• We have updated our Community Code of Conduct. Please read through the new rules for the forum that are an integral part of Paradox Interactive’s User Agreement.
Prologue
  • Wysemage

    Studious Sage
    Jun 7, 2018
    57
    25
    A translation of the earliest recorded version of the "Declaration of the Rock", the legendary mustering cry of the kingdom of Alt Clut (c. late 8th century).

    Gone is the great age of the Old North. Of the kingdoms of this esteemed land, only one yet remains.

    O'er a century passed since the ill-fated alliance against the hated Angles, the might of Rheged and Gododdin, of Elmet and Alt Clut standing firm against the common foe. Yet doom did fall as on victory's eve, Morcant of Gododdin did murder the noble Urien of Rheged with envy and spite.

    Thus did the Angles take heed of the fracturing alliance and through trickery did overcome the feuding kingdoms, to the doom of all Britons.

    To conquest did Elmet and Gododdin fall, the lines of kings scattered and overtaken by history. To curses of impotence and an unfortunate marriage did Rheged submit to the Anglish yoke.

    Yet Alt Clut persists still, as steadfast as the very Rock itself. Though the Angles wish to complete their conquest, they shall not. Though the Picts of the Highlands seek to take what they claim is "their land", they shall not!

    For as long as Alt Clut persists, so too does that of the Old North. So rise, men of Alt Clut! A new age is at hand and you are needed for the bloody work to come!

    The original author of "Declaration" remains unknown, but the most common theory is that it was a scribe's recording of a speech from Owain II, King of Alt Clut, who ruled the kingdom during this period.

    THE LAST KINGDOM OF HEN OGLEDD - A 769 STRATHCLYDE AAR


    K4HaIpn.jpg
     
    Last edited:
    Contents
  • Contents:

    BOOK I - The Restoration of the North (769-878):

    The Kingdom Of Alt Clut

    King Owain II 'The Old' of Alt Clut (769-810)
    Chapter I - Bloody Work (769-784)
    Chapter II - The Good Son (784-793)
    Chapter III - Century's End (793-799)
    Europe in 800CE
    Chapter IV - Y Gododdin (800-810)

    King Caradog I 'the Affable' of Alt Clut and Gododdin (810-834)
    Chapter V - Merry Men (810-815)
    Chapter VI - Before the Storm (815-820)
    Chapter VII - A War in the Family (820-828)
    Chapter VIII - End of the Hunt (828-834)

    King Grygor I 'the Undefeated' of Alt Clut, Powys and Gododdin (834-863)
    Appendix a. The House of Alt Clut (c.834)
    Chapter IX - Revolving Revolters (834-838)
    Chapter X - Motte and Bailey (838-842)
    Chapter XI - Oathkeeper (842-845)
    Chapter XII - Paramours and Papists (845-850)
    Chapter XIII - Merovingian Twilight (850-855)
    Chapter XIV - Undefeatable (855-863)

    King Neithon II of Alt Clut, Powys and Gododdin (863-878)
    Chapter XV - Oathbreaker Part I (863-865)
    Chapter XVI - Oathbreaker Part II (865-868)
    Chapter XVII - No Love Lost (868-877)
    Chapter XVIII - Nuntrustworthy (877-878)

    Book II - By Blood United (878-?)

    The Regency of Eiliwedd of the Wilds (878-?)

    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    So to start this AAR off with a little info:
    • This is a 769 start with the Petty Kingdom of Strathclyde (using the name it was known for at that time, Alt Clut), the only Brythonic kingdom in the region that was once known as Hen Ogledd (The Old North in Welsh) that survived beyond the 7th century. Historically the kingdom lasted until 1093 when it was finally incorporated into the Kingdom of Scotland. We'll try to avoid that of course.
    • Non-Ironman since while I'll accept most of what the game will throw at me, something like Italy controlling the Isle of Wight from the other side of Europe with nothing in between is just plain silly.
    • My main goal is to reconquer the main region of Hen Ogledd: The de jure duchies of Strathclyde, Lothian, Northumbria, York and Cumbria. The goal from there (aside from surviving to the end date) is a little more open ended, but my baseline goal is to unify the other Celtic/Gaelic/Briton lands at the very least.
    • Each chapter will be portrayed in a different manner, one might be historical, the next a narrative, you get the idea. I'll also be playing each character within the limits of their specific traits as much as I can.
    • I'm not certain if I'm going to make this a mega-campaign or not as of yet but who knows?
    • I have every DLC active (bar Sunset Invasion).
    INDEX OF TERMS:
    Yr Hen Ogledd - The Old North, the Sub-Roman kingdoms of the Cumbric Britons.
    Cumbric - A Brythonic language and people closely related to that of the Welsh.
    Alt Clut - Clyde Rock, a fortress atop a plug of basalt rock by the strait of the River Clyde inhabited since the Iron Age.
    Gododdin - A Sub-Roman kingdom centred around modern day Lothian.
    Rheged - A Sub-Roman kingdom based in modern day Cumberland.
    Elmet - A Sub-Roman kingdom that existed in modern day western Yorkshire.
    Bernicia and Deira - The Anglian founded kingdoms, in Northumberland and eastern Yorkshire respectively, that merged to form the kingdom of Northumbria. Both kingdoms have Brythonic derived names and may have been kingdoms of Hen Ogledd.
     
    Last edited:
    Chapter I - Bloody Work (769-784)
  • Chapter I - Bloody Work (769-784)

    K4HaIpn.jpg

    Owain II of Alt Clut (Circa 769)

    Very few written records exist of the earliest years of Owain II, something that doubtlessly lead to the many legends written of the man. What is certain however is the precarious situation of Alt Clut.

    iB7Ce54.jpg

    Northern Britain in the mid-8th Century.

    In the years preceding the “Declaration of the Rock”, Alt Clut was surrounded by three powerful kingdoms. The largest by far was that of the Angles of Northumbria, ruled by Ealhred of the line of Eadric, that had conquered all the other kingdoms of Hen Ogledd (The region known as the Old North in Welsh) a century prior.

    9jtyhYM.jpg

    Ealhred of Northumbria

    Beyond this were the Picts of the Highlands and the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata, both of which were likely weaker than the Northumbrians, but nonetheless would still pose a great threat to Owain should they have designs on his kingdom.

    Y4vGWYP.jpg

    Áed III of Dál Riata

    EKiIYzA.jpg

    Ciniod II of Pictland
    The best source of knowledge of Owain and late-8th century Alt Clut ironically comes from a Northumbrian, Alcuin of York (A teacher at the School of Bede from the 750s to the late 770s) who wrote many letters on the British Isles during his time in the court of France at the turn of the century.

    yqpECE7.jpg

    Alcuin of York (Centre) supporting his future student Rabanus (Left) as he dedicates his work to the Archbishop of Mainz (Right)
    (A Frankish Manuscript dated c. 831)

    While his work doubtlessly has some exaggeration to it, other historical and archaeological evidence has verified much of it in the centuries since his death in 812AD.
    ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    CONCERNING THE WAR AGAINST THE BRITONS


    When news came on New Year's Day of the year of our Lord 770AD that an army of Britons had marched across the frontier with the intent of claiming the realm which was called Aeron by its inhabitants, it was of little concern to the tutors of the School of Bede. A war many, many leagues away rarely are when one is preoccupied with the dispensing of Bede's teachings. The topic of a horde of baying natives was murmured in every drinks hall, every longhouse in York. But being so far from the frontier lands, it remained mere gossip.


    XBhosrK.jpg

    This changed a year later as the late Spring sun shone upon York one morn, when the good King Ealhred arrived with a fell look, one shared by much of his following retinue. While his Lordship deigned to meet with my mentor, the Archbishop of York, I was met with a steward of his retinue who confided in me the tale that the Britons numbered fifteen hundred strong, yet fought with the fury of twice their number.


    MxijrHP.jpg


    An army of eleven hundred was mustered, engaging the Britons near the village of Rhinns. They slew a mere score before they faltered before their foe, losing five hundred of their own number as they retreated.


    usZH1Dk.jpg


    The Britons were given free reign of the frontier as the King withdrew his forces to Bamburgh, the seat of his power. There he raised another hundred fresh men, but the army of Alt Clut had reached Bamburgh with a force still twice his own. In mockery of his Lordship, a mule was sent out, the naked form of the Chieftain of Rhinns mockingly tied upon its back alongside with a demand to return the land of Aeron to them.


    eUEIYaW.jpg


    The King was greatly incensed at this and sallied forth to crush the invaders, but was forced to retreat to the safety of his fortress after suffering a loss twice that of the men he had raised.


    15MTcrW.jpg


    His aim was to outlast the Britons. But to his great ire did a turncloak grant access to the men of Owain, second of his name.

    kDWlGn7.jpg

    While Ealhred was able to escape with what remained of his army, his family was not and they were held by the Britons as hostages. By the beginning of Spring, with the forces of Owain still outnumbering His Lordship's, the King was left with little option but to relent as to protect his kindred. He surrendered, granting ownership of Aeron, much to the consternation of the Rhinnish Chieftain, to Owain.


    fq8xwd8.jpg


    CONCERNING GISELA OF THE KARLINGS



    In the year of our Lord 778AD, I had been dispatched to Rome by the Archbishop with the intent of gaining ratification for York. After my successful appointment with His Holiness the Pope, I had a chance encounter with an old acquaintance. Theoderic of the Merovingians, who had reclaimed the Kingdom of the Franks six years hence.


    bSSKzAY.jpg

    Théoderic III of France, who reclaimed his father's throne from the Karling Usurpers c. 772AD


    He offered me a position at his court, and whilst I was reluctant to depart the School I had been present at since my eighth winter, it was an offer I was unlikely to receive again. During our travel to his court at Verdun, Theoderic unexpectedly inquired about Owain of Alt Clut, who had married Gisela, sister to Karloman and Karl who still held sway over half of the Frankish realms.


    buMMcId.jpg

    Karl Karling, former King of West Francia

    fqVAsh8.jpg

    Gisela, former Princess of Francia and Queen of Alt Clut


    He was informed that Gisela had given birth to a son a few months before our meeting and he was curious as to whether the Briton would support his in-laws should the dispute over the Frankish crown descend into open war.


    6PfYA4G.jpg

    Caradog, secondborn son of Owain


    I assured him that it was highly unlikely that the Britons, still surrounded by hostile kingdoms even after their conquest of Aeron, would send an army abroad. The King merely nodded and so we spoke of it no more.


    WORD OF BRITTONIC RAIDS


    During the first half-decade of my tenure in the Frankish court, from across the Channel would come sporadic rumours of a most disturbing situation. The Britons had suffered from a poor harvest over the summer of 880AD. Owain II had rallied his armies and embarked upon a series of raids, targetting the Northumbrian lands in spite of the peace between them.


    ayIuD4C.jpg

    It is thought that the Britons of Alt Clut raided Lindisfarne to avenge the defeat of the Northern Alliance in the late 500s


    There they pillaged many a settlement before turning their ire upon the coastal holdings of the Picts, putting the people to the sword and seizing all the valuables in every village they came to.


    5hT3yaN.jpg


    It was not until after the Gaels of Dál Riata suffered the loss of an entire town to the Britons that the reports of their raids came to an end.

    eEkoD6S.jpg

    While the town of Steórnabhagh was rebuilt by the end of the 9th Century, folk tales of the spirits of those that fell in the Brythonic raid have given the town an infamous reputation ever since.
    Many would have gladly believed that when the raiding ended, the Britons would retreat to seclusion like they had time and time again. Yet even from the valleys of Verdun where I now resided, I could see that it was a mere beginning.

    lULSsIu.jpg
     
    Last edited:
    Chapter II - The Good Son (784-793)
  • Chapter II – The Good Son (784-793)

    June 784 – Caradog

    "Are you really going to battle Papa?"

    Caradog stared up at his father, regarding the leathers and ax he wore with the awe only a child could posess. Owain nodded, checking his armour a third time before turning to face his son.

    TzMo4xw.jpg

    The love that Owain held for his second son is well recorded in poems from the time.

    "Aye, the Gaels in Dál Riata are still a threat even after the raids. They need to be pushed off of the mainland if I am to be able to focus on the Angles and the Picts." The King explained, kneeling down to look him in the eye. "And I know what you want to ask, no I will not bring back a sword for you. Six winters is still too young to wield a real one."

    vIamq0X.jpg

    Caradog pouted, but nodded all the same. Owain let out a small chuckle and ruffled his hair. "How about this? When I return, I'll start training you in combat. Does that sound fair?"

    BjZYMdy.jpg

    Caradog at age 6 c.784

    As Caradog opened his mouth to reply, a knock on the door cut him off so he merely nodded his approval and stepped aside as his father rose to open the door.

    "Father, I wished to ask you something before you le- Oh. Good morning little brother." Rhydderch, Caradog's elder brother and his father's heir said with a meek smile upon his entrance. Caradog returned the greeting as his father let Rhydderch into the room with a sigh. "Aye, I have something I wish to ask as well." He murmured, turning to look at the younger son. "Caradog my lad, I must speak to Rhydderch about something important. Go be with your mother."

    o6tRWLw.jpg

    No record remains of Rhydderch's mother, but it is believed that she was a local woman who died giving birth to him.

    "Yes Papa." Caradog chimed with a smile. As he moved to leave the room, he stopped to bid Rydderch goodbye. The way that his brother looked at him stopped that right away as Caradog felt his smile falter. He mumbled his farewells before quickly exiting.

    He had barely turned the corner at the end of the hallway before stopping, realising that he had left one of his treasured toys in Owain's quarters. Caradog returned down the hall, only stopping as he realised that the door was ajar still and Owain could be heard speaking tersely beyond it. His curiosity overtook his worries of scolding and he edged towards the door, catching part of his father's sentence.

    "-told you this before Rhydderch, Gisela can manage this hold even if she cannot speak our tongue fluently yet. She does not need your aid in something you have no experience in. Now let me ask you though. Do you think me a fool?"

    Caradog peered as far around the door as he dared, watching as his father approached Rhydderch, who began to sweat. "I-I... Whatever do you mean father?" he stammered, backing against a desk. Owain grabbed him by the collar, pushing him down against the desk with a growl of anger.

    "Do not act ignorant to what I am asking, boy. The maidservants you tried to bribe came to me immediately afterwards. I know all about your plot against Caradog. Now I'll ask you again. Do you think me a fool?"

    mqBBvJi.jpg

    Rhydderch is believed to have seen his younger brother as a threat, but the lack of subtlety in his plot became quickly evident.

    Rhydderch whimpered and mumbled "I-I didn't- I did not mean t-"

    "You did not mean to kill your own brother? The lad ten winters your younger, who has done nothing to you? You tried to bribe those maids to smother Caradog in his sleep while I was away."

    Caradog stared at his brother in blank shock as Owain went on, lambasting Rhydderch and throwing him from the desk to the floor. He was forced to quickly flee from the door into a new hiding place before two guards marched from the other direction and into the King's room. He peered around the corner of his new hiding spot, unable to make sense of it.

    What did he do? Why did Rhydderch want to kill him? Did all brothers want to kill each other?

    His trail of thought was cut off as Rhydderch was dragged out of the office by the guards, on the verge of tears. "F-Father... Please... I am your firstborn... Your heir!" he pleaded. Owain gave him a look of disgust.

    "That my firstborn is a coward and a wretch is a stain upon the names of my ancestors. I should throw you into the deepest pit beneath the Rock. But no, your inheritance is enough. You are my heir no longer. A monastery to the south awaits it's newest monk. I would wish you luck in your new calling, but it is obvious that you do not care for my approval." The King explained, frowning deeply as he looked towards the guards. "Get him out of my sight and then send word to the marshal. We leave at noon." he ordered, returning to his quarters once more.

