Technical stuff : The following AAR is an IGC 2.0, with options Free Ireland, Free Norway and CoT Copenhagen (compensating Denmark for the loss of the Norwegian provinces). I set the difficulty to Very Hard and AI aggressiveness to Furious.
I have tried to combine play-by-play commentary with a background story. The latter will start with "From the annals of the Brotherhood," my fictional secret society guiding England's kings, and are quite various - diaries, minutes of meetings, speeches. The play-by-play is also written with the voice of a Brotherhood member, but concentrating more on what is happening in the world than on background. If you want more, or less, of either one, please let me know!
From the annals of the Brotherhood : The Founder’s notes.
I face a hard choice. My sage counsel has guided the King safe through the civil wars and the reconstruction; but now, as an age of peace for England approaches, I grow old. It is long since I fought at St. Albans; then I wielded a greatsword, but now my hand can barely guide a pen. Such is the fate of all men; yet without my advice, how can the kingdom, to which I have dedicated my life, prosper? I have no son, no heir to pass my life’s work on to; my line ends with me. Yet I feel there is a way, if only I could see it...
Today I began looking for my successors. It is hard to realise that in only a few years I must lay down the reins I have held for so long; but at least I will be able to pass them on to capable hands, if any such exist in the kingdom.
I have chosen the best men I could find, nobles, priests and commoners; and begun forming them into a Brotherhood of Guides. It is to be a secret society, each man helping the others gain advancement, and all guiding the King and the country to the best course, according to his station.
I watch the young men I have gathered, and it is awesome to see their determination to raise England to its rightful state among nations. They remind me of myself in my youth; they give me hope for the future.
Soon I will face the final mystery. I go to my Creator confident that I do not leave England rudderless; my young men will guide her to her rightful destiny.
From the annals of the Brotherhood : The First Years.
It must be admitted that in these times, our England does not have the power to assume her rightful stature among nations. It will be our work to guide her to the place of dominance now held by Spain and France, capable of standing before any Power without yielding. But for now, we must shelter behind alliances and build our strength.
1492 : As a first step, our island fortress must be inviolate; and later we shall require a foothold on the continent. Thus our first tasks are to keep France at arm’s length.
(OOC : Missions : Keep Calais and No France in British Isles). In order to increase our revenues, we prevail on the King to do away with the feudal levies of tax in London and the surrounding areas, replacing such items as ”A goat every two years unless the harvest is bad” with yearly payments in good hard coin! Of course, the peasants grumble, but then they always do. We also send some of our members to Flanders, where we hope in time to establish a powerful trading presence.
Though the Wars of the Roses are five years gone, there are nevertheless a goodly number of nobles about who have nothing better to do than hang about grumbling that this, that or the next usurper should be king. We are therefore delighted when an offer of marriage arrives from Hannover in February, ridding us of the Baron of Ottersley; happy with this success, we send more nobles out of the country to create ties of marriage with Hessen, Brandenburg and Saxony. Meanwhile, the affairs of Europe stop for no man - or nation : our ally Spain annexes Granada in April, delighting all true Catholics with the successful end to Reconquista, while the Ottoman Turks declare war on the Mamelukes in August. Hopefully the infidels will tear each other to bits.
1493 : It comes to our attention that no proper, official records exist of tax incomes for the entire nation; each year, the King must simply guess how much he will receive from each province. To remedy this intolerable situation, we extend the new taxes – with their attendant officials and scribes – to Bristol, and enlist some monks into the Brotherhood to keep records for us. Thus for the first time, we know that the census tax for this year is 135. A paltry sum! No doubt proper organisation will help.
It is otherwise an uneventful year for England; some of our merchant members achieve some success in Flanders, and ties of marriage are created with Pommerania and the Hanseatic League. In the far east, Russia declares war on Kazan, being joined by Crimea and Ryazan. We had best keep an eye on this rising power, like us a second-rank player on the outskirts of Europe. What we can do, they can do...
1494 : Aided by the end of unrest after the civil wars, our officials are able to extort 158 ducats from the peasantry this year. Further, we are finally able to get our hands on examples of the new weapons that we have heard of on the mainland : Great Guns, capable of laying a fortress to rubble in months. With a pattern to work from, our foundries and ironsmiths begin reinforcing our army in the Marches; for our eyes have turned to Scotland.
