulgaria - Vúlgáríá
Wallonia - Valland
Walsrode (Saxony) - Valfoborg
Warnow (river) - Guðakrsá
Waterford (Ireland, Ossory) - Veðrafjǫrðr
Wear - Hvera (Orkneyinga saga)
Werle's temple-holding - Böku (Beku)
Westfriesland's holding (prob. Kinnheim, Kennemarland) - Kinnlimafjörðr/Kinnlimheim
Whithorn (a holding in Galloway) - Hvítsborg
Wicklow (Leinster, IRL) - Víkló
Winchester - Víncestuborg
Winchester's temple-holding - Morstr
Woensberg (holding in Holland/Sticht) - Óðinsberg
Wolfsburg - Ulfsborg
Wotansberg (now Bad Godesberg), holding in Koln - Óðinsberg
Zeeland's (NL) city - Domborg
Zemgale - Sæmgallir

Also, there are a lot of geo names here, here, here (British history in Norse) and here (old-norwegian or old icelandic bible), but that's beyond my effort.

Of course, one should be careful with these names while ruling a Norse realm since they came from people who rejected the Gods, switching to Christianity and, hence, their toponyms were likely influenced by Christian church, bible, latinization and Christian saints. Taking this into consideration, one may want to use whatever names they like, using Norse/Scandinavian lexemes, morphems and suffixes.
Or the table I'm making, which has both. Not 100% accurate (but at least 90%, I believe). Still, it is just a helping hand in naming new territories in game, not a guide to word formation in Old Norse or its descendants, nevermind a scientific work.

Here (also here) is an interesting book on nordic languages and evolution of words, which also has 2nd volume (also here), but only if you have almost a grand to spend on it, unfortunately.

 

[Ru7]

On religious placenaming and frequency of usage of certain endings with certain gods and regions: http://germanic-studies.org/Heathen-and-mythological-elements-in-Scandinavian-place-names.htm
Pagan toponomy: https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_576596_smxx.pdf
Pagan toponomy in the Netherlands - https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=3223613&download=yes (if somebody has subscription/access to it, or will be going to buy it, I'd be delightful if you shared the toponyms and/or pdf article).

 

[BernhardTheUgly]

Nice work, fellow!

 

[Leo the Isaurian]

Anyone know what they would call Trebizond? "Trebisongarðr" doesn't quite sound right.

 

[Ru7]

Anyone know what they would call Trebizond? "Trebisongarðr" doesn't quite sound right.

Second part would most likely transform to "sund" (norse "bay"). It also did in German name of the city.

First part could stay the same or similar-sounding. So, I'd guess Trebisund, Trabisund or Trapisund.