    Rhydderch, for all his cowardice, grew bold as his fate sunk in. "You cannot do this! Alt Clut is my birthright! I WILL TAKE WHAT I AM OWED! FATHER!!" he bellowed, struggling against the grip of the guards as they dragged him down the hallway away from where Caradog was hidden.

    9h9lb5F.jpg

    The monastery that Rhydderch was banished to is believed to be one in the county of Aeron.

    When he eventually came to his mother an hour later, Caradog was in a dark mood. He and Rhydderch had never been particularly close but... To learn that your own brother wants you dead is a heavy burden to learn at such an age.

    June 785 – Owain

    He had done it. The Gaels had fallen back after a failed offensive at Cyndeyrn Sant and all Dál Riata was open to him, the mainland at Eppidant quickly submitting to him.

    CH1CFdC.jpg

    Eochaid IV had recovered from the prior defeat, gathering his forces and launching an assault at Port an Eilein. Owain had crushed him there, forcing another rout. This time however, the Gaelic king merely sent an envoy a day later.

    IVSMEcb.jpg

    The envoy offered surrender to Owain, explaining that his king had no desire to remain at war and would grant him the province as a peace deal. With his goal complete, Owain now sat upon a horse, riding back to Alt Clut.

    XcXB2hc.jpg

    He had taken much time to contemplate the efforts of Caradog of the Catuvellauni, his ancestor and the legendary figure who very nearly defeated the Romans when they first invaded Britain. Truly it was a time long gone, when pagan gods still ruled the hearts of the Britons. He could understand the merit of such beliefs even if he did not share them.

    4FP7r5y.jpg

    Whether Owain was truly descended from the Catuvellauni Chieftain is unknown, many Kings claimed legendary ancestry.

    The name brought him to his own son however, and Owain quickly spurred his horse forward, eager to reunite with the son he could have easily lost if not for the honesty of his own servants.

    January 792 – Caradog

    It had been six years since his father had been at war. Six years since Caradog learned that brothers could never be trusted as his own's jealousy gave way to murderous intent. Now Owain was gone again and Caradog found his situation reversed.

    1OAjHoU.jpg

    Caradog at age 12.

    Old King Ealhred had been slain in a duel last summer, leaving his only child, a sickly yearling girl named Wulfthryth as his successor. Naturally the Northumbrians were in disarray, and Owain almost immediately pounced upon the situation.

    mwazpWF.jpg

    Queen Wulfthryth and her domain c.892, also pictured is the Pictish invasion of Dál Riata.

    He'd marched his army over the border to Nofant, the county the Angles called Rhinns, quickly seizing it at the end of the season.

    EF58Irz.jpg

    It was nearly two months later when Caradog's mother gave birth to another boy, one she called Tewdrig. There had been several sisters born in the six years prior but this was the first new brother since Rhydderch.

    Cx0QY0y.jpg

    Tewdrig ap Owain, thirdborn son

    His exiled kin never returned to claim his birthright of course, a cold winter was harsh on the former heir and he came down with a flu that he never recovered from, perishing six months after Owain's victory at Port an Eilein.

    LQ4Yzcv.jpg

    A celebratory feast was being held in honour of the absent King as news came that he had bested an army that attempted to cross the border to Aeron, slaying over two hundred men and merely losing a score of his own.

    0AhoJX2.jpg

    Caradog longed for the day he could truly go to battle. He had grown tall, almost a head taller than other boys his age, with a body that began to harden with the rigors of combat training. His mind had begun to flourish as well, and his tutors noted the shrewd mind he possessed with praise. They did criticise the lack of interest he showed in the day to day running of a kingdom however.

    Right now, combat was not on his mind, it was Tewdrig that occupied that space. Caradog knew that the infant nestled in his mother's arms was not guilty of anything, he would not plot against an innocent as Rhydderch did. He would however, remember the most important lesson he ever learned: A brother's ambition is the greatest threat to any king.

    Archaeological evidence of the war for Nofant

    Very little evidence has been found to mark the length of the invasion of Nofant beyond the recordings of the Battle of Aeron. A mass grave was discovered outside of the site of the village of Rhinns in 1876 which contained the remains of approximately 150 individuals that are theorised to be Anglian footmen, pieces of 8th century Anglian armour scattered amongst them. This at least suggests that an ill fated attempt to liberate the captured county happened at some point during the war.

    6ADF4rl.jpg

    The best indication of the war's end is by 793, as a preserved letter from Alcuin to the Archbishop of York inquires about the "lost county" and the rumours of a civil war against the infant Queen Wulfthryth.

    fK44oVu.jpg
     
    Chapter III - Century's End (793-799)
  • Chapter III - Century's End (793-799)

    The records of several council meetings stored within the Royal Archives in the 790s were translated from Old Cumbric in the 1500s, below is a list of the most important.

    March of the year 793AD - Reports have arrived in this month that the county of Eppidant has been repopulated with many proud Cumbric families, the former Gaelic majority having fled with their liege, slain or else persisting in the more remote areas of the region.

    6bV8DZU.jpg

    The minority Gaelic population in Eppidant would continue to exist in some form for several decades.


    March of the year 794AD -
    A grand feast has been organised to commemorate the coming of age of Prince Caradog, who has passed his sixteenth winter. There the Prince was betrothed to Non, sister to Queen Melisant of Powys in remembrance of an age when northern and southern Britons were not divided.

    IJWthzw.jpg

    In addition to his betrothal, Caradog was named heir presumptive by a panel of notable power holders in the Kingdom. Candidates were restricted to the ruling family of the Alt Cluts and, bar the King himself, voting was restricted to the Bishops of the kingdom. Naturally, this system would evolve over the years to come.


    The next 3 years of the records have little of note aside from yearly taxes and reports from neighbouring lands, they appear to indicate a period of relative peace and normality within the region.


    February of the year 797AD -
    The treasonous Eanred, false chieftain of Nofant, has openly declared his intent to return his holdings to the Kingdom of Northumbria's protection. An attempt to apprehend the renegade was unsuccessful and he has declared open rebellion. No knowledge has been gathered of the number of rebels or of the reaction of Wulfthryth as of yet.

    mzog4xg.jpg

    Eanred was the very same Chieftain of Rhinns who was humiliated by Owain in the war for Aeron. There is little doubt that the man held a grudge.

    March of the year 797AD - The pitiful traitor Eanred failed to gather support beyond four score Anglian freemen and mercenaries, who were utterly crushed at Tygwyn by loyalist forces. The rebel was unfortunately not located amongst the dead and it is believed that he used his "army" as cover to escape. No word of support has been heard from Northumbria, reports have been received that the regency council is preoccupied with a rebellion in their own lands.

    SqD2YQ3.jpg

    May of the year 797AD - The coward Eanred has been captured after the populace of Nofant, of which he claimed to be ruler, cast him out. He has been imprisoned indefinitely until the King passes judgement for his treason.

    4Zlpppt.jpg


    pXrX9Y9.jpg

    July of the year 797AD - By order of King Owain the Second of Alt Clut, the treasonous rebel Eanred is to be spared of rightful execution. The loathsome traitor is to instead be stripped of all worldly possessions, including his holdings, his wealth, his clothing and his family heirlooms. The traitor is then to be banished from this kingdom, never to return under pain of death.

    SfbVXcQ.jpg

    It is a common belief that Eanred was banished in the same way as his first humiliation at Owain's hands, tied naked to the back of a donkey and sent towards Northumbria.

    A footnote under July 797 states that the wedding of Caradog and Non is to be held in August when the princess arrives.

    August of the year 797AD - At the wedding of Caradog and Non. Good King Owain did present a poem that ridiculed the coward Eanred, naming him Lord of Donkeys to much revelry and appraisal.

    Ir3Uf3S.jpg

    "The Lord of Donkeys" in the original form written by Owain II has not survived to modern day, but many variations have sprung up as tavern songs or sea shanties over the centuries.

    May of the year 798AD - There is much joy amongst the council as Non of Powys gave birth to a healthy son, named Grygor by his father Caradog. The line is secure.

    i0ESGAs.jpg

    September of the year 798AD - An unfortunate accident befell Queen Melisant of Powys, who was taken by God. Her council has sent word that her surviving sister Non is to be crowned queen. She is to be escorted under guard alongside her husband Caradog and their son Grygor to the Powys border.

    VKhoVlW.jpg

    Queen Non of Powys at the time of her coronation.

    March of the year 799AD - Queen Non has petitioned Alt Clut for aid against a revolt in her own lands. As a gesture of goodwill, King Owain has marshalled a force of bowmen and is travelling south to directly support his daughter-by-law.

    cy3EER9.jpg

    wF2jm7g.jpg


    August of the year 799AD -
    Word has arrived that a victorious battle at Mathrafal has been fought and the fort surrendered shortly afterwards. The allies now focus their efforts on the last stronghold of Radnor

    zrWcvWK.jpg

    8xt37rb.jpg

    November of the year 799AD - Tragedy has befallen the kingdom at the end of this month. Queen Gisela, who was dining with her daughters, began to choke on the bone of a chicken. Her daughters called for help and attempted to aid the Queen, but alas, she passed into the hands of God. Word has been sent to King Owain, who remains near Radnor according to the last report from Powys, and also to Gisela's nephew, King Ingalbert of Middle Francia.

    Z3mVxvd.jpg

    KzGlkW0.jpg

    King Ingalbert of Middle Francia, son of King Karl of Middle Francia who inherited his brother's half of the Karling lands following his sudden illness and death.

    aqa0Wnc.jpg

    The revolt in Powys had ended just before the new year, but whether Owain had remained for the last month of the war is uncertain.
     
    Last edited:
    Europe in 800CE
  • Europe in 800CE

    As Europe enters the 9th Century, the power bases of the previous one begin to shift and change as drastically as they always have since the fall of Rome. Of course, the transition is felt and perceived differently based on belief, ambition, a thousand different factors.

    At a base viewpoint, little has changed in the British Isles over the last century. The most notable is that of Alt Clut, with the newly widowed Owain II having secured his hold over the counties of Eppidant, Aeron and Nofant.

    uFQjo9B.jpg


    His biggest threat is Canuall of Pictland, who subjugated Dal Riata and Yns Manaw in the previous decade before. The Pictish King also controls two of the three counties of old Gododdin, thus placing him as the next obstacle in the restoration of Hen Ogledd's borders.

    OUIwYei.jpg

    Wulfthryth, now ten years old, remains Queen of Northumbria. Her position remains unstable as her domain recovers from civil war.

    alYd994.jpg


    Among the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, Mercia reigns supreme. King Ecgfrith doesn't hold suzerainity over the remaining Saxon kingdoms, but none of them show a desire to stand against him.

    cyuUaEx.jpg


    In Wales, Queen Non's victory over her rebelling vassal has cemented both her own hold on Powys and the value of an allegiance with Alt Clut.

    DGgTGTg.jpg


    And her northern ally may well be needed if she ever intends to stand against the Kingdom of Gwynedd, ruled by Hywel the Priest-Hater. Fortunately her own biggest threat is content with invading the eastern coastline of Ireland.

    yxgIB9Z.jpg


    Hywel's war aside, Ireland remains the same as it ever has been. The tribes of the Emerald Isle are too preoccupied with war against each other to choose a High King. That being said, King Cathmug of Connachta would hold a chance of taking his neighbours by conquest if he was not content with his lot in life.

    qi2hzMN.jpg


    And at Land's End, the Cornish King Hopkin remains unconquered by the Saxons. Tintagel persists as it has since the days of Roman rule.

    G7L9tMw.jpg


    While the Isles has experience little relative change, the lands of the Franks have undergone dramatic changes in leadership. In the mid-8th Century, the Merovingians lost their hold on the kingdoms of Francia to Pepin Karling, who split his inheritance between his heirs Karl and Karloman.

    Karl once ruled over West Francia, but for uncertain reasons, a faction of lords demanded that the Karling heir surrender his crown to Theoderic, last son of the line of the Merovingians. Theoderic IV passed of old age having held his grip on the kingdom now known as France, and his son Childéric III reigns as king.

    PdI2Ts3.jpg


    Middle Francia went to Karloman, although he perished to a sudden mysterious illness shortly after his brother lost his own crown. Karl inherited Middle Francia but never made any effort to reclaim his old half of the kingdom. Now his young son Ingalbert reigns, but has focused his efforts on other lands.

    E6IcBdf.jpg


    Those lands would be that of the Ummayad Sultanate under Suleyman, who has almost utterly crushed the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula.

    XMKiV38.jpg


    All save a small section of the once great kingdom of Asturias, now cut off from the coast and surrounded by foes, King Petro has little hope of survival against the Muslim tide.

    es6o8Qr.jpg


    In Italy, the Lombards maintain their stranglehold, a fact that still worries Pope Innocentus. He has responded by excommunicating Desiderius II, but none only the Venetians have attempted to dethroned the Lombard King.

    T0NVPtQ.jpg


    Little help would come from his fellow Christian Patriarchs in the Eastern Roman Empire either, they remain in turmoil as the Iconclastic movement remains a veritable threat to Eudokimos the Usurper.

    xKNjOMB.jpg


    Even without the shadow of Iconoclasm, the Romans would rather focus on the much more real threats around them, the Abbasid monolith in the Middle East of course, but also the rising kingdom of Croatia on the western border (who's king Vladislav is betrothed to one of Owain's daughters).

    k1EROIj.jpg


    And the Bolghar Khanate, worshippers of the sky from far away.

    4ivpAH4.jpg


    North of Bolghar lands is... chaos, to put it simply. A hundred different chieftains do battle against a hundred different khans. Only the one-eyed "Whining Ilmenian" Rodislav of Novgorod has had any real success in the north of this turbulent land.

    g7Htszh.jpg


    ________________________________________________________________________________________

    For Christendom as a whole, in spite of the controversy gripping the Romans, in spite of the growing divides between east and west, even in spite of Muslims in Iberia and Arabia, there was peace.

    Until one seemingly average April morning in Rome. Pope Innocentus had attended morning prayer like every other day and save for wild rumours and the occasional letter from Childeric III of some nondescript barbarian kings fighting over frozen wastelands, all was good in Christ's domain.

    U71RSI5.jpg

    KjCSzsJ.jpg


    Then came the crack of thunder...

    A terrified cleric burst into a meeting, screaming frantically about the Tiber. The Pope ventured outside to see what had traumatised the cleric. That was when he too felt the sting of fear.

    Scores of longboats sailed towards the city below a dark storm, singing songs of blood and plunder, of heathen gods and the world's end. At the head of the leading ship stood a man, clad in heavy woolen breeches, howling at the sky.

    d9mNRZY.jpg


    Rome burned that day. Though the city would recover as it had after many a sacking, countless wealth was stolen, hundreds were slain or enslaved and the city mourned for it's Most Holy. Innocentus hadn't even survived to see the sacking, the Pope's heart gave out as he witnessed the arrival of the Norse reavers.

    Fear spread like a wildfire across all Christianity, from the highland tribes of Pictland to the pilgrims in Jerusalem. Stories of pagan warlords making eagles of blood out of devout bishops and carrying the womenfolk away to plunder their virtue were told in every hall, every tavern. Some were true, some were great exaggerations, others were lies, but there was one absolute truth at the dawn of the 9th Century:

    The Age of the Viking had begun.

    JKYI5j5.jpg
     
    Last edited:
    Chapter IV - Y Gododdin (800-810)
  • Chapter IV - Y Gododdin (800-810)


    "Men went to Gododdin, laughter-inciting,

    Bitter in battle, with blades set for war.

    Brief the year they were at peace.

    The son of Bodgad, by the deeds of his hand
    did slaughter.