Some preparation is necessary. Our garrison in London marches by easy stages to the border, followed at sea by the Home Fleet. Then we need only wait for our guns to be completed; meanwhile, we enter a royal marriage with Austria. Kazan is annexed in March, and in April Poland with its ally Moldavia then declares war on the Teutonic Order, swiftly joined by Venice and Prussia. Further, we receive from one of our members in Flanders a full exposition of how the wine-making countries organise their refineries – all who have tried this in England have failed due to lack of capital and skill; but since we have no great wine-growing provinces, we of necessity shelve this project for now.
But these are secondary events, far from our focus; in July our army is ready, and the Scots ambassador receives our declaration of war. Instantly their armies begin to march across the border; our own army, under the command of Norfolk – long a member of our organisation – evades them by loading onto Home Fleet and debarking into Edinburgh. That city, unprepared for our attack, falls on the first assault, and the army marches on Strathclyde to cut off the supplies of the Scots, who meanwhile have laid siege to the Marches. Without guns they will not win swiftly, while the weakly fortified town of Berwick falls swiftly to our assault. (OOC : Both these minimal castles fell within three days of entering the province). Two peace offers from Scotland are received, one for a White Peace and one for Strathclyde; our King needs no guidance to laugh these envoys out of court!
While our army marches on the Grampians, the Scots assault our castle in the Marches, but are beaten off and lift their siege, coming north instead. A small army interrupts our northward attack; ambushing our columns, they initially cause some confusion by killing Norfolk, but his lieutenants are able to take command of the situation and beat off their attack. Nevertheless our march has been delayed long enough for the Scots’ main army to attack us from the south; but these troops, exhausted and demoralised from long marching, are no match for our confident veterans.
1495 : Our taxes are down to 129, as turmoil in the country and the depredations in the marches combine to make collection difficult. To overcome such problems in the future, we extend our tax collectors’ domains to Wessex while our armies win a brisk victory in the Grampians. Offered peace on the annexation of Strathclyde, we laughingly refuse and, just to make the point, assault the castle denying us control of the Grampians. Halfway through, a small relief force arrives (the main Scots army is now besieging Edinburgh). Our incomparable army turns around, beats off the Scots, and then quite cheerfully continues the assault until the walls are carried. Pursuing the beaten foe into the Highlands, now the last refuge of Scotland, we win a short battle, order yet another assault – and are masters of Scotland.
The beaten Scots send a final envoy to our court; this time, they offer us all of Scotland apart from the ancient heartlands around Forth. And now there is some doubt among the King’s advisors : Might it not be better to accept this offer, lest we become outcasts in Europe? Indeed, if Scotland later allies with an enemy of ours, their presence might be no bad thing, permitting us to declare war, but having no strength to damage us.
But then two messengers arrive : One bears word that the Turkey – Mamelukes war has ended in the annexation of the Mamelukes (removing attention from this corner of Europe); the other is from the commander of our army, informing us that of the eighteen thousand infantry who marched into Scotland, only five thousand remain, while the Scots have an army of fifteen thousand even now, as well as five men-o-war. Thus their offer is refused, and James IV, formerly King of Scots, is reduced to Duke of Edinburgh, his titles and lands accruing to the English crown. Truly an auspicious omen for our Brotherhood!
Turkey is now quite unpopular among the Moslem nations, and Persia is the first to mark this unhappiness by a declaration of war in August. Nowise worried, Turkey and its ally Algeria attack Venice in September – though the Teutonic Order and Prussia uphold their treaty obligations, this is hardly a major problem for Turkey.
As the year ends, we receive word from our informers that French agitators are at work among our peasantry, trying to stir rebellion and revolt among them; but as the King’s prestige is strong, their work is of little effect on our stout yeomen. (OOC : Random event, +5 revolt risk. Since I have Stab -5 and Religion -9, this was hardly very worrying).
1496 : The addition of Scotland and the settling of unrest yields a tax of 184 ducats – a most pleasing development. Feeling it is time those dashed smugglers at least paid taxes on their illegal income, we appoint tax collectors in Cornwall, and find work for our diplomats in marrying off troublesome Scots nobles to Denmark, the Palatinate, Bohemia, Bavaria, Thuringen and the Teutonic Order. In February Crimea (with Russia) declares war on Poland, joined by Moldavia; this war, unusually for one against a power the size of Poland, ends in December with the annexation by Crimea of Donetsk. An impressive performance! Less so are the travails of Prussia, who pay Moldavia 250 for peace in March – which still leaves them at war with Poland. Clearly a nation who could use a Brotherhood to advise them!
