There is no trouble at all as long as :
a) you have enough houses to make people move as previously said
b) you make very specialised domes where you thumbs up one category of people and thumbs down all the others (except unspecialised/doctors)
c) you keep your houses in your working domes free of children and old people by creating old/children domes.
Yes, because clearly making a dome with only children and a dome with only seniors and a dome with only engineers and a dome with only botanists makes sense and...
Oh no, wait, it only makes sense if you're trying to cheese your way through a game with horrible migration AI. It doesn't help if your number of domes is growing rapidly and planned based on what resources are needed, not on "okay, next I'll make a dome right out of Lord of the Flies filled with only children, that'll be right next to the retirement home dome."
I probably fall closer to Haemimont's original intent that domes be self-contained cities, maybe with a small bit of specialization per city, but given a few factors, domes with only a few service buildings plus only one kind of specialization only makes sense because otherwise it's difficult to keep people working the correct jobs.
1: Biome engineering: it's nice to have a farm (manned by 6 botanists) in each dome to increase the comfort of residents.
2: Production should ideally be close to extraction centers, and unless you have something like a half-dozen extractors around a core metals deposit, a medium dome often has enough space for both the extractors and factories.
3: If you're growing organically, you generally wind up making multipurpose domes: "I need a couple extractors on this rares deposit. More than 2 would deplete it too quickly, though. What else can I put into this dome... hm, I'm short on universities, so I'll add one, not to mention my customary farm-for-comfort".
4: Are you kidding me on having a Lord of the Flies dome for kids and a city composed solely of retirement homes? Last I checked, parents want to be with their kids, and old folks with their kids, and the kiddie/senior dome thing is utterly absurd.