    Though they went to churches to do penance,

    The young, the old, the lowly, the strong,

    True is the tale, death oer’took them."

    The poem of Y Gododdin holds much importance to the heritage of the Brythonic peoples, both Cumbric and Welsh. Especially in Alt Clut, where the bard Aneirin is theorised to have been born. It tells the story of the three hundred men of Din Eidyn and their ill-fated war to defeat the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia, ending in the death of all but Aneirin himself and the absorption of Gododdin into Bernicia itself.

    Two centuries on, another bard had found great inspiration from the efforts of Aneirin's comrades. This one however was a newly widowed king, coming to grips with his own mortality. Owain was no longer the brown haired firebrand who roused the men of the Rock, brown had given way to grey and then began to recede completely and his beard was long and twisted.

    DUMK02T.jpg

    His reactions to the rise of the Vikings were fairly muted, merely betrothing two of his daughters off to the heirs of Connachta and Cornwall to lay the foundations of future alliances. In truth he held little concern for the threat of raiders, the Rock was a bastion and even the rest of his lands were well fortified. He held even less concern over the rising power of the Saxon hegemony, who's mighty Grand Chief Hesso had subjugated the kingdom of the Danes to his north. No matter how many men he could cut down in a single blow, no matter how feared he was, Hesso was an old man, his heir was a mere stripling and so long as his ilk did not take inspiration from their kin who once invaded the shores of Britannia, why should he be worry?

    QrT5Sgs.jpg

    No, Owain's concerns lied with the future ahead and the continuation of his dream. He knew he would never live to see the borders of Hen Ogledd restored. But he could at least lay down the groundwork for his heirs. Starting with Gododdin, the old kingdom had long since been under Northumbria's hold, but the resurgence of Alt Clut had allowed the Picts to seize two of the three counties shortly after they forced Dál Riata into submission. While his chancellor worked on linking Owain's claim to Gododdin to a usable state, the aging king dedicated the next few years if his life to his poetry. One such surviving poem was performed at a new years festival in 802, "Ffion" appears to refer to a possible lover that the king had turned to after Gisela's death, although there remains no evidence that Owain remarried or that any children were born to him after Tewdrig a decade prior.

    a9ZvgJn.jpg

    The bulk of Owain's survivng work is from this four year period, which ended when two strokes of good fortune arrived. In 804, King Canuall of Pictland was slain in battle during an attempt to place his wife as Queen of Mercia. His son Erbin was given the crown, but he too remained in Mercia to continue his late fathers war. It was now that the chancellor returned from the county of Guendoleu, which the Picts called Heluua, with a claim cementing the region as the rightful territory of Alt Clut. While Owain would have preferred to wait until said claim could be extended to Din Eidyn, the old Gododdin capital, he knew an oppourtunity when he saw it.

    NcyaJEe.jpg
    4lgNN3u.jpg

    The armies were mustered once more and Queen Non's own forces were requested, which she gladly sent north to aid their faithful ally. An army of over three thousand quickly marched into Guendoleu and took it with little effort. Din Eidyn quickly follows suit with nary a whisper of Erbin turning his armies north to relieve his lands. The king seems deadset on crowning his own mother. This same non-resistance continues until one cold morning in february, when Æthelburh is found lying in a pool of blood with a dagger embedded in her throat. Whether it was an assassin on the Mercian payroll or an attempt by the Pictish chieftains to get Erbin to defend his homeland, it has the desired effect as the King finally returns north in a forced march, much to the ire of his men, already weary from several years fighting a pointless war.

    What followed was one of the more well recorded battles of the Early Medieval Period.

    Owain intercepted the ailing Picts at Dul Blaan, outnumbering the Picts three to one. The highland warriors stood their ground regardless, tired as they are, they would still best any sorry lowlander in melee. The melody of twelve hundred arrows sailing through the air was as effective a counter-argument as any. The battle lasts a mere hour before the Pictish lines break and flee, having lost over half their number to the Brythonic arrows while slaying less than a hundred in kind. Owain lets them retreat, they have been humbled enough for today. Not that it prevents him from composing a poem hailing the might of the Britons a week later.

    Qg2wSBH.jpg

    For the latter half of the year, little save a protracted siege of Circinn occurs, the capital falling in October. Erbin grows desperate, attempting to liberate Guendoleu with eight hundred fresh men. It is still not enough as the Britons overwhelm them at Maelruusan on a snow heavy Christmas Eve.

    IzPwKCm.jpg

    Erbin surrenders Guendoleu to Owain the next day in exchange for a ten year peace. Knowing he is unlikely to live to see it's end, Owain agrees. Peace falls upon northern Britain once more.

    At least until May, when Owain finds that he has perhaps underestimated the drive of the Saxons and their Norsemen kin. It is not a lust of battle and plunder that they follow, it is an urge to conquer, to claim glory in the name of their gods. One such conquerer was Tryggve, who had recently subjugated the last independent Bretons and now turned his sights to the slowly recovering Pictland.

    It must have been a bitter pill for Erbin to swallow, when most of the other christian nations of the Isles would prefer to aid his former enemy in Mercia against a similar invasion, that the only offer of aid came from the man who had stolen part of his land from him not half a year prior. Had circumstances been different, he would have likely burned the letter from Owain. But when seven thousand barbarians land on your shores, even the most hated enemy can become a stalwart ally.

    xFUlqWH.jpg

    While Circinn burns, Owain meets with a scattered force of Picts led by Erbin. Together the three thousand strong force attempts to pass through Dul Blaan to attack the smaller Norseman army at Fortriu. Tryggve catches up to them first.

    1McEbDu.jpg

    The Norsemen seem endless, for every one that falls to Briton arrows, two more appear to gut a Pict each with enormous curved axes. Only the steady arrival of Highlander reinforcements begin to turn the tide as the day drags on. As the sun begins to dip towards the horizon, the Jarl's center suddenly retreats from the melee. Erpin, believing the day to be won, gives chase. As the flanks of the two armies continue to battle, a tremendous battlecry echoes from the forest that the Jarl at first appeared to be retreating to. The Vikings that had meant to still be in the highlands burst from cover, taking Erpin's men by surprise. At the same time, the allied right flank gives way as losses become too great, the newly freed left flank of their foes turning and slamming into the advancing Picts. As Erpin barely escapes with as many men as he can salvage, what remains is caught within the jaws of the wolf and slaughtered, sacrificed so that the Owain and Erpin can recover their strength. They have lost sixteen hundred men between them.

    7joABJG.jpg

    Tryggve turns his attention to besieging Fife and Din Eidyn, again splitting his forces apart. The winter sieges give enough time for another five hundred men from Powys to join the allies, pushing their number up to five thousand as the last scattered highlanders fall into line with their kin. Another stroke of good fortune occurs when the Norsemen at Fife, the smaller of the two invading armies, is led into an ambush, losing five hundred and routing the remaining nine. As the emboldened Kings march to Abercarn, a messenger hands Owain a letter, the poet king smiles to himself, everything is coming into place.

    1NZ7gSd.jpg

    The Battle of Abercarn in April plays out much as Dul Blaan did, except the Britons are the dominant force, no aid arrives for Tryggve and when his men retreat, this time it is real. Over the next year, a rout at Iuenlan and one final defeat at Maluoc Sant dull Tryggve's ambition. And with the Merovingian beast rousing at the smell of weakness on it's borders, he makes peace with the Picts in January of 808.

    For the next twenty months, Owain oversaw the rebuilding of his forces and the growing propserity in Alt Clut. Yet his thoughts remained on Gododdin. Din Eidyn he would have to leave to Caradog, but as snow came early in October of 809, Owain knew he had one fight left within him. Din Baer was still held by his lifelong enemy, Northumbria.

    Ln4b1Lr.jpg

    The Northumbrians were the first to act, a thousand men crossing into Guendoleu on December 1st. They were met with three thousand Britons, Owain at their head. Battle was made, but as the first arrows were fired, the king collapsed, clutching at his heart. While he was evacuated from the field, alive but weak, word spread like wildfire that the king was dead. The remaining commanders failed to contain the panic, and it quickly gave way to utter chaos. One flank charges while another fled, the Northumbrians taking full advantage of the panic by annihilating the charging flank. By the dawn of the 2nd, the Britons had long since scattered, regrouping in Nofant as the King's condition remained uncertain.

    960FOtg.jpg

    A week passed and Owain's tightness in the chest is joined by severe coughing fits and a high fever. His lifelong friend and court chaplain, Bishop Pasgen of Croes Rhygal (Who was likely the closest thing to a physician in Alt Clut), diagnoses his malady as pneumonia.

    His advisors Pasgen and, arriving alongside his wife and seven hundred Welshmen, Caradog both request that the king be returned to Alt Clut to recover from his sickness. Owain would have none of it, displaying for one final time what his people had begun to call the "stalwart soul of Old King Owain" in his insistence if he was not to lead his men in this campaign, then he would at least see it to completion from the sidelines.

    VumM1jE.jpg

    And so it fell to Caradog and Non to lead Alt Clut's armies, which they accomplish spectacularly in February of 810 when they returned to Guendoleu and forced the Angles out of the county. With little resistance on the path to Dunbar, Caradog prepared to besiege the county.

    rlzVSgL.jpg

    A month into the siege, on a sunny March evening, Owain's bodyguard enters his tent, announcing that he has brought the King's evening meal.

    He gets no response from the huddle of furs lying atop the bed.

    Assuming the aged king is asleep, he goes to gently shake his liege to wake him.

    What he finds is the cold body of Owain II, the pneumonia having claimed him in his sleep.

    4euaj4f.jpg

    Stumbling back in shock and dawning realisation, the bodyguard bolts out of the tent, shouting not only for Pasgen, but for the new king.

    Zmp5Dc9.jpg


    "He pierced three hundred, most bold,

    He cut down the centre and wing.

    He was worthy before the noblest host,

    He gave from his herd horses in winter.

    He fed black ravens on the wall

    Of the fortress, although he was not Arthur."
     
    Chapter V - Merry Men (810-815)
  • Chapter V - Merry Men (810-815)

    At face value, King Caradog would seem like the perfect successor to Old King Owain. The legends and the few preserved accounts describe him as "A tall, powerfully built warrior, his brown hair braided and long, with azure eyes that burned with a fierce intelligence."

    Truthfully, he was a fairly lacking heir to the throne. Of his martial might, nothing could be debated, the siege of Din Baer and his victory in Guendoleu, where he sent two hundred Angles to the grave with the loss of a mere seven men proved that to all men of Britannia.

    YYPJw3W.jpg

    But his arbitrary nature and complacency during his time in Powys was known even in Northumbria, as was his merciless treatment of his enemies. The citizens of Bamburgh doubtlessly learned that as the city was pillaged by his men.

    KpORHA3.jpg

    Tyninghame confirmed once and for all that Din Baer was the rightful territory of Alt Clut, Queen Wulfthryth could doubtlessly cope with the loss of a minor county when the Sacker of Rome was storming onto your shoreline to conquer your entire kingdom.

    2rt85g6.jpg

    Whilst Mercia and Northumbria burned, Caradog ruled his kingdom in relative peace. Relative meaning that it was his council who oversaw the day to day running while the king was off on hunt after hunt. While murmurings of heresy in Din Baer occupied his Chaplain, Caradog was mastering the art of falconry alongside Non. As Erbin of the Picts had a fatal heart attack, Caradog first set off on one of his hunt to slay the fabled White Stag.

    fqSfwCO.jpg

    Of course, to call Caradog a bad king would be inaccurate. He would eventually grow more suitably into his role as King. But when Caradog first took the throne, he was a poor steward, much more comfortable with a bow in hand and prey to hunt.

    The catalyst that sparked his growth likely coincided with the beginnings of the legend of Robin Hood.

    knAYccc.jpg

    The folk hero Robin Hood first appears in stories and poems in the late 10th century, but he is highly likely to be based on Robin of Inglewood, who first appears in surviving texts c.813.

    The historical accuracy of the story is debatable of course, it has been embellished and exaggerated over the years, especially by the Inglewood family themselves. But it at the very least provides the best possible look at the early years of Caradog's reign.

    To retell the story in an abridged form:

    The king is forced to depart from his domain for many months to do battle with a rebels on the Din Baer frontier. So his brother, known only in the tale as "the Sheriff of Nofant", a figure that is almost certainly Tewdrig, uses the King's absence to lord over the commonfolk as a tyrant.

    1rTpbkI.jpg

    Then enters Robin, leading a band of Merry Men into Alt Clut ostensibly to aid the people against the Sheriff's thugs. It is more likely that Robin, who was said to have lived as a minor landholder in the Cumbrian valley, and his band were refugees fleeing from the viking marauders in Northumbria. They partake in the poaching of deer from the King's lands and retake the ill gotten goods of the Sheriff in an act of low level rebellion.

    When the king returns from Din Baer in 815, the Sheriff obscures the truth, telling him that it is Robin who is terrorising the people. Together they plan to trap the poachers, organising a contest of archery to goad Robin, famed for his skill with a bow.

    774RFpA.jpg

    The bait is seemingly taken and clad in green, Robin attends the contest. He dominates the proceedings, scoring perfect shots again and again. Then as the Sheriff begins to give the order to his men, Caradog approaches the green-clad stranger with his own bow.

    The king states that Robin and his band are to be arrested for crimes against the crown, -if- Caradog is able to best him in marksmanship. Robin takes the gamble and agrees. Every tale praises Caradog's own skill with a bow, proving to almost be Robin's equal as shot after shot is a tie. On the final shot, Robin proves to be the superior archer, besting the king and winning his freedom.

    It is then that the king does something that none had expected. He lets out a booming laugh, praising Robin as champion and announcing that he will hire both Robin and his band as gamekeepers.

    UFWD43i.jpg

    The furious Sheriff protests, but the king reveals that he had never trusted his brother and knew all along that he was lying, firing him on the spot. The now ex-sheriff flees, loudly pronouncing his hatred for his brother.

    IHoULSK.jpg

    At a feast that evening, Robin reveals his erstwhile companion and love, Marion of the Bell, who he is married to there and then under an April sunset. Robin also reveals that he is the last descendant of the kings of Rheged, the great grandson of a granddaughter of Urien, who was hidden away as the Angles stole it two centuries prior. The king sees an opportunity, a way to advance the dream he had reluctantly adopted. So there, as the stars begin to shine down upon the stalwart Rock of Cluith, Caradog swears to Robin that he or his heirs will one day restore Rheged and the rightful heir will receive it.

    GDbrggz.jpg

    Of course, it is highly unlikely that Robin was a descendant of the kings of Rheged, the historical claim may well have been another ambitious gamble. Indeed the entire tale may be false, as much as the de Inglewoods would deny it. Regardless, it was one that both Caradog and Robin were willing to exploit, Robin for power and Caradog to carry out his father's task. Indeed, the entire tale of Robin and Caradog is one of the most iconic legends of the North for that exact reason: That it is yet another extension of the dream of Old King Owain, one that continues to affect the world as we know it even in modern times.

    Rhys Powell,
    'A History of Old North folktales and their Historical Basis.' c.1826
     
    Last edited:
    Chapter VI - Before the Storm (815-820)
  • Chapter VI – Before the Storm (815-820)

    The journals of Sigismund Louping, a diplomat sent to Alt Clut by King Childeric of France, who later became Count of Thouars in 822.

    June 815

    The court is awash with gossip these last few days. First the king announced that although Din Eidyn is rightfully his and the truce with the now deceased Pictish king can be considered void, there will be no war until the northmen invading Northumbria are ousted. And now a few days later, an outright scandal has occured as a pretty young servant has given birth to a son which she claims was fathered by Grygor.