Without the pressures of war, our gunsmiths find time to experiment, and a smaller, man-killing gun is added to our ships in August. Perhaps this is the wave of the future?
1497 : Our taxes are 190 this year, and, happy with the effect of our schemes, we appoint tax collector in Wales. But of more pressing importance is the appearance of one J. Cabot at court – a foolhardy adventurer ready to seek new lands for the King in the west. Considering that such madmen are at their best far from the Court – who knows what ideas might enter their heads next? – our King is happy to send him far away to the unknown provinces he firmly believes may be found west over the ocean. (Mission : Discover Hudson Bay). Finding that we have fulfilled our aims for now, we renew our vows to keep Calais in British hands and that no foreigner shall set his boots in the British Isles (Spain this time). In March, Poland annexes Prussia; perhaps annoyed by this, Lorraine breaks their royal marriage in April. The Teutonic order pays Moldavia 12 ducats for peace – what is it with the tribute paid to this minor nation? Spain declares war on the newly discovered heathen tribe of Aztecs, and rather pointedly excludes us, their faithful allies, from the spoils. So be it...
1498 : Taxes are 192, and the Midlands receive the benefits of proper book-keeping and taxation. That madman, Cabot, does actually manage to find some lands in the west; since this apparently causes quite unhealthy excitement among the peasants, our King finds it convenient to yield to his entreaties to send colonists to build him a base for further explorations. Thus an expedition is sent to Wabana to build a harbor. As the year closes, Turkey ends its war with Venice in an annexation of the Cyclades.
1499 : Taxes are 193, and Lancashire, Yorkshire and Lincoln receive tax collectors. No fear of Lincoln-green outlaws now! The Wabana expedition are, somewhat to our surprise and disappointment, not eaten by monsters, drowned by storms, or stricken by disease, and manage to establish a small colony. Our erstwhile ally, Spain, instantly responds by signing the Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal, technically giving them a claim to our newest lands. We’ll just see about that... Turkey, Algiers, Morocco and the Hafsid Empire declare war on the Knights, who are joined by Genoa and Modena.
From the annals of the Brotherhood : A New Approach.
It is with considerable distress that we observe the fall from the King’s favour, and consequent inability to lead us, of our former Grand Master. He has been successful in guiding us through these our formative years, and set an example that will be hard to follow. This includes, unfortunately, his final act : Getting caught with the King’s mistress. Hopefully this will serve as a reminder to later Grand Masters, including myself, not to get too arrogant. We must serve with humility, if we are to serve at all.
However, perhaps some good may be found in this embarrassment. Our former Master was perhaps somewhat too swift to be dismissive of the new lands west-over-sea; our ally Spain is finding vast riches there, and I see no reason why we should not follow suit. No reason, that is, except the inexplicable lack of brave settlers for our new holdings; but with the influence of the Brotherhood, this may surely be managed in time.
With the passing of the old order, then, it may be time to view the situation here and elsewhere :
Inflation : 2%
Army : 33731 / 8689 / 27
Navy : 42 / 0 / 6
Merchants : 5 each in Flanders, Ile de France, Mecklenburg and Copenhagen.
Eire is a vassal.
In Europe, the main powers and their allies are :
Spain : England, Milan, Cologne, Naples (vassal)
France : Savoy, Papal States, Navarra, Helvetia
Austria (Holy Roman Emperor) : Hungary, Bohemia, Baden, Lorraine, Wurtemburg, Bavaria
Turkey : Algeria, the Hedjaz, Morocco, the Hafsid Empire
Poland-Lithuania : Moldavia.
Four second-rank powers have not been swallowed by this alliance system :
Portugal : Hanseatic League, Holstein, Brandenburg, Pommerania.
Venice : Teutonic Order
Russia : Crimea, Ryazan
Denmark : Norway (vassal), Sweden (vassal), Pskov.
Finally the lesser powers,
Thuringen : Saxony
Hessen : the Palatinate, Kleves
Genoa : Modena, the Knights
Have banded together, while Tuscany and Hannover stand entirely alone. Clearly the powers of greatest concern to us are Portugal and France; in particular France, with its Channel coast and large navy. Indeed, an ideal use of the next decade would be to gain control of northern France, especially the Channel ports, freeing Home Fleet for use elsewhere. With current tensions between Spain and France, this does not look impossible...
