1. "Protectorates gain a massive bonus to research", "but is receiving a research subsidy equal to 15% of the subject’s research from the overlord."
If your subject type is not a protectorate, you lose -X research and your vassal gains +X research without any modifiers, right? Or is there some kind of modifiers that is boosted by a number of technologies you're ahead of? Like research agreement.
Protectorates get an inherent bonus (regardless of Terms) of -80% to tech cost for any technology that their Overlord has researched - this hasn't been changed from 3.3
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