    The lad tried to deny the claim, but the frequency of his visits to this maid's... presence was already known. Thus his father forced him to adopt the child as penance. Young Grygor did not seem particularly happy about it when last we spoke.

    R5NKa0x.jpg

    November 817

    A new chieftain was raised by the king today, and it was one that many found fault with. The steward of the council, Brochfael Ternyllwg, arrived from his tax collecting mission with a grand smile upon his face. He announced that he had convinced some of the richer land holding families to donate a tithe to the kingdom, delivering a mighty supply of gold. The council convened a short while later and upon exiting, Brochfael was named as Chieftain of Guendoleu.

    MUiKlYV.jpg

    Such an individual did not gain a title without great controversy though. Brochfael is heavily rumoured to partake in sinful company on frequent occasions, and the rashes that he hides beneath his sleeves only add fuel to that fire. Talk amongst the servants is that a significant part of the donation was from Brochfael's own pocket. Nevertheless, the council has praised Caradog's just rewarding of a councillor.

    August 818

    The king has frequently embarked upon hunting expeditions as of late, searching for this "white stag" with this former brigand who now serves as his master of spies. He usually returns with deer, rabbit, boar... but nothing of the likes of this supposed creature. Most recently however, he returned with a commoner girl in tow. This "Eiliwedd", who according to Master Robin was found living in the wilds to the east hidden away in some remote cottage, possesses both keen intelligence and undeniable beauty.

    3rtNRIG.jpg

    At first it was assumed that the king had taken her as a concubine, as these tribal lords are still wont to do. But the king promptly announced her betrothal to his son, much to Grygor's own surprise. Any protest was quickly silenced when his father also announced that Grygor is to be his heir, as voted by the bishops and Chief Brochfael.

    bMbjyIV.jpg

    September 819


    The war for Din Eidyn has begun in earnest. King Caradog, who men have begun to call "the Affable", grew weary of waiting for the war in Northumbria to end and instead declared his right to conquer all the old territory of Gododdin to the Pict's child queen Durilia.

    LCOrzbk.jpg

    I had not expected to join the king on his campaign, but Caradog spoke to me of his desire to "show the mainlanders how a true Briton fights", and so I accompanied him as an observer.

    I must say that Caradog had picked a crucial time to attack. Run ragged by the now nine year long invasion, the Picts numbered a mere eight hundred. Paltry indeed when compared to the five thousand strong army that Caradog controlled. Truly it was a great surprise when, as the Britons began to besiege Din Eidyn, a Pictish army of three thousand suddenly crossed the border at Guendoleu and took the capital.

    p3tAyJA.jpg

    It was then that I learned that Caradog had anticipated the bolstered Picts, marching his army south to confront them. I now know how Britons fight. With enough arrows to darken the sky. The sight of two thousand in flight is rather breathtaking in a way.

    E8HPcNH.jpg

    December 819

    The chill of winter this far north does little good for one used to Bordeaux summers such as myself. I would have not believed that the Britons would be much more reslilient to such weather, but where I am chilled to the bone, the cold has set a fire within some. Not a good fire however, because as Din Eidyn surrendered, some of the soldiers marching into the town became incensed. Most were able to reign themselves in, but a few took it upon themselves to pillage in a brutal fashion. Although the damage was limited to a small area, several homes had been burned and the inhabitants mercilessly cut down if they were men or ravaged with the same lack of mercy be they women. Caradog became enraged upon learning this, taking it upon himself to execute these soldiers as an example to the rest.

    Ef1Rk42.jpg

    November 820

    To think that I have seen this war end before year's end! King Caradog proved his martial might again and again over the course of this campaign. First was a victorious ambush at Malluoc Sant which prevented an attempt by the Picts to flank the Brythonic lines in June, and then the resounding victory at Abercarn this last week.

    dDIyuFa.jpg

    Of the two, Abercarn was the true spectacle, a masterful pincer manouver by the king seperated the Pictish flanks from the centre column. As the Picts attempted to fight their way out, Prince Grygor did battle against one of the commanders of the army, a local bishop by the name of Aethon. While the bishop was defeated and captured by the victorious prince, his father annihilated the remaining soldiers, forcing not only a retreat, but a surrender by the child Queen's regent. Din Eidyn belonged to Caradog and he became incredibly merry, proclaiming the restoration of Gododdin.

    The King's good mood only grew as we returned to Alt Clut, learning that his wife had become pregnant after a visit some months prior. A great celebration was held, and all was good. The great thunderstorm to the east that night was... unsettling regardless.

    7uV9o6Y.jpg
     
    Chapter VII - A War in the Family (820-828)
  • Chapter VII - A War in the Family (820-828)

    gtrt1Aw.jpg

    Dago Hessing - Grand-Chief of Saxony, First Fylkir of Asatru, Writer of The Sagas, Wodenborn, "Fox-Cunning".

    Dago was a man who had just tolled the first warning bell for Western Christianity, a man who merged the Saxon and Norse faiths under one banner as Asatru, meaning "faith in the Æsir" in Old Norse. Sagas written centuries later would paint him as a great conquerer, humbling the myriad Norse tribes and writing the truth of Odin. Of course most of them neglect to mention that the great conquerer was more his grandfather Hesso 'the Cruel' than Dago himself.

    The new order of Godis spreading out from Saxony gave the ailing Ragnarr 'Lothbrok' a new surge of strength, as the king sailed once again to Northumbria in the ninth year of what would later be described as the 'Lothbrok Invasions'.

    iPXtTjL.jpg

    The spread of the Asatru reformation was greatly opposed by traditionalists, but by the mid-9th Century, the old ways had given way to the new faith.

    The constant invasions proved to be a large problem for Caradog, King of Alt Clut and Gododdin. He had a desire to press the claim of Robin de Inglewood upon the Cumbrian Valley, but going to war with a nation defending itself against heathens could lead to serious ramifications. An excommunication was hardly desireable after all.

    Instead he turned back to his lifelong love, hunting, meeting yet another man who sought the White Stag. Despite having found nothing of such a beast in the years he has been hunting it, Caradog was not disheartened. He declared a grand festival to celebrate the Midyear of 821, inviting chieftain, merchant and commoner alike to attend.

    0k2Seds.jpg

    The Festival of the Cluith was reportedly one of the last ones of it's kind held in Alt Clut, at the very least it is the most well recorded one known to have been held beyond the 800s. Arthws of Din Baer writes:

    "And acknowledging that the Festival is a time of gifting, the good man Robin did bequeath a young hound to the King, to be raised as a mighty companion in their hunts. The King took delight at the gift and declared Robin to be a everlasting friend of the Line of the Rock.

    Asxvldp.jpg

    That evening as the sun did set, a contest of arms was held. Many men competed to prove their physical might, but none could stand up to Prince Grygor, who suffered no defeat. Upon his son's victory, Caradog did laugh and proclaim his firstborn as 'the Undefeated'."

    h1Qt8qV.jpg


    bmESYr2.jpg

    Many legends and folk tales speak of how Prince Grygor never lost a single battle during his lifetime, becoming a symbol of victory to the Old North.
    Six years pass by in relative peace. Northumbria finally fends off the invading Norse, Dago 'Fox-Cunning' suffered an untimely death from an infected wound in 825 with Caradog's brother Tewdrig suffering a similar although rather unclear fate in the same year.

    CD1JXy9.jpg

    Dago's death did little to stymie the ambition of the Norse, however with the Fylkir now a yearling child, the Hessing line looked to be faltering. Christianity breathed a sigh of relief regardless, caring little for news of the 826 Shi'a Uprising in Iberia.


    8wJxpRK.jpg

    Of Alt Clut during this period, little of note is spoken of until 827. Caradog's sadistic streak eased into a more gentle hand as he betrothed his daughter Siwan to Prince Theoderic, heir to the Merovingian throne.

    It is also known that while Grygor and Eiliwedd had their first child, a daughter named Sibyl, Grygor's penchant for women had not ebbed. The first evidence of his second bastard Sulien came to be in this time.

    3Pk5IsP.jpg

    Despite Caradog's more softer rule, he had a promise to keep. And so in the month of May, in the year 827, what would come to be known as the 'War in the Family' began.

    8w5e9oP.jpg

    At first it was a seemingly simple war. The Northumbrians had seen an entire generation crippled by the decade long Norse invasion and they had yet to recover. And now Caradog mustered five thousand, his own and the Irish forces of Connachta, to uphold his promise to Robin. Wulfthryth's armies were few, so she called upon her newest ally for aid. It certainly was a shock to Caradog when his wife declared her support for her daughter-by-law over her own husband.

    PxWT76S.jpg

    It had been in 821 when Non had married her second son with Caradog, Prince Owain to Queen Wulfthryth. And now, six years later, Non 'the Butcher' marched northwards. Seven hundred Powysian men engaged with five thousand Briton and Irish at Nofant. Only four hundred Powysians escaped.

    Regrouping with the scant three hundred Northumbrians, the defending armies once again bypassed Caradog's allies and attacked Guendoleu in April of 828. Despite Non and Prince Owain taking the field themselves, Caradog too led from the frontlines.

    HxHG1XM.jpg

    Why Wulfthryth and Non chose to assault Guendoleu over liberating the occupied counties is a subject of debate. It is possible that with their scant numbers, a raid on Caradog's supply lines was a better prospect.

    The Battle of Guendoleu has gone down in history as an absolute slaughter. Seven hundred Welsh and Anglians, utterly destroyed by a force which outnumbered them ten to one. Queen Non was evacuated, her personal guards buying time for her to escape to unoccupied Lancaster.

    ulpoX67.jpg

    Owain suffered a different fate. As the tale goes: Owain and his father encountered one another on the battlefield. Caradog demanded that Owain surrender into custody but the prince refused, choosing to defend the honour of his wife and infant daughter.

    FGdte8P.jpg

    Caradog was hesitant to duel his son, but Grygor did not have that same reluctance. The two brothers were hardly friends, and in spite of Caradog's shouts of protest, the two did clash. Much has been praised of Grygor's martial might, he has not gone down in history as "Grygor the Undefeated" based on bluster alone.

    Owain was decidedly much less capable as a warrior than his elder brother, he had spent more time learning under diplomats than marshals as a child. He fought sloppily, but gave enough of a fight that Grygor's self-restraint began to slip. He was no longer fighting to subdue his brother, he was fighting to win.

    8XnBpZl.jpg

    As his ax swung past Owain's faltering defence, biting deep into his brother's gut, Grygor began to regret what his nickname had come to mean.

    mHKsokg.jpg
     
    Last edited:
    Chapter VIII - End of the Hunt (828-834)
  • Chapter VIII - End of the Hunt (828-834)


    Fragments of a journal kept by Caradog I during the last years of his life. These fragments were uncovered during an excavation of the old Royal Archives.


    June 828:

    In all my life, I have never felt the need to record my thoughts. That has changed as of late, and I must ensure that even a mere sheet of vellum holds proof of my failings.

    The war for Cumbria is won, Robin has his county and I have lost a son in return. I do not blame my friend for Owain's death however.

    uJi9CwB.jpg

    Nor do I blame Grygor for his part. No, the blame lies solely at my feet and mine alone. Ever since I learned of my elder brother's plot against me as a child, I have found it nigh inconceivable that brothers could be anything but foes. That mindset led to Tewdrigs death, and now it has led to the next generation of kinslaying.

    It has also utterly destroyed any hope that I may spend the last years of my life with a happy family. I have heard nothing from Non but... I am sure she must despise me now. As for Grygor himself... He is troubled, guilt-ridden. A momentary lapse of restraint has forever stained his name. He himself came to me after the treaties were signed, begging for forgiveness which I readily gave him.

    And now he is gone, departed to Powys to visit his mother, perhaps she will forgive him as I have? Before he left, he mentioned that he intends to name his second child with Eiliwedd, should that child be a boy, after Owain. A mark of remembrance if nothing else.

    0cVzGXk.jpg

    January 829:

    The winter has been a hard one, and much of that has nothing to do with the weather.

    A letter arrived in November, news from Grygor, and dreadful news it was. Non is dying, her strength sapped by some vile disease that her greek physician named karkinos. And to make things worse, she refuses to let me see her if I go to Powys.

    KmubBZg.jpg

    It was in my growing unease that I received another letter, this time an invitation from Robin to stay in his domain for a few days.

    65Q3BZQ.jpg

    Those days at least, were a great comfort to me. The feasts, the great games of strategy, the very presence of Robin himself, all of this proved to me that he is a true friend.

    When I first met him, when this ambitious brigand first entered my service and spoke to me of his descendency from Urien of Rheged, all I saw was an opportunity to take Cumbria. But in the fifteen years since, he has become my hunting partner, my trusted master of spies, and dare I say it, he has become more a brother to me than either of mine ever were.

    tTZcwRh.jpg

    And thus I return home, the burden of rulership that has been upon my shoulders for two decades greatly lessened.

    August 829:

    Robin is dead...

    usL9zlM.jpg

    Brochfael, my steward, has lost his mind to the pox and murdered him.

    The traitor now sits, rotting in a dungeon cell.

    Jf8V6Xh.jpg

    I should feel angry, vengeful. Yet I merely feel... empty.

    nXz4DZ1.jpg

    December 829:

    I spent weeks. Weeks searching for this confounded stag! And what do I find?

    K4IqWQh.jpg

    Nothing. No tracks, no markings, nothing. Damn this venture of mine. Damn me for coming out alone. Damn me for being a fool.

    TVY72vn.jpg

    December 830:

    Times like these remind me that alliances are fickle indeed. First was Sinach of Connachta, married to my sister Annest, who called for aid against some breton adventurer who was attempting to take his crown.

    m6xy0YQ.jpg

    Of course no sooner had we arrived at the border, Sinach met us and informed me that Annest was dead, having never awoken one morning a week prior. I was obligated to aid him regardless of course, but by this point I no longer cared for the fate of some petty Irish king, so I turned my army around and marched back home.

    1ToD658.jpg

    Next came Hernam, King of Cornwall, yet another Breton... The fool decided to complain to me of some petty insult that was given by some minor noble of ours, as if I myself had given it! I promptly sent a reply telling him exactly where he could place his complaint.

    dSyeby0.jpg

    Now the King of the Franks, husband to my daughter Siwan, has written with a desperate plea. Theoderic seems to be besieged on all sides. Fine. I will travel to the mainland, I will fight these wars that mean nothing to me. Perhaps, if I am lucky, I will meet a glorious end.

    9oBakTR.jpg


    April 831:


    She's gone...

    JgE2X20.jpg

    December 831:

    These last few months have been naught but fighting Bretons. Rebels in Abbeville and Locmine, quashing the last independant count at Carhaix, none has posed any real challenge.

    AC36sGY.jpg

    Indeed it seems as if all I have accomplished in this warfare is the ending of countless young lives over my own aged being. That and bankrupting my own kingdom...

    I believe I have done enough in my year here. The Burgundians are strong but the defeat of the rebellions has freed Theoderics armies to deal with it. It is time to go home, and time for me to confront Brochfael. I must know why at least.

    January 832:

    Damn my foolishness. Brochfael is dead at my own hand.

    I ventured to the traitor's cell this morning, wanted to know why he had Robin murdered. Yet it appeares that the pox had utterly claimed his mind, as what I found was a gibbering lunatic, cackling madly as he spoke to things only a madman could perceive.

    I entered his cell, asking him, DEMANDING him to tell me why he killed my best friend. I got no reply that made sense. I grew angry, filled with wrath. It was as if the rage I should have felt as I stood over Robin's tomb came roaring into life. My mind went blank and next I knew, the guard who accompanied me was pulling me back from Brochfael's ruined body.

    Bk5Mkpi.jpg

    And now I am here, wondering what to say to his son. Elisedd is almost a man grown, no matter what I tell him, he will likely seek vengeance.