I have tried to combine play-by-play commentary with a background story. The latter will start with "From the annals of the Brotherhood," my fictional secret society guiding England's kings, and are quite various - diaries, minutes of meetings, speeches. The play-by-play is also written with the voice of a Brotherhood member, but concentrating more on what is happening in the world than on background. If you want more, or less, of either one, please let me know!
From the annals of the Brotherhood : The Founder’s notes.
I face a hard choice. My sage counsel has guided the King safe through the civil wars and the reconstruction; but now, as an age of peace for England approaches, I grow old. It is long since I fought at St. Albans; then I wielded a greatsword, but now my hand can barely guide a pen. Such is the fate of all men; yet without my advice, how can the kingdom, to which I have dedicated my life, prosper? I have no son, no heir to pass my life’s work on to; my line ends with me. Yet I feel there is a way, if only I could see it...
Today I began looking for my successors. It is hard to realise that in only a few years I must lay down the reins I have held for so long; but at least I will be able to pass them on to capable hands, if any such exist in the kingdom.
I have chosen the best men I could find, nobles, priests and commoners; and begun forming them into a Brotherhood of Guides. It is to be a secret society, each man helping the others gain advancement, and all guiding the King and the country to the best course, according to his station.
I watch the young men I have gathered, and it is awesome to see their determination to raise England to its rightful state among nations. They remind me of myself in my youth; they give me hope for the future.
Soon I will face the final mystery. I go to my Creator confident that I do not leave England rudderless; my young men will guide her to her rightful destiny.
From the annals of the Brotherhood : The First Years.
It must be admitted that in these times, our England does not have the power to assume her rightful stature among nations. It will be our work to guide her to the place of dominance now held by Spain and France, capable of standing before any Power without yielding. But for now, we must shelter behind alliances and build our strength.
1492 : As a first step, our island fortress must be inviolate; and later we shall require a foothold on the continent. Thus our first tasks are to keep France at arm’s length.
(OOC : Missions : Keep Calais and No France in British Isles). In order to increase our revenues, we prevail on the King to do away with the feudal levies of tax in London and the surrounding areas, replacing such items as ”A goat every two years unless the harvest is bad” with yearly payments in good hard coin! Of course, the peasants grumble, but then they always do. We also send some of our members to Flanders, where we hope in time to establish a powerful trading presence.
Though the Wars of the Roses are five years gone, there are nevertheless a goodly number of nobles about who have nothing better to do than hang about grumbling that this, that or the next usurper should be king. We are therefore delighted when an offer of marriage arrives from Hannover in February, ridding us of the Baron of Ottersley; happy with this success, we send more nobles out of the country to create ties of marriage with Hessen, Brandenburg and Saxony. Meanwhile, the affairs of Europe stop for no man - or nation : our ally Spain annexes Granada in April, delighting all true Catholics with the successful end to Reconquista, while the Ottoman Turks declare war on the Mamelukes in August. Hopefully the infidels will tear each other to bits.
1493 : It comes to our attention that no proper, official records exist of tax incomes for the entire nation; each year, the King must simply guess how much he will receive from each province. To remedy this intolerable situation, we extend the new taxes – with their attendant officials and scribes – to Bristol, and enlist some monks into the Brotherhood to keep records for us. Thus for the first time, we know that the census tax for this year is 135. A paltry sum! No doubt proper organisation will help.
It is otherwise an uneventful year for England; some of our merchant members achieve some success in Flanders, and ties of marriage are created with Pommerania and the Hanseatic League. In the far east, Russia declares war on Kazan, being joined by Crimea and Ryazan. We had best keep an eye on this rising power, like us a second-rank player on the outskirts of Europe. What we can do, they can do...
1494 : Aided by the end of unrest after the civil wars, our officials are able to extort 158 ducats from the peasantry this year. Further, we are finally able to get our hands on examples of the new weapons that we have heard of on the mainland : Great Guns, capable of laying a fortress to rubble in months. With a pattern to work from, our foundries and ironsmiths begin reinforcing our army in the Marches; for our eyes have turned to Scotland.
Some preparation is necessary. Our garrison in London marches by easy stages to the border, followed at sea by the Home Fleet. Then we need only wait for our guns to be completed; meanwhile, we enter a royal marriage with Austria. Kazan is annexed in March, and in April Poland with its ally Moldavia then declares war on the Teutonic Order, swiftly joined by Venice and Prussia. Further, we receive from one of our members in Flanders a full exposition of how the wine-making countries organise their refineries – all who have tried this in England have failed due to lack of capital and skill; but since we have no great wine-growing provinces, we of necessity shelve this project for now.
But these are secondary events, far from our focus; in July our army is ready, and the Scots ambassador receives our declaration of war. Instantly their armies begin to march across the border; our own army, under the command of Norfolk – long a member of our organisation – evades them by loading onto Home Fleet and debarking into Edinburgh. That city, unprepared for our attack, falls on the first assault, and the army marches on Strathclyde to cut off the supplies of the Scots, who meanwhile have laid siege to the Marches. Without guns they will not win swiftly, while the weakly fortified town of Berwick falls swiftly to our assault. (OOC : Both these minimal castles fell within three days of entering the province). Two peace offers from Scotland are received, one for a White Peace and one for Strathclyde; our King needs no guidance to laugh these envoys out of court!
While our army marches on the Grampians, the Scots assault our castle in the Marches, but are beaten off and lift their siege, coming north instead. A small army interrupts our northward attack; ambushing our columns, they initially cause some confusion by killing Norfolk, but his lieutenants are able to take command of the situation and beat off their attack. Nevertheless our march has been delayed long enough for the Scots’ main army to attack us from the south; but these troops, exhausted and demoralised from long marching, are no match for our confident veterans.
1495 : Our taxes are down to 129, as turmoil in the country and the depredations in the marches combine to make collection difficult. To overcome such problems in the future, we extend our tax collectors’ domains to Wessex while our armies win a brisk victory in the Grampians. Offered peace on the annexation of Strathclyde, we laughingly refuse and, just to make the point, assault the castle denying us control of the Grampians. Halfway through, a small relief force arrives (the main Scots army is now besieging Edinburgh). Our incomparable army turns around, beats off the Scots, and then quite cheerfully continues the assault until the walls are carried. Pursuing the beaten foe into the Highlands, now the last refuge of Scotland, we win a short battle, order yet another assault – and are masters of Scotland.
The beaten Scots send a final envoy to our court; this time, they offer us all of Scotland apart from the ancient heartlands around Forth. And now there is some doubt among the King’s advisors : Might it not be better to accept this offer, lest we become outcasts in Europe? Indeed, if Scotland later allies with an enemy of ours, their presence might be no bad thing, permitting us to declare war, but having no strength to damage us.
But then two messengers arrive : One bears word that the Turkey – Mamelukes war has ended in the annexation of the Mamelukes (removing attention from this corner of Europe); the other is from the commander of our army, informing us that of the eighteen thousand infantry who marched into Scotland, only five thousand remain, while the Scots have an army of fifteen thousand even now, as well as five men-o-war. Thus their offer is refused, and James IV, formerly King of Scots, is reduced to Duke of Edinburgh, his titles and lands accruing to the English crown. Truly an auspicious omen for our Brotherhood!
Turkey is now quite unpopular among the Moslem nations, and Persia is the first to mark this unhappiness by a declaration of war in August. Nowise worried, Turkey and its ally Algeria attack Venice in September – though the Teutonic Order and Prussia uphold their treaty obligations, this is hardly a major problem for Turkey.
As the year ends, we receive word from our informers that French agitators are at work among our peasantry, trying to stir rebellion and revolt among them; but as the King’s prestige is strong, their work is of little effect on our stout yeomen. (OOC : Random event, +5 revolt risk. Since I have Stab -5 and Religion -9, this was hardly very worrying).
1496 : The addition of Scotland and the settling of unrest yields a tax of 184 ducats – a most pleasing development. Feeling it is time those dashed smugglers at least paid taxes on their illegal income, we appoint tax collectors in Cornwall, and find work for our diplomats in marrying off troublesome Scots nobles to Denmark, the Palatinate, Bohemia, Bavaria, Thuringen and the Teutonic Order. In February Crimea (with Russia) declares war on Poland, joined by Moldavia; this war, unusually for one against a power the size of Poland, ends in December with the annexation by Crimea of Donetsk. An impressive performance! Less so are the travails of Prussia, who pay Moldavia 250 for peace in March – which still leaves them at war with Poland. Clearly a nation who could use a Brotherhood to advise them!