    I will deal with that when it inevitably comes.

    November 833:

    I am at a loss, having returned from what I know now was my final hunt.

    It seemed to be a simple enough one, another luckless attempt at finding the white stag. Another two weeks I spent out there, at the very least claiming many kills with my companions.

    But it was one morning, with the threat of frost on the ground that I alone came across a great chasm. Too wide to jump, too broad to walk around without much effort. I turned back to return but a noise alerted me. As I looked back, it was there...

    iiPdbkG.jpg

    Twenty years of my life I have spent looking for that... beautiful creature. It was on the other side of the chasm, so CLOSE! We stared at each other in silence for what felt an eternity, I reached back for an arrow-

    And then I stopped, I just... let it flee. Perhaps it due to the chasm, maybe it was the ache in my aged bones, perhaps I thought it to be a mere trick of the eye. But in my heart, I knew what the stag really meant to me.

    It was a dream. A dream of a life without the burden of the crown, a dream where I could be free to pursue my heart's content, family and friends at my side.

    But my friends are all dead or dying, even my loyal hound Gwydion. My family is fractured, I can only hope that they will uphold the finer parts of my legacy and not... the worst parts.

    kyCOYqy.jpg

    My hunt is over. And soon, so shall my time on this Earth.

    September 834:

    Brochfael's son, Elisedd has agreed to my offer. A chance to avenge his father's death.

    belM8Gx.jpg

    I know what I must do, I will fight hard, but leave enough openings for the boy to exploit. One way or another, this charade will finally come to an end. God forgive me.

    PhtsCvE.jpg


    ys4Qmlx.jpg
     
    Appendix a. The House of Alt Clut
  • Appendix a. The House of Alt Clut

    As we move from the Affable Caradog to the Undefeated Grygor, it's time to take a look at the new king's immediate family.

    Pzwo1LW.jpg

    The new King of Alt Clut is surprisingly humble given his epithet, having ruled in Powys for the last two years since his mother's death. Perhaps a man who bests his foes and conquers women alike does not have much need to boast. Of note is that Powys' government is marginally different to that of The Rock, leaning more towards the proto-feudalistic ways blossoming out of Europe.​

    9G7hPTN.jpg


    His wife, Eiliwedd the Wildling, rides north with him. Her belly grows fat from her soon to be fourth child with Grygor's. Of course, this will be the King's sixth child.

    34uNWIa.jpg


    His firstborn bastard, Owain (commonly referred to as Big Owain), is a man grown. His mother remains unknown to history, the maid having passed not long after birthing him. While he is a smart lad, Grygor did not treat him with much attention, leaving him one who often shies away from conflict.

    KIFe3Ij.jpg


    Eight years seperate Big Owain from his only sister, eldest of Eiliwedd. With four brothers, Sibyl is often isolated, yet she makes do.

    rMu9yzB.jpg


    The second of Grygor's illegitimate children, Sulien is unlikely to inherit at all. Indeed, he as been given a more scholarly upbringing, which he is already taking to even at the age of seven.

    HEnbBdq.jpg


    Little Owain, the current tanist of the kingdom and Grygor's first legitimate son. Betrothed to the daughter of his grandfather's best friend, named for his slain uncle, the prince owes much to the choices of his forebears.

    axkwbo2.jpg


    And finally Caradog, the youngest of the five for now. Little can be said of this child, but he is already known as a rather cute boy.

    Beyond them are Grygor's sisters, Queen Siwan of France, Chieftess Marared of Ui Maine. Two more brothers also, Emrys and young Brochfael. What part they will play in the future of the Hen Ogledd cannot yet be said.

    For as Grygor rides north to take his birthright, rumblings in the shadows begin.​
     
    Chapter IX - Revolving Revolters (834-838)
  • Chapter IX – Revolving Revolters (834-838)

    A recording of a history lecture of the early years of the reign of Grygor I, held at Eidyn University in the year 1987 by Professor A. Powell.


    So, I'm sure that a few of you are wondering why exactly we are spending an entire lecture on the first four years of the reign of Grygor I in the part of the curriculum that focuses on early Medieval Feudalism. It's a very good question, but I will leave answering it until the very end.

    Now then, Grygor I succeeded his father in Alcluith following the latter's death in 834, although he had already ruled his mother's domain in Powys for three years at this point. Early records speak of him as a courageous, hard-working and interestingly humble ruler given his exploits, especially after Pope Honorius II absolved him of his kinslaying. Although foreign correspondence in particular tended to warn dignitaries to ensure their wives and daughters remain at home due to his intense lust.

    H4FkJrY.jpg

    Outside of a few internal records, little is known of Grygor and Alt Clut the year 835, not for any fault or boon of his own doing at least. It is understandable, given that most if not all historical records of the end of the year speak solely of the collapse of the Hessing Fylkirate.

    Since the sudden death of Dago the Fox a decade prior, his only son Hulderic had inherited the Fylkirate's vast domain. Through the work of his father and great grandfather Hesso, the boy Fylkir nominally ruled all Asatru from the southern Scandinavian Peninsula, down through Denmark and Saxony before stretching eastwards into Pomerania, Poland and Prussia.

    That changed when Hulderic was found in his quarters one October morning, led in a pool of his own blood with a dagger in his gut. The murderer and their benefactors were never identified, but the effect was instant and the heirless Fylkirate shattered.

    THHwQvx.jpg

    Southern Sweden declared independence, taking Prussia with them as Holmger Holming became their first king. Denmark followed suit as both the Danish and Norwegian Jarls swore fealty to Svend af Aarhus. Saxony itself was claimed by Floribert Theodericing, grandson of the Grand Chief that Hesso 'the Cruel' slew in 777, who also held on to the southern Pomeranian and Polish holdings. The Pomeranian coast however remained under the control of local slavic chieftains.

    fiCXcML.jpg

    Now whilst that crisis dominated the mainland, King Grygor was faced with one of his own as Elisedd of Guendoleu raised his flag in rebellion in November.

    One thing of note regarding what we now know as the "Son's Vengeance" is that no one scholar can agree on an exact cause. The prime reason for this is that both Grygor and Elisedd were plotting against one another, Grygor to kill the Chieftain for slaying his father and Elisedd to lay claim to Gododdin. Which plot was discovered first and by whom has been debated for centuries, but the general consensus for the aftermath is that Grygor ordered Elisedd's arrest only for the Chieftain to escape and rebel.

    fWESiLS.jpg

    Whatever the cause, Grygor's reaction was swift. His army fell upon the eight hundred men mustering in Guendoleu, slaying almost a quarter before Elisedd was able to retreat. For all intents and purposes, as Grygor's men focused on capturing Elisedd's holdings, the rebellion looked to be over by Midsummer.

    mTF4V7e.jpg

    That of course changed in January when Cydifor, the Chieftain of Eppidant who was married to Elisedd's sister, pledged his men in defence of his brother-in-law.

    Cydifor's treason had very nearly tipped the scales back into balance. Whilst Grygor still held the numerical advantage, that had waned to a mere two hundred as Eppidant and Guendoleu led a combined siege upon The Rock with twelve hundred men. Grygor led his army back northwest, forcing the rebels to engage them at Cydern Sant.

    js5uc3C.jpg

    There was massive praise for Grygor's martial genius as his centre smashed through the rebel lines at Cydern Sant, capturing both chieftains and ending the war in one swoop. And that praise seemed to affirm that genius to Grygor himself, as a marked change came over him as from the Son's Vengeance onwards through the rest of his reign, Grygor is spoken of as intensely prideful. Not that he had no reason to be, the war was indeed won before Midsummer after all.

    PBHJq2K.jpg

    The punishment of the two rebels was also notable, as in spite of having very justifiable reasons to have both men executed, Elisedd especially, Grygor was remarkably merciful. Of course, the stripping all their titles followed by three days in the stocks and eternal banishment from the lands of Alt Clut does not seem very merciful by today's standards. It could be that Grygor wanted no more bloodshed, or that his newfound pride made him feel that he was above them. Either way, history has little to say of Elisedd and Cydifor after they left the border.

    fqcDQSu.jpg

    Although the banishment may have proven the final sign for one Ulfcytel of Carlisle. Ulfcytel was the son of an Anglian Housecarl, a landowner in Cumbria who had been using the distraction of the rebellion to rile up the peasantry. And he was very good at it, becoming the symbol of Anglian pride to the commonfolk and minor landholders alike in Carlisle.

    When Grygor first heard that the peasantry were revolting on the first of May, he would have had little idea of how many they numbered. Early reports mentioned a mere thousand only for panicked messages from the de Inglewoods in Cumbria stating a number three times that. At any rate, the battle weary levies had barely begun to demobilize before the call came to muster again.

    DILuAYf.jpg

    By June, the revolt had swelled to sixty five hundred strong. Grygor's own beleaguered men numbered a mere twenty five hundred by comparison, so he was left with few options but to call upon the alliances his father had established.

    Of these, it seemed as though only Ui Maine would answer. Burgh, Carlisle and Penrith all fell to Ulfcytel's army. And as he marched on Guendoleu at the turn of December, Grygor met them at Mailrhosan.

    FtcF6os.jpg

    Mailrhosan is recorded as more of a minor skirmish than an outright battle in the Chronicle, however the mention of the loss of eight hundred men before Grygor withdrew from the battlefield is more indicative of Grygor's descendents trying to save face in the wake of his long standing reputation.

    h2OrIfl.jpg

    Nonetheless, it was doubtlessly a poor sign of things to come. But Grygor's bad fortune began to reverse as his army returned to The Rock, where they were met with two thousand Franks. Theoderic IV had received a request for aid at the same time as Ui Maine. The Merovingian king was however, preoccupied during the summer as he oversaw an expansive construction project in the Frisian borderlands, but as the leaves began to fall, the Frankish levies were summoned.

    While the king himself did not travel to Alt Clut, he had sent his finest commander. Count Autbert of Lyon, the Paragon Knight of French folklore. Now to debate the accuracy of the folk tales is another lecture, if not a different course entirely, so we will focus on the historical importance of the proto-knights of the 830s.

    The Franks had long relied on mass infantry backed by an elite mounted force that rode to battle. However during most of the Early Medieval Period, -any- well equipped horseman was considered a knight. It was not until Autbert's time and the arrival of the stirrup in Western Europe that the image of the eponymous heavily armoured noble of the High Medieval Period began to take shape.

    So1LL5p.jpg

    It was with two hundred heavy cavalry men that Autbert and Grygor formulated a plan to defeat Ulfcytel. Allow the revolting army to seperate and wear themselves down taking Guendoleu and Din Baer, wait for Ulfcytel to move on either Din Eidyn or Nofant and then engage them before reinforcements can arrive.

    9QPIsPK.jpg

    This was the plan for the Battle of Abercarnedd at least. Of course, the reinforcements were already enroute to aid Ulfcytel, but Grygor had planned for this too. As the centre began to struggle, the king ordered a retreat in the hope that the Anglian would take the bait.

    It was fortunate that Ulfcytel charged after the seemingly fleeing Britons, as by the time Autbert's cavalry charged towards his unguarded right flank, it was too late to recover. The peasantry almost immediately panicked and fled, becoming easy sport for the horsemen. While Ulfcytel's more professional core held firm, Grygor's centre had aborted their retreat and quickly clashed with them. The day was won.

    TVz1JrW.jpg

    Twenty five hundred men were dead by the end of the day, but Ulfcytel was not among them. His personal guard had been cornered, quickly giving the rebel leader up to save themselves. A year after it begun, the revolt was well and truly over, as was Ulfcytel's life once he was drowned as punishment.

    hPkL7q0.jpg

    Peace returned to Grygor's kingdom, although Cumbria and Guendoleu had suffered greatly. At any rate, it was not until the following summer that the calm was once again disturbed.

    Now, to go back to my question at the start of this lecture. Why are we focusing on Grygor I's early reign? How does this king factor so strongly into the beginning of the Feudal Age? The answer will be the subject of my next lecture, the Saxon Conquest of Overjssel and the early Castle.

    Yy3J6r7.jpg
     
    Chapter X - Motte and Bailey (838-842)
  • Chapter X: Motte and Bailey (838-842)

    Meeting of the Royal Council of Alt Clut on the third day of December in the year of our Lord 842. Transcription recorded by Dairon the Scribe.

    Council members in attendance -
    Marshal: Owain ap Grygor
    Steward: Cwrig de Inglewood, Count of Cumbria
    Court Chaplain: Bishop Edylfred of Abercarnedd
    Spymistress: Queen-Regent Eiliwedd of the Wilds


    Absentee members (At beginning of transcription) -
    His Majesty, King Grygor I
    Chancellor: Cadog of Nofant

    NAk2TQT.jpg
    ____________________________________________________________________________________________

    Cwrig: More wine Bishop?

    Edylfred: I will be fine for now thank you. Is it merely us in the meeting today?

    Servant: Announcing her Royal Grace, Queen Regent Eiliwedd.

    [The other councillors stand and bow]

    Edylfred: Ah, good afternoon Your Grace. How are your youngest faring today?

    Eiliwedd: That depends on if you refer to my son or my daughter. Annest is growing fast, she will reach her second year next week. And I have half a mind to begin Neithon's education a year early, only four and yet he seems smarter than his brothers were at that age. Ah- With no offense intended toward your person Marshal.

    H2SKVv5.jpg

    Owain: I- It was in jest, so I shall take it as such. Would you care for some wine my lady?

    Eiliwedd: The Frankish stock? I am surprised that there is even any left of the small supply Grygor returned with.

    Cwrig: Just about the only good thing that came from that folly in Overijssel.

    Edylfred: Come now Cwrig, surely the salvation earned through defending your fellow Christian was reward enough?

    Cwrig: I never said I had an issue with the righteousness of that war, merely the way it was conducted. I mean, we arrived on the coast just before the new year and moved for Deventer having been told that the Franks were enroute to join us. And what do we find? Nine thousand Saxons bearing down on us. It was a miracle that we only lost half of the expeditionary force rather than all of it.

    gm0QS9n.png

    Owain: And who's fault was that?

    Cwrig: It certainly wasn't the army of five thousand Franks that crossed the Rhine only to immediately go back across it again.

    Eiliwedd: They'd learned that their capital was captured by the Saxons, can you blame them?

    Cwrig: I cannot fault them there, but they should have warned us in time. It's just frustrating to expect a bunch of axe wielding pagans who should be reeling from the loss of half their "Fylkirate", only to find that they outnumber both us and the Franks combined! I mean look at the Second Battle of Deventer. Scouts told us that the Saxons had around six thousand men sieging Friesland to the north, we get there and suddenly there's nine thousand yet again. Small wonder that we were there a year and the war was lost. That is why I feel like the sole benefit of that war is this wine.

    Dwxbr4r.png

    Eiliwedd: I am surprised that you do not consider your own project one of those benefits, considering that the king had inspiration from the Franks.

    Cwrig: The Castles we are building not only here at The Rock and Din Eidyn are more out of necessity. Nearly every lord in Western Europe has started building them and it would be foolish to not take note. That said, while the new "Motte and Bailey" design will secure our holdings against Viking raids, I doubt they will be able withstand a protracted siege indefinitely.

    AQkL7mW.png

    Edylfred: Fear not, while these "Asatru" heathens may have been bolstered as of late, they are merely another enemy that the true faith shall surpass.

    Eiliwedd: Alongside the Moslems and the surge in heretical practices yes? And how goes your efforts to remove our own heretical preachers in Ternyllwg?

    10iLRy2.jpg

    Edylfred: I- Not well I am afraid. The commonfolk are holding firm. Without aid from the Vatican, there is little I can do to stamp the heretical beliefs out.

    Cwrig: The Pope is now being ignored by Patriarch and Peasant alike. Truly a sad state of affairs.

    Edylfred: Such talk is highly contentious my lord...

    Cwrig: I am merely stating the truth of the moment. The Asatru were an obvious threat from the start, but did anybody expect them to spread as far? First Burgundy, then that barbarian invader in Southern Ireland? What was his name again? Borid?

    Owain: Barid Veøy, King of Hlymrek, Conquerer of Gaels as his own men proclaim him.

    Cwrig: Indeed, four thousand men chanting his name as they marched into Ui Maine two years ago and the only ally of Tuireann mac Carthaigh to answer his pleas for aid was us.

    Hudnbjh.jpg

    Owain: We may have been little help even had we arrived soon enough.

    Eiliwedd: Perhaps... The Mac Carthaigh's have a home here at least. Well, the children do. It was a great tragedy that Tuireann took to apostasy in his frustration.

    0VXuDie.jpg

    Edylfred: I felt great sorrow exposing it. But it had to be done. I feel only pity for poor Marared, rest her soul.

    Cwrig: As loathe as I am to end this conversation, should we start the meeting?

    Eiliwedd: Not until the King and Chancellor arrive.

    Cwrig: W- The King is back? I thought his ship from Lombardy was due next week?

    Eiliwedd: We received a messenger this morning who told us that the ship docked in Nofant yesterday. Grygor should be enroute already.

    Edylfred: You must be excited to see the King my lady, two years away fighting pagans in the name of our Lombard allies.

    DhkTUUW.jpg

    Cwrig: Another folly if you ask me.

    Edylfred: I was not, but I am certain that you shall tell us anyway.

    Cwrig: I have a problem with the fact that the Picts are weakened, the Gaels bicker with each other too much to pose a threat and the Angles are fighting off an invasion from Saxony and yet half our men have spent two years on the other side of Europe fighting in a war that we have absolutely no stake in. We should be strengthening our own position here.

    1lWATD5.jpg

    Edylfred: "Our own position" being Westmorland I presume?

    Cwrig: I-

    Servant: Announcing his Majesty, King Grygor the First and Chancellor Cadog of Nofant.

    [Grygor and Cadog enter, the other councillors stand and bow.]

    Grygor: Ah good, we're all present. Means we can get straight to business instead of idly nattering like those Lombards.

    Eiliwedd: Lombardy was not good to you then husband?

    Grygor: Lombardy? I barely visited the actual country. Spent most of the last two years sat by the Dneiper waiting for some idiot Moravians to show up. Only fought one battle in all that time.

    sgLthtQ.jpg

    Owain: I-It had little chance for glory then father?

    Grygor: Utterly pointless even being there in the first place. I look forward to fighting a war that actually has benefit to my kingdom. Which incidentally is the first thing I bring to this meeting. Cadog?

    Cadog: Thank you sire. On the off chance that any of you have forgotten, I was sent to Westmorland to confirm the de Inglewood claim over Old Rheged. I return with news, both good and bad.

    Cwrig: By all means Chancellor, go ahead.

    Cadog: The bad first. The Norseman, Barid, has launched a full scale invasion of Mercia.

    KIuY6CO.jpg

    Edylfred: By God...

    Cwrig: How on earth did we not know of this?!

    Eiliwedd: Because I never brought it to the attention of the council. Hlymrek saw a chance when the Saxons invaded Kent, so for the last two years they have been preparing to take the whole kingdom.

    Cwrig: You've known this for two years and never bothered to tell anybody?

    Eiliwedd: I did, because it did not affect us directly. Mercia being so heavily occupied means that they will not interfere with Cadog's other news. Continue Chancellor.

    Cadog: How did- Very well. But yes, the good news outweighs the bad. Northumbria has refused to send aid to Mercia, meaning we should suffer no potential backlash from the church when we press our good Steward's claim on Westmorland.

    Cwrig: You mean-

    j32CVUv.jpg

    Grygor: He does. Twenty long years ago, our fathers swore an oath to one another. Caradog would fight to see the kingdom of Rheged in the hands of Robin de Inglewood on the condition that when all of Yr Hen Ogledd was again in Briton hands, Robin would acknowledge Caradog as High King. Of course, that oath was only partially fulfilled before Robin's tragic murder. I for one am not a man who would leave such an oath behind. Are you?

    Cwrig: I... I was a mere child when my father died, but I swear on his memory and legacy that I will uphold my part of the oath. Rheged will respect the right that the House of the Rock has upon the High Kingship from this day forth.

    Grygor: Spendid! Then we declare war upon the New Year.

    Edylfred: My lord, surely defending your fellow Christian is more important than a single county. Should we not aid Mercia first?

    Grygor: Pictland and Gwynedd have already pledged themselves to Mercia and I am certain the Irish chieftains will gladly take advantage of Barid's absence. I have done more than enough fighting in the name of God for the last four years. It is time to fight in the name of my bloodline.

    Edylfred: But the last war with Northumbria ended wi-

    Grygor: I am well aware of how the last war ended and if you wish to keep your place in this council *Bishop*, you will say no more of it. Now, all in favour of continuing Owain's work by reclaiming another county from the Anglian usurpers?

    [Grygor and every councillor bar Edylfred raise their hands simultaneously. Edylfred looks around unhappily and also raises his hand.]

    Grygor: Then we are agreed. Owain, send word to all settlements within our borders that the peasant levies are to be called up on New Year's Day.

    Owain: Y-Yes Father.

    Grygor: Now then, on to other matters.

    [The transcript continues on with more mundane issues and discussions.]
     
    Chapter XI - Oathkeeper (842-845)
  • Chapter XI - Oathkeeper (842-845)

    The renewal of the oath between Caradog and Robin greatly strengthened the bond between the Alt Clut and the de Inglewoods, one that, in spite of a few unfortunate moments, remains strong to this day.

    It was on this bond that The Oathkeeper's War was declared, although one of it's chief architects perished almost as soon as it had begun. Cadog of Nofant died in his sleep one February morning, it is said that he seemed content in his last few days.

    Regardless, with the armies of Alt Clut mobilising, there was only time for a hasty funeral before a new chancellor was chosen. Sulien, the second bastard son of Grygor, was chosen for the role. The new Chancellor quickly sent out a missive to the Franks. But no help would come from Theoderic IV, who's attention was focused firmly on the moslem invaders to the south.

    xyhKudu.jpg

    Grygor's determination was not dampened by the lack of allies, Northumbria's forces were already marching on Din Baer. A plan was made to intercept the Anglians at Pistylltref.

    Although the Anglians fought valiantly, they were eventually forced to retreat. One of their commanders was unable to escape however, Earl Beorhtmaer of Amounderess was eventually cornered and defeated in a duel by Grygor.

    IVm9nkQ.jpg

    As the Briton army settled in to siege the holdings of Westmorland, things grew more dire to the south in Mercia. Hlymrek was winning the invasion in spite of the efforts of the Christian kings and chieftains. Even Barid's death at the hands of Old Queen Ælfgifu of East Anglia came during a total rout for the defenders. The regent of his only son Dyre pushed onwards as Mercia crumbled.

    Back in Appleby, scouts reported that the Northumbrian army had regrouped, marching towards the undefended county on Pengwern. A wrathful Grygor marched his men south, intercepting and once again utterly routing his foes near the town of Lancaster.

    wMcP6Xr.jpg

    Of the next twelve months, little can be said of the Oathkeeper's War. Appleby is said to have capitulated in December, but nearly all historical records from that era focus solely on the Fall of Mercia. Overwhelmed by Norse and Saxon invaders, Queen Eadhild was forced to first surrender Kent to Saxony (see footnote) and then her whole Kingdom to Hlymrek.

    The Anglian Pentarchy was shattered. Mercia was the strongest of all five kingdoms and with no guiding hand, the remaining Anglian kingdoms were divided. The boy king Dyre was given the epithet of "the Great". Not by his own men but by his detractors, there is little greatness that a four year old child could gain on his own after all.

    wMzn3ak.jpg

    In July of the same year, Little Owain came of age. Many contemporaries wrote of him as decidedly average in many ways, almost underwhelming in comparison to his father and grandfather. Grygor himself seemed to believe such, as he never formally nominated Owain as Tanist.

    Regardless, the betrothal between him and Cwrig's sister Morien was honoured, and the two married in Cumbria a few weeks later.

    Hs5A7uw.jpg

    It was at his son's wedding that Grygor met a young man named Cairell Burke, the son of a bastard of the late Gruffydd Brycheniog. He had travelled to Cumbria to seek his fortune, but had found little of it in Cwrig's court. Eiliwedd, having met the young man and used his services in her role as spymaster, spoke of how she wished to resign as spymaster and recommended him as a replacement.

    2IR7zlJ.jpg

    With the wedding done, Grygor's forces marched back south to Westmorland, where the Northumbrians were feebly attempting to liberate their captured holdings. By the time the Northumbrians learned that the Britons were marching on their camp at Cartmel, it was too late. Three quarters of their men routed and fled as a mere one hundred tried to fight on in vain. The Battle of Cartmel lasted a mere thirty minutes.

    Fk1CHLR.jpg

    The war should have ended there, but the Northumbrians who fled the field at Cartmel made a desperate gamble and marched on Din Baer, stubbornly digging in for the winter to weaken the Briton forces.

    It failed.

    TyDsa2X.jpg

    With Northumbria utterly spent, they surrendered unconditionally. Westmorland was finally back in Briton hands, more directly that of Cwrig's. The de Inglewoods were not the only family that gained a county in the Spring of 845 either, Cairell Burke was given control of Pengwern, one of the two Powysian counties.

    rFHSTN6.jpg

    Cairell Burke was given the county of Pengwern, directly on the border with the now Norse-controlled Mercia.

    Bar a minor scandal with Chancellor Sulien, who was hastily fired and sent to a monastery, Alt Clut was at peace.

    The same could not be said of it's King.

    Whether it was a lifetime of battle leaving it's mark on Grygor's mind, that same lifestyle beginning to affect his physical prowess or just frustration at his age in general is unknown. But post-Oathkeeper's War, Grygor is said to have indulged in alcohol so frequently that it became an addiction. Whenever he was sober, he was highly cynical of almost everything around him, from the new Castles being built to his own children.

    The fire that had burned fiercely for nearly fifty years began to wane as Grygor realised that for all his victories, he was his own worst enemy. An enemy that he could never defeat.

    2vITLpa.jpg

    King Grygor is said to have suffered from heavy alcoholism after the Oathkeeper's War, which is said to have persisted for the rest of his reign.

    Footnote - Saxony's conquest of Kent was the first in a series of invasions over the latter half of the 9th Century. These invasions left a profound impact on the Anglo-saxons to the point that almost all of their records from 850 onwards refer to themselvesas purely Anglian or Anglish.

    From 'The Chronicle of The Old North - Book III (written by Gerallt Crowther in 1603)
     
    Last edited:
    Chapter XII - Paramours and Papists (845-850)
  • Chapter XII - Paramours and Papists (845-850)

    27th April 847 - Alt Clut

    As the sun rose on an unseasonably warm morning, Grygor also rose. Foregoing clothes as he reached the window in his room, the king looked down upon the changing face of the Rock of the Cluith. Since time immemorial, the natural fortification had been settled. Grygor's ancestors would not recognise it as it was now, that much was certain. The old wooden fort had been replaced by a castle built by the finest Frankish architects, the old halls was now a hardy keep and the pallisades were being reinforced against siege weapons even at this early hour.

    The King turned his gaze to the town nestled by the river at the foot of the Rock. In Grygor's childhood, even in the days of the last Harvest Festival, it had been naught but a hamlet. That hamlet had swelled considerably as more and more outlying settlements flocked to it, seeking protection from the Viking raiders which plundered the shores every summer. Even at this early hour, the town was already bustling with activity as the local levies began to muster, practicing as they awaited the rest of the army that was no doubt marching towards Cluith Rock already.

    "So you are headed to France?"

    EoNYw3a.jpg

    The Maid Marion had outlived her husband, the famed Robin de Inglewood, by almost twenty years. Many of the legends around her speak of her seeming ability to grant good fortune to those closely associated with her, yet is cursed to turn good fortune to ill with but a coin flip. Needless to say that her epithets of "Fortune" and "Lady Luck" are no coincidence.

    Grygor turned to see that his bedmate had awoken, tilting her head inquisitively as she sat up, keeping the covers above her chest. The King nodded, taking a moment to admire the form of Marion of the Bell. Long gone were the days when the widow of Robin Hood was renowned as the beautiful Maid Marion, but she had certainly aged with a grace like few others. Her hair had gone from ebony to steel and while the marks of age and birthing three children were clear they had yet to lessen her appeal in Grygor's eyes.

    "Once the levies arrive, I will be. That will take a few weeks however, so I am hardly in any rush to leave. Especially not with such a sight before me."

    "One would think that the King would rather discuss foreign matters with his Council or spend time with his queen than cavort with an old widow." Marion countered with a small frown.

    "I have spent more than enough time hearing how a easterners bickering over a wasteland supposedly affects my domain. Besides, Eiliwedd and I have an understanding." Grygor explained, turning back to the window.

    icitnfx.jpg

    The Magyar Clans were one of many steppe confederations that migrated westwards in the 600s. Long residing near the Crimea, Árpády Saul, Khan of the Magyar, rode northwards to the land of the Rus. The scattered tribes that once settled the region were conquered, establishing the Principality of Novgorod to better counter Saul's hated Lithuanian foes.

    Marion said nothing, but rose out of bed to join Grygor staring forlornly at the distant horizon. The king glanced her up and down for a moment before going back to the bed, sitting down to don his smallclothes.

    "You think this is about Robin, do you not?"

    Grygor stopped, awkwardly looking up at Marion. "I... I never implied-"

    "I loved Robin." Marion spoke up, cutting Grygor off. "But he was not a good man. He was an outlaw and a braggart, he would have likely betrayed your father had their situations been reversed. In many ways, he was like you."

    "Like me? How so?"

    "By it's very definition, you are not a good man my lord. And there are many reasons why. The rumours about young Count Morcar's death are the mere tip of the mountain."

    vQedEhK.jpg

    Grygor's face reddened as she spoke, he dropped his smallclothes back on the floor and stood, approaching Marion with a hostile glare. "What does Morcar's -accident- have to do with my similarities to your long dead husband?"

    Marion looked at him cooly, folding her arms as he drew close enough to glare down at her, towering a good foot above the widow. " I am an old mother and grandmother who still grieves at times for her lost love, but I am not so old and grief-ridden that I have forgotten that I am still a woman." She explained, reaching a hand up to stroke the king's chest. "And for all your faults, you have always made sure to satisfy me as well as yourself whenever we have shared a bed these past two years."

    Grygor's anger faded as he felt her touch, and was soon replaced with the same coy smirk that had seduced countless others over his life. "Does that include a continuation of last night?"

    Marion nodded, leaning into his embrace. A sharp knock at the door caused the two to break apart, Grygor cursing under his breath as he moved to the door. "What?"

    "Apologies for knocking so early sire," came the heavily accented voice of Grygor's Chancellor, the Breton Uipoig, "But I have good news. I have successfully found a connection with which to claim Lindisfarne. Should I convene the council to make plans for an attack after we have sent aid to the Franks?"

    GOzXPZj.jpg

    For a brief time during the 840s, the Kingdom of Somerset paid tribute to the Franks.

    Grygor sighed heavily. "We have discussed this before Uipoig. I am pleased that you have achieved a third of the task I have set out for you, but no plans for invasion are to be made until you have the claims for all of Old Bernicia. Go to Northumberland and get to work on those. I am busy."

    "But Si-"

    "I SAID I AM BUSY!!" Grygor snapped, listening to the Chancellor's hasty apology before he slunk away. He rubbed his forehead, mind racing with thoughts of what he intended to be his legacy.