Without the pressures of war, our gunsmiths find time to experiment, and a smaller, man-killing gun is added to our ships in August. Perhaps this is the wave of the future?
1497 : Our taxes are 190 this year, and, happy with the effect of our schemes, we appoint tax collector in Wales. But of more pressing importance is the appearance of one J. Cabot at court – a foolhardy adventurer ready to seek new lands for the King in the west. Considering that such madmen are at their best far from the Court – who knows what ideas might enter their heads next? – our King is happy to send him far away to the unknown provinces he firmly believes may be found west over the ocean. (Mission : Discover Hudson Bay). Finding that we have fulfilled our aims for now, we renew our vows to keep Calais in British hands and that no foreigner shall set his boots in the British Isles (Spain this time). In March, Poland annexes Prussia; perhaps annoyed by this, Lorraine breaks their royal marriage in April. The Teutonic order pays Moldavia 12 ducats for peace – what is it with the tribute paid to this minor nation? Spain declares war on the newly discovered heathen tribe of Aztecs, and rather pointedly excludes us, their faithful allies, from the spoils. So be it...
1498 : Taxes are 192, and the Midlands receive the benefits of proper book-keeping and taxation. That madman, Cabot, does actually manage to find some lands in the west; since this apparently causes quite unhealthy excitement among the peasants, our King finds it convenient to yield to his entreaties to send colonists to build him a base for further explorations. Thus an expedition is sent to Wabana to build a harbor. As the year closes, Turkey ends its war with Venice in an annexation of the Cyclades.
1499 : Taxes are 193, and Lancashire, Yorkshire and Lincoln receive tax collectors. No fear of Lincoln-green outlaws now! The Wabana expedition are, somewhat to our surprise and disappointment, not eaten by monsters, drowned by storms, or stricken by disease, and manage to establish a small colony. Our erstwhile ally, Spain, instantly responds by signing the Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal, technically giving them a claim to our newest lands. We’ll just see about that... Turkey, Algiers, Morocco and the Hafsid Empire declare war on the Knights, who are joined by Genoa and Modena.
From the annals of the Brotherhood : A New Approach.
It is with considerable distress that we observe the fall from the King’s favour, and consequent inability to lead us, of our former Grand Master. He has been successful in guiding us through these our formative years, and set an example that will be hard to follow. This includes, unfortunately, his final act : Getting caught with the King’s mistress. Hopefully this will serve as a reminder to later Grand Masters, including myself, not to get too arrogant. We must serve with humility, if we are to serve at all.
However, perhaps some good may be found in this embarrassment. Our former Master was perhaps somewhat too swift to be dismissive of the new lands west-over-sea; our ally Spain is finding vast riches there, and I see no reason why we should not follow suit. No reason, that is, except the inexplicable lack of brave settlers for our new holdings; but with the influence of the Brotherhood, this may surely be managed in time.
With the passing of the old order, then, it may be time to view the situation here and elsewhere :
Inflation : 2%
Army : 33731 / 8689 / 27
Navy : 42 / 0 / 6
Merchants : 5 each in Flanders, Ile de France, Mecklenburg and Copenhagen.
Eire is a vassal.
In Europe, the main powers and their allies are :
Spain : England, Milan, Cologne, Naples (vassal)
France : Savoy, Papal States, Navarra, Helvetia
Austria (Holy Roman Emperor) : Hungary, Bohemia, Baden, Lorraine, Wurtemburg, Bavaria
Turkey : Algeria, the Hedjaz, Morocco, the Hafsid Empire
Poland-Lithuania : Moldavia.
Four second-rank powers have not been swallowed by this alliance system :
Portugal : Hanseatic League, Holstein, Brandenburg, Pommerania.
Venice : Teutonic Order
Russia : Crimea, Ryazan
Denmark : Norway (vassal), Sweden (vassal), Pskov.
Finally the lesser powers,
Thuringen : Saxony
Hessen : the Palatinate, Kleves
Genoa : Modena, the Knights
Have banded together, while Tuscany and Hannover stand entirely alone. Clearly the powers of greatest concern to us are Portugal and France; in particular France, with its Channel coast and large navy. Indeed, an ideal use of the next decade would be to gain control of northern France, especially the Channel ports, freeing Home Fleet for use elsewhere. With current tensions between Spain and France, this does not look impossible...