    Bernicia was the first kingdom to be subjugated by the Anglians, which they came to know as Northumbria. To reclaim that would be not just be an insult to the Anglians, it would be Grygor's crowning achievement. After all, he would likely not live to see Elmet reclaimed. That at least, he could leave to his successors, whoever they may be. He thought little of that however, as Marion took his full attention for the next hour.
    _________________________________________________________

    30th of August 848, Dol, The Breton Marches

    Grygor hefted his axe out of the chest of the spearman he had just felled, hearing a resounding cheer. He looked up in the direction of the fleeing rebels, watching as the closest group of peasants was overwhelmed by the chasing Frankish Knights. One spotted his colours and bodyguards, guiding his horse away from the massacre and dismounting. The knight removed his helm, revealing the grinning face of Theoderic IV.

    Grygor's eyebrows rose as he bowed his head in greeting. "King Theoderic, I see you prefer a less open approach to commanding."

    The Frank chuckled, leaning on his sword. "I prefer to not have my position blatantly displayed to the whole battlefield. I have not reigned long enough to know that the better part of valour is discretion." He explained, turning his attention to the corpse of the spearman. "Did he give you any trouble?"

    Grygor shook his head. "Nothing more than some foolish boy, could not be more than eighteen winters... Waste of potential really."

    Theoderic nodded slowly, "Perhaps, he certainly got what he deserved for being disloyal to his rightful liege at any rate."

    Grygor did not answer back, merely staring at the blood soaked earth in deep thought. Noting the awkward silence, Theoderic spoke up. "So the rough guess at the casualties is nineteen hundred, less than a quarter of which is ours. Your archers have performed spectacularly yet again."

    RJSXkua.jpg

    "As did your knights my friend. Shall we go find your other commanders?" Grygor responded, hefting his father's axe over his shoulder. Theoderic nodded and turned towards the camp, only to stop as a frantic messenger came sprinting towards his Briton counterpart.

    The young lad doubled over, panting for breath as he handed a sealed message to Grygor. Breaking it open, the king flitted through the message, recognising the writing of Big Owain. As he finished reading, his face growing beetroot red, Grygor lashed out at a discarded helmet, kicking it with a snarl.

    Theoderic opened his mouth, but before he could ask, Grygor turned back to him with a face contorted by rage. "A cult of heretics that have long plagued the lands of my late mother have taken up arms to try and steal it from me. They number far greater than the levies that remained in my homeland."

    J9z2EQs.jpg

    Theoderic frowned, "You need to withdraw your forces from France."

    Grygor turned to give him an apology, but Theoderic shook his head.

    "Go my friend, the rebels are on the defense now. I can handle whatever remains of their forces."
    ____________________________

    Christmas Day 848, Outside Mathrafal

    It had taken several months for everything to come into place, Grygor's surviving thousand men recovered until they were ready to return at the end of September.

    Camped outside Rhos, the King's forces were forced to watch as a two thousand strong army, double their number, sieged Ternyllwg. For three months, the keep at Mathrafal held firm whilst twelve hundred reinforcements marched through Rheged.

    And it had finally come to this, as Grygor's thousand charged the rebel lines outside Mathrafal, a horn to the east signalled the charge of the reinforcements, trapping the heretics in a vice.

    Like many before them, the heretics were mostly comprised of rambunctious peasantry which almost immediately broke. Only the most zealous core, staunchly loyal to the Heresiarch, stood firm. It was this Heresiarch that now stood before Grygor, sword in hand as he circled for an opening.

    MWFaLF6.jpg


    "The people of Ternyllwg no longer wish to kiss the boot of a king who is loyal to the Papacy. They will fight to the very death to be free of you. As will I." He stated, audible even above the din of battle before charging, bringing his blade down in a slash that Grygor swiftly dodged.

    The old King scoffed, "I could care less about the Pope and your misgivings with him. I am your king and if you refute that then you will die. Surrender so that I can waste time killing you later rather than now."

    The Heresiarch did not answer, but kept on the offensive. Again and again, the two traded blows, but none would connect. Grygor smiled to himself. Although he was by far the elder of the duel, with that age came decades of experience, the experience of a man who was renowned across Britannia as one who had never tasted defeat in a duel.

    As the tiring Heresiarch made a poor move and felt the bite of Grygor's axe in his gut, he too realised his mistake. The last he heard was the resounding cheer of Briton soldiers and the victorious bellows of The Undefeated.

    m8exHiO.jpg

    The bulk of the survivng heretics were the routing peasantry, the core sect of the heretic movement being wiped out bar a few captured survivors which promptly surrendered unconditionally the next day.
    ________________________________________________________________________

    The Paramours of Grygor I

    Many of the folk tales of Grygor I mention his numerous lovers, but just how many of these are real or mere fabrications is a topic of debate.

    The maidservant who gave birth to Grygor's illegitimate firstborn son, more commonly known as Big Owain, has never been properly identified. Perhaps this is due to her low station, as the mother of Sulien, his second bastard was well known as blablabla poor noble bla.

    Indeed, the noblewomen that Grygor seduced over his lifetime are viewed much more positively than the unknown number of commoners. The love triangle between Grygor and the Morgannwg sisters, Effros and Sara, for example has been the subject of many a play and book. The same can be said of the relationship that Grygor had with Marion of The Bell or even the tryst he had with Queen Wulfthryth of Northumbria. [1]

    eqtN9Bq.jpg


    For many centuries, the question of why Queen Eiliwedd allowed her husband to continue his numerous affairs went unanswered. Many theories were formed as to why, from Eiliwedd being homosexual to the far-fetched theory that Eiliwedd was infertile and all of Grygor's children with her were in fact illegitimate.

    The recent discovery of a letter written by Eiliwedd in 837 to her own secret paramour has put forth the theory that Grygor and Eiliwedd had an open marriage, but such an arrangement would have been highly scandalous at the time had it been public knowledge.

    [1]: See Appendix e - The Two Kingdoms of Northumbria for more on the relationship between Grygor I and Wulfthryth.
     
    Chapter XIII - Merovingian Twilight (850-855)
  • Chapter XIII - Merovingian Twilight (850-855)

    The years between 850-854 were peaceful for the British Isles, but peace doesn't always mean quiet.

    With the heretics defeated, Countess Wulfthryth of Ternyllwg passed away, leaving the county to her firstborn son with Big Owain: Count Arthen Owaining (The family name that Big Owain took upon marrying Wulfthryth).

    PtppbDT.jpg

    Arthen was not the only new figure in Wales. Hywel Gwynedd, king of Rhos, had conquered the other kings of the Welsh. In 852, he was crowned as the founding king of Brythoniaid.


    UNXlmsY.jpg

    In spite of fears for Grygor's Powysian territories, life went on. Until the New Year of 855 at least.
    _____________________________________________________________________________________

    The downfall of the Merovingian dynasty was a long, drawn out affair that lasted a near century. Some historians argue that it was even longer, pointing to the rise of the Mayors and the increasingly powerless figurehead that the kings had become over the 7th and 8th centuries.

    The power struggle reached a climax when Pepin Karling, son of Charles Martel, deposed Childeric II as ruler of all Francia. His sons divided the four kingdoms of the Franks between them. West Francia and Aquitaine went to Karl, Middle Francia and Burgundy to Karloman. It was the former who attempted to restore the power of the crown over his vassals, as not to risk the same fate as Childeric. He failed, the dukes and counts had grown used to their independence from a weak crown, and in the early 770s, they came together to restore the last Merovingian to power.

    Karl was forced to abdicate his kingdom to Theoderic III, who would regain some authority over his vassals in the years to come, and fled to his brother's lands. A few years later, Karloman was dead and Karl inherited his domain. He never did attempt to reclaim his lost kingdom, but he ensured that Middle Francia and Burgundy would never again come into Merovingian hands.

    Theoderic's son and grandson, Childeric III and Theoderic IV, ruled over a weakened kingdom. The authority of the crown, though strengthened, was still poorly regarded as the dukes grappled for influence and control. The Revolt of 847 was only a faint spark compared to the bonfire that would come next.

    7UHWdSH.jpg

    Theoderic IV in 855

    In the year of 850, the final rebels surrendered to a Frankish victory, proving insufficient against Theoderic IV's army and that of his ally, Grygor of Alcluith. Peace returned, although the storm clouds were already gathering once more.

    On the 24th of January 855, Pope Stephanus V sent a Papal Bull to Theoderic IV, excommunicating him from the church on behalf of Cardinal Vela.

    GOOpoHL.jpg

    Two days later, the faction that Cardinal Vela belonged to sent a letter to the king.

    "To King Theoderic IV of France,

    I, Leubast de Chaumontois, Duchess and rightful Queen of Frisia, write to you on behalf of myself and other supposed vassals of yours.

    We hereby declare our independence from the Kingdom of France. We hereby denounce the sons of Merovech as illegitimate rulers of Frisia and Aquitaine, and demand that the crowns of these kingdoms be abdicated by your person effective immediately.

    Refusal to agree to our righteous demands will be met with arms. We will no longer submit to Frankish yoke.

    [A number of signatures follow.]"

    Theoderic refused, and The Cannibal's War begun.

    c1kPScK.jpg

    The "Cannibal's War" is what the Independence Revolt of 855 is known as to the staunchly Frankish sources of the time, including that of the Karling held lands.

    Theoderic's allies refused to heed his calls for aid, unwilling to rile the Church. All save for Grygor of Alcluith, who gladly came to the aid of his brother-in-law.

    wuOxhW3.jpg

    For the first half a year, armies were raised and a few skirmishes broke out along the borders of loyalist and rebel vassals. No major battles occured until the 14th of July however, with the Battle of Chateauroux. Five thousand rebels charged four thousand loyalist lines, resulting in a victory, albeit a phyrric one, for Theoderic.

    6rT8SAQ.jpg

    As although Chateauroux was a victory, the rebels still held a numerical advantage. The arrival of Grygor's forces in August removed the advantage, but for several months the rebels and loyalists merely skirmished in outlying villages.

    By the 15th of October, as Grygor marched northwards to siege Leubast's holdings, the emboldened rebels struck hard at the loyalist army led by Prince Childeric.

    W5Q8qUU.jpg

    The Battles of Bourges was the deciding battle of the war, not because of the routed loyalist forces, but because Childeric's retinue was overrun and he was captured during the retreat.

    Eleven days later, Theoderic IV was dead. Contemporary writing claimed that the King had received news of Childeric's capture and promptly fell over dead from a catastrophic heart attack.

    hKAdRdq.jpg

    Now the new king, Childeric IV was forced to surrender in exchange for his freedom. The Kingdom of the Franks, the nation that conquered Soissons, the empire that once stretched from Navarra to Bavaria, shattered in an instant.

    q3RQSJ9.jpg

    France itself and the Breton Marches remained under Childeric's control, but the loyalists had lost all faith in him. Within two years, the nobles forced his abdication in favour of his younger brother Raynold. In July of 860, he fell from atop a tower in Vannes and died. The question of whether his death was suicide, accidental or murder has never been answered.

    Frisia went to Leubast, along with the vassalage of Flanders. The first Queen of the Lowlands is a highly controversial individual, both in her time and a full millenium later.

    BxnlA2p.jpg

    Rumours were rife about her parentage, lifestyle, indeed her very sanity. The most pro-Merovingian sources describe her as an insane, grotesque monster that devoured the bones of infants. Frisian folklore, taking heavy influence from neighbouring Asatru nations, portrays her as an unpredictable Giantess trickster.

    Duke Tancrad Louping of Aquitaine named himself King, still recovering from a lost eye at his coronation by Cardinal Vela.

    Jqhrsy0.jpg

    Many believe that it was Tancrad who pushed Vela into calling for Theoderic's excommunication, he who set Leubast up as the figurehead for the Independence Faction. Whatever his intentions were, outside factors begun to take note of the weakened kingdoms. Raynold I was still king of France and Brittany, but the sun had finally set on the line of Merovech. Now began the long twilight.

    "The Merovingian Twilight" by Dr. Quasim Ordonid, published in 1882
     
    Last edited:
    Chapter XIV - Undefeatable (855-863)
  • Chapter XIV - Undefeatable (855-863)

    It is said that history repeats itself time and time again, and the fate of Grygor "The Undefeated" is testament to this.

    In January of 857, Grygor's plans were going awry. The outright crippling of his Frankish ally had left him with no aid against any possible threats or for his designs on Northumbria. Making the latter worse was the Northumbrians waning defence against a Norse invasion.

    freHRQV.jpg

    With no claim on Durham in sight and the possibility of losing his chance to the Norse, Grygor met with Queen Wulfthryth to negotiate a non-aggression pact and military aid. Grygor was no longer the boisterous womanizer of his youth, in spite of several continued affairs, and Wulfthryth was a decade older than he was.

    But his own brand of diplomacy still worked well enough.

    wNYI8fn.jpg

    Of the invasion of Northumbria, little can be said. The Jarl of Vestlandet was defeated by Grygor at the Battle of Settle in April and with his armies crushed, was forced to sign an armistice.

    yZEIK3Y.jpg

    Indeed Grygor barely paid the Norse any heed. He was more focused on an ill thought out assassination plot against Little Owain. The architect would have been immediately exposed and arrested, had it not been his youngest brother.

    At his wedding to Viviana Isauros, daughter of Basileus Gennadios 'the Hollow', Neithon was pulled aside by his father who convinced him to relent. He never plotted against his brothers again, for the rest of Grygor's reign at least.

    WvseQPs.jpg

    In May, Dyre of Hlymrek attacked the barely recovering Northumbrians. He intended to strengthen his hold on the Irish Sea by taking Lancaster, Northumbria's only county on the west coast. This time however, no aid came from Alt Clut. Grygor remained staunchly neutral, ignoring all messages from Queen Wulfthryth.

    EPf68O9.jpg

    It is widely believed that her death on New Year's Day 858 was from a broken heart, guilt ridden and betrayed as she was. Ecfrida, the new Queen, was the daughter of Wulfthryth and Grygor's brother Owain. Though she may have wished to keep the peace between their nations, she likely knew that Grygor had kept his designs from her mother.

    Less than two weeks after Wulfthryth's death, Chancellor Uipoig returned to The Rock with the final claim that Grygor needed, that of Durham.

    KAzFiW6.jpg

    He declared war almost immediately.

    yGDklIp.jpg

    The Reclamation of Bernicia has gone down as the most uneventful part of the Restoration of the Old North. Northumbria, already crippled from Dyre's invasion, offered little to no resistance against the Britons. The only recorded fighting was at the siege of Bamburgh in May 858 and Durham in December 859.

    H5QuerY.jpg

    In May of 860, Ecfrida was forced to relinquish Lancaster to Hlymrek. The Norse victory made Grygor uneasy, now that they shared a physical border.

    For all of Dyre's power however, he was highly unpopular amongst his Anglian subjects. The Danelaw, as they called it, was a hotbed for sedition. Thus, Grygor discreetly financed a rebellion in the Danelaw, planning to weaken the Norse hold on Britain as much as he could.

    9ZEZvu9.jpg

    This rebellion lasted until December of 862, when they were crushed at the Battle of the Kennet.

    Grygor's own war lasted until the following April, when Ecfrida finally surrendered. Bernicia was finally in Briton hands, although Ecfrida managed to keep ahold of Deira for the time being.

    yuvUSuE.jpg

    For the next year and a half, the kingdom was at peace. The only disruption was the funeral of the Maid Marion, who in July of 860, passed away in her sleep at the age of 71, fourty two years after her husband's death.

    EsoF4o6.jpg

    Grygor's demeanour seemed to change following Marion's death. He reconnected with Eiliwedd, who taught him to finally control his anger. He became much more lax however, even growing immensely overweight as he continued to eat and eat.

    r7vk8Ne.jpg

    It was not until the failure of the Anglian rebellion that military matters again took over Grygor's life. Searching for a new way to subvert Dyre, he came to the aid of King Niall of Ulaidh.

    The Irish king was one of the few rulers in Ireland that still resisted the Norse dominion, attacking Hlymrek to force them out of Tyrconnell. Grygor's aid was greatly welcome, as Niall was not the only combatant that accepted foreign aid.

    mSqwFGt.jpg

    The Fylkirate was not the massive hegemony that it was at the turn of the century, but it was still proud bastion for all Asatru. Again and again they had come to aid any believers facing persecution from the followers of Christ.

    As the Britons travelled across the sea, the Irish were set upon outside of neutral Cill Dara. They retreated north, meeting with Grygor's reinforcements at Con Doire. With little time until the Asatru followers were upon them, the defenders braced for a difficult battle.

    Pf7wkUn.jpg

    Although history is said to repeat, the smallest changes make these repetitions vastly different as a whole. A likely victory can easily be a likely defeat the second time around, one leader may survive what killed another in exactly the same circumstances.

    At the battle of Con Doire, three thousand Britons stood side by side with weary Irishmen, led by a grizzled old man, veteran of many a campaign.

    bCpAZku.jpg

    At the Battle of Guendoleu, fifty four years prior, three thousand Britons stood alone, led by a grizzled old man, veteran of many a campaign.

    kzXcyXd.jpg

    Battle is made, and as the first arrows fly, the king collapses, clutching his chest. But herein lies the divergence. Old King Owain survived his heart attack, although the resulting pneumonia claimed his life months later. Grygor the Undefeated, finally defeated by his own worst enemy, was dead as soon as he hit the floor.

    UnnZhQa.jpg

    Panic erupts, the day is lost and the survivors take Grygor's body off of the field, quietly escorting him back across the sea to his homeland.

    yP29zDN.jpg

    For the electors of the kingdom, counts and bishop alike, it was now time to nominate a new Tanist. Traditionally, the firstborn son would be nominated by the king before his death, said heir becoming King should enough electors support him. While by right, any member of the family could be elected as king, this practice rarely came into place as the firstborn was usually competent enough to keep their position firm.

    But Grygor never nominated his firstborn, Little Owain, nor any of his family. None of his sons were showed favouritism over the others, nor were siblings and cousins. So the electors convened at the Rock, debating for nearly two weeks to decide upon a successor.

    Succession was reduced to the three legitimate brothers within the first week. By the ninth day, Little Owain was ruled out. He was now in his mid-30s, gluttonous and paranoid, yet kind and honest. Many electors considered him an inferior copy of his father, completely average in all respects. Compunding that was his lack of a son. Owain had fathered three daughters with Morien de Inglewood, the eldest Morrigan was a woman grown. But the only son birthed to the couple was a sickly infant who died after a few days, an ill omen to be sure.

    2N80pxt.jpg

    And so the next five days were spent debating over who to pick between the other brothers.

    Caradog was a tall, handsome man, well versed in diplomatic affairs. It was he who frequently visited foreign courts, working alongside the Chancellor on several occasions.

    But many rumours circulated about his arbitrary ways, which could be pointlessly cruel at times. Some electors also believed that his visits had ulterior motives, and so they were very wary of him becoming King.

    DsvKpUY.jpg

    So it came to the third son. Neithon, to define his overall character, was brilliant but lazy. He too received a diplomatic upbringing, although he rarely left his homeland. He too certainly had designs on his claim. But Neithon was subtle, manipulative, his enemies could be coerced into becoming friends and his friends had his loyalty. Furthermore he had studied economics, which put him in favour with the mayors. The bishops too were highly supportive of his learned interests. This was what led to his election as Tanist.

    4CvBt2g.jpg

    And so Neithon II ascended the throne, in spite of the silent fuming of his elder brothers. Whether they would have their time however, was still undecided.

    DHJMn0o.jpg
     
    Last edited:
    Chapter XV - Oathbreaker Part I (863-865)
  • Chapter XV - Oathbreaker Part I (863-865)

    Neithon II, like Caradog I before him, inherited a nation at war. That however was the sole simiarity between grandfather and grandson.

    7DN2mQx.jpg

    Neithon II and his domain in the year of his ascension to the throne (C.E. 863)

    A defeat for Ulaidh would have personally meant little to his kingdom, so Neithon quietly stayed out of the war, merely waiting until King Niall surrendered.

    By the time that Ulaidh did so in September, Neithon was completely detached from Irish affairs, instead being on the arrival of a one eyed wanderer.

    pD9mJ5T.jpg

    Hincomhal the Wise is a figure shrouded in mystery, a travelling wise man and healer who appears in multiple records throughout the first half of the 9th Century. These records reveal the extent of Hincomhal's travels and allow modern historians to track his progress. From healing the sick daughter of the Duke of Anjou (837), the Sultan of Egypt (844), holding theological debates in Constantinople (849) to even a theorised mention of him as an avatar of Odin by a superstitious Godi in Agder (854). The most detailed segment of his history is the five years he spent as physician and chaplain in the court of Neithon II, from his arrival in September 863 to his sudden departure to Ireland in December 868, during which he kept a storied journal of daily events.

    It is from this journal, kept within the Institute of Medicine in Ioffreau (dedicated to Hincomhal at it's opening in 1521), that we have a first-hand account of the Oathbreaker Crisis.
    _____________________________________________________________________________

    January 6th, 864

    Éamonn mac Carthaigh, Neithon's childhood friend, was granted the counties that formed Old Bernicia at a feast today.

    vij7fyG.jpg

    Shamefully, the Breton chieftain Samson of Eppidant caused an altercation with the king, demanding that Neithon grant the council more powers over the realm. The council that he is not part of. The king refused, but Samson called upon the aid of Neithon's cousin Count Arthen as well as Count Cwrig de Inglewood.

    It appears that Samson and his fellows have formed a faction, threatening repercussions if the King refused, which he did once again.

    CQIhEqk.jpg

    Count Cwrig seemed very remorseful as he followed the others out of the hall.

    Treated a head injury on one of Count Cairell's retainers after a small brawl broke out.

    March 30th, 864

    War has indeed broken out, Chief Samson took up arms against the king and his fellows Arthen and Cwrig followed suit. Some within the court are naming the latter as an oathbreaker, but I saw the expression upon the man's face in January. It seems as if he had little choice but to join in.

    My duties as Chaplain have been suspended as I am to follow the King's army as physician. Saw my first battle in almost a decade as a result, a small skirmish outside of Burgh.

    h5jVU9f.jpg

    Loyalist losses were a mere two score and four, a quarter of the rebels losses. Treated several wounded and amputated one soldier's right hand, he will likely live.

    May 18th, 864

    A battle outside Guendoleu has taken a turn for the worse. It appeared to be in the King's favour when his sixteen hundred charged the thousand strong rebels, but it was a mere trap as another thousand emerged from a nearby forest and attempted to trap the loyalists.

    moA1M8V.jpg

    We were able to escape with only minor losses, but with numerical superiority in the hands of the rebels, the commanders appear uneasy.

    News from The Rock was more positive, Queen Viviana is pregnant with her second child. I asked if I should return to tend to her needs, but by the King's order I am to remain with the army, lest Viviana face unforeseen difficulties.

    October 10th 864

    The rebel stronghold of Argyll has surrendered to us, although Durham has seemingly fallen to the rebels in kind. It appears we are in deadlock.

    4RnvYjs.jpg

    The king has asked me to return to Cluith Rock as the Queen nears the end of her pregnancy.

    December 15th 864

    Queen Viviana has given birth to a son. Under regular circumstance, this would be a thing to celebrate. But the child is weak and sickly, he will likely not see Midsummer without great aid. Fortunate that I am here, at least. I shall do whatever I can to save the boy.

    January 6th 865

    After a near month of tender care, Neithon's son appears to have passed through the worst of his ailment. He has improved so much that I am told Neithon has already chosen him as Tanist, giving him the name of Custennin.

    hrguf2i.jpg

    Whether he lives to inherit the kingdom is in the hand of the Powers That Be.

    March 21st 865

    I returned to my service with the army to find the aftermath of a close victory at Newcastle. Twenty one hundred rebels against fifteen hundred of the King's men. It is a small miracle that only a third of the dead were loyalists.

    yHg3pxl.jpg

    The narrow victory has made it more clear to all of us that this war is far from over. With no allies and wavering morale, much will need to be done.

    June 9th 865

    King Neithon's brother Owain has fathered twins, born last month. A girl and a boy they are, Eiliwedd and Edern respectively.

    Their birth was overshadowed by the death of the Norse king Dyre, clutching at his heart during a raid on Frankish Brittany.

    5IWAVev.jpg

    His followers quickly raised a six year old boy as king, as Dyre had male heir, but for a few weeks there have been rumours of discontent in the Danelaw. And it seems those rumours have come to pass.

    As far as the Council is aware, the old Anglian lords have mostly regained their kingdoms and established a new Pentarchy of Mercia, Deira, Hwicce, Wessex and Somerset. One of the Norse Jarls has also kept a foothold on Essex. Whether this new Pentarchy will last with the Saxons occupying Anglia is another question entirely however.

    b61E0tv.jpg

    The end of the First Danelaw and the beginning of the Anglian Pentarchy. Over the next three decades, Hwicce and Wessex would fall into Mercian hands, while the Saxon Fylkirate would maintain it's stranglehold on East Anglia and Kent.

    June 20th 865

    It appears that the Picts have thrown their lot into this war, declaring their intent to seize Eppidant from Samson. While that would likely stop the revolt in it's tracks with Samson landless, the Council has come to the conclusion that no peace is worth surrendering land to the Picts. Thus we now must fight on two fronts.

    OnnSQch.jpg

    July 29th 865

    News from the Mediterranean, it seems that Burgundy has changed hands yet again. First the Norse Falks conquered it from the Karlings and now the current king Fredrik has lost his throne to the Muzaffaraddin Caliphate, the new realm that has supplanted the Umayyads in Iberia. Nothing good can come of the Shi'a expansion, that much is certain.

    AICCCxk.jpg

    Fredrik Falk, former King of Burgundy. The Falk dynasty first seized Burgundy due to the efforts of Ottarr the Conquerer (reigned 824-828). Fredrik had only succeeded his father Egill (reigned 828-862) recently when the Muzaffaraddin invaded, the relative isolation of his kingdom from other Asatru nations meant that no aid arrived in time to stop the loss of his realm. Fredrik would return to Lolland, the island that Ottarr grew up on, and would perish there in the year 905.
     
    Chapter XVI – Oathbreaker Pt II (865-868)
  • Chapter XVI – Oathbreaker Pt II (865-868)

    The continued journal of Hincomhal 'the Wise', Court Chaplain and Physician over 863-868

    September 14th 865

    It appears our luck has turned. Hektorios, Doux of Sicily, brother of Queen Viviana and husband to the King's sister Annest has offered his support with the revolting lords and the Picts. The Doux told us it will likely not be until the spring that Greek soldiers will arrive, but he gave his word on the memory of his father, the late Emperor Gennadios that they will come.

    z1KEMqc.jpg

    Doux Hektorios II of Sicily, son of Emperor Gennadios the Hollow. Hektorios would later become Emperor of the Romans in his own right.

    December 21st 865

    The Picts continue to be a thorn in our side, having defeated the garrison we had in place at Eppidant. The threat they pose has given the rebels a reprieve, allowing them to take Bamburgh. Little can be done until Hektorios arrives, but plans are being made to waylay the Picts at the very least.

    5CvAKgk.jpg

    April 10th 866

    It seems God smiles upon us. The Picts were bested at Dul Blaan last month, and now the Greeks have arrived five thousand strong. Neithon and Doux Hektorios now march on Newcastle, where the rebels are currently sieging.

    G19CZ3u.jpg

    May 21st 866

    Samson's rebels were utterly decimated outside of Newcastle, barely escaping with five hundred, whereas the only casualties on the loyalist side were a mere score of Greek and Britons combined. The remaining rebels have fled to Westmorland, but it seems scouts on the Pictish border have reported that Queen Maelmurie is mustering her remaining levies to assault the Cumbrian highlands. We now move to intercept them at Guendoleu.

    Zdekf0a.jpg

    August 5th 866

    It seems that one of the High Chiefs of the Picts faced King Neithon on the battlefield at Guendoleu. I was not witness to it myself, but the camp is rife with stories of how the king severed the chieftain's head with a single blow from the ax of his grandfather.

    QtmKtB7.jpg

    Regardless of how true the tales are, the camp is in high spirits after the Picts were forced to retreat. The rebels lack the numbers to assault our holdings or even liberate those that are held. This war may well end by the New Year.

    January 17th 867

    My prediction was off by a month, but the revolt has ended. What remained of the rebel levies were slain to a man outside of Mailrhosan. I cannot say I am proud to have borne witness to such slaughter.

    It was later that evening when a party flying the banner of Count Cwrig arrived at the camp, having been absent from the battle. He had come to offer the unconditional surrender of the revolting lords. With him were Chief Samson and Count Arthen, bound and gagged.

    usN4Q77.jpg

    As it transpires, Cwrig was blackmailed into joining Samson's faction. He had long disapproved of the intent of the Breton, but was unable to back out before the war begun. He knelt there before the King, professing his wish to atone for breaking his oath and offering himself up to Neithon's judgement. I cannot claim that I know the man well, but he seemed much wearier, gaunt. He does not have long for this world it seems... The karkinos perhaps?

    Regardless, the King has passed judgement upon the rebel lords. Arthen Owaining is to be stripped of his title, which will be passed to his brother Grygor, and banished from the kingdom on pain of death.

    Count Cwrig shall keep his titles and regain his seat on the Council as it's Steward. However he is to pay reparations for the damages caused to the kingdom and his grandchildren are to be tutored at The Rock as hostages.

    Samson Breizh was also stripped of all titles, to be imprisoned for the rest of his life. The former chieftain protested, claiming the sentence was unjust. Neithon shook his head, stating "If it was unjust, you would be gelded, hung, drawn and quartered, as would your children. If anything, traitor, this is mercy."

    cwqh7Hy.jpg

    May 14th 867

    King Neithon has come to me complaining of a lack of sleep following the end of the war, I have noticed such myself. The king appears to be suffering from the sort of stress one sees in many a veteran. The harshness of war has a tendency to grind many a man to the core after all. I have given him herbal concoctions to drink before bed, that should resolve his sleeping issues at the very least.

    4qdQTwO.jpg

    January 15th 868

    Samson Breizh was killed during an attempt to escape imprisonment. Justice was merely delayed.

    Y5TlHEL.jpg

    June 12th 868

    It appears that Cwrig did indeed suffer from a cancer, as it claimed his life today. There was little I could do but ease his passage.

    His son Dumnagual has inherited both his counties, as well as his seat on the council.

    ag1RZkF.jpg

    I begin to grow restless. The wanderlust that I have long missed has returned. A few more months perhaps, then it is time to depart.

    It has been a long time since I visited the Emerald Isle.
    ____________________________________________________________________

    In December of 868, Hincomhal the Wise resigned from the council of Neithon II, departing in the New Year. He left behind the journal he had kept, travelling to Ireland where he was sighted at least three times (868, 870, 871).

    After 871, Hincomhal's trail disappears. There are a few recorded sightings of a one-eyed wise man from 871-883, but due to the wild range of locations (ranging from Muzaffaraddin Valencia, the Pala Empire and even one of the earliest Norse settlements in Iceland, later known as Húsavik), whether these sightings were of Hincomhal himself is debatable.