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Tinto Maps #19 - 20th of September 2024 - India

Hello everyone, and welcome once again to another Tinto Maps! Today we will be taking a look at India! Yup, a whole subcontinent… Exciting!

Let me say a foreword before I start sharing with you some beautiful maps. Some of you may wonder why we decided to make the entire Indian subcontinent in just one DD, instead of spreading it a bit. There are two reasons for that. The first is the political situation: the Sultanate of Delhi is at its zenith, under Muhammad bin Tughlaq. You will soon see that it rules over more than half of the region, approximately; so splitting that polity into several DDs would have felt weird.

The other is that we felt that a more cohesive approach made sense in this region, as it’s sooo diverse compared to others, that the way we approached it, both for its setup and content, was from the generic to the particular; therefore, we think that it will also help us more when we tackle the review of the region. Speaking of that, don’t worry much about the time available to prepare suggestions; you may already know that we have a backlog of several regions, and therefore weeks, before we hit the Indian review, so you will have plenty of time to research and prepare them. In any case, as it’s a massive task (we know it firsthand), we’ll let you know a bit in advance when we plan to start the in-depth review of it, so you have time to wrap it up.

As a final say, I just want to mention that an old acquaintance of the community, @Trin Tragula , now Design Lead in CK3, helped us to map a big chunk of it. Thanks, mate! And now, maps!

Countries:
Countries.jpg

Colored Wastelands.png

As I just mentioned, the Sultanate of Delhi is at its zenith, under Muhammad bin Tughlaq, extending through the Indo-Gangetic Plain, including Bengal, and to the south, throughout the Deccan. There we have its toughest contender, Vijayanagar, a county that is a bulwark of Hinduism. Other important countries around it are Orissa and Sindh, but much smaller countries generally surround Delhi. You might wonder how it would be possible to stop Delhi from completely controlling the region, then. For this, two things are affecting its capability to achieve it. The first is the base game mechanics: ruling over so many different cultures and religions with low control will be hard. The second is a Situation that involves the Fall of the Sultanate; if Delhi wants to succeed, it will have to fight back against rebellions, which involves the potential independence of the Bengalese countries or newborn ones such as the Bahmanis, and the multiple Indian states around it, which are ready to take over it.

Dynasties:
Dynasties.jpg


Locations:
Locations.jpg

Locations 2.jpg

Locations 3.jpg

Locations 4.jpg
Yes, we are making some adjustments to the coloring of the mapmodes!

Provinces:
Provinces.jpg

Provinces 2.jpg

Provinces 3.jpg

Provinces 4.jpg

Areas:
Areas.jpg

The bug is still there, yes… The area that is to the southwest is Malabar.

Terrain:
Climate.jpg

Topography.jpg

Vegetation.jpg

Here we have a new type of topography: Atolls. We added it some months ago, as we worked on finishing the map of the Pacific Ocean, and it will be the last one added to the game.

Development:
Development.jpg

A new map mode is born! Here you have the development of India. The most developed place is Delhi, which is part of the fertile Gangetic Plain.

Harbors:
Harbors.jpg


Cultures:
Cultures.jpg

Cultures 2.jpg

Cultures 3.jpg
Not an entirely new map, but a glorious one. We chose it to be the one to present how the different cultures could be present in the game for a reason.

Religions:
Religions.jpg

Religions 2.jpg

Religions 3.jpg
India is the birthplace of numerous religions, and that needs to be reflected in the religious map. The main religion is Hinduism, but don’t be deceived by its homogeneous look, as it will be quite deep feature-wise. We also have Buddhism, which is at a low point, after some centuries of prosecutions. Mahayana is a majority in Sindh, although that's not completely exact, as an earlier form of Buddhism was practiced there; we’re also not 100% convinced about it being a majority, as some sources and accounts set the Islamization of the region to be completed under the Ghaznavids, in the 11th and 12th century, while others delay it until the 14th century - we followed the later approach, but we're very open to feedback in this specific matter. Another form of Buddhism is Theravada, which is the most practiced religion in Sailan. Some interesting minorities present in the region are Jains (yellow stripes), Nestorians (the pink stripe in Malabar, which portrays the ‘Saint Thomas Christians’), Jews (which have their own separate culture, ‘Kochini’), and several Animist confessions, of which we’ve already split Satsana Phi, the traditional religion of Tai people, and Sanamahism, the religion of Meitei people. Oh, although it’s not strictly part of the region, the light blue stripes to the north is Bön religion.

Raw Materials:
Raw Materials.jpg

Raw Materials 2.jpg

Raw Materials 3.jpg

Raw Materials 4.jpg
India was for some time in the period the wealthiest region of the world, one of the main reasons being that it’s incredibly rich in very different types of resources, including some of the expensive ones. That will make for a very interesting economic gameplay.

Markets:
Markets India.png

There are several market centers in India that we think portray well the situation in 1337: Kabul (yes, it’s in Afghanistan, but it’s one for the area of Kashmir), Delhi, Khambat, Calicut, Pulicat, Varanasi, and Chittagong.

Population:
Population.jpg

Population 2.jpg

Population 3.jpg

Population 4.jpg

Population 5.jpg

Population 10.jpg

Population 9.jpg

Population 6.jpg

Population 7.jpg

Population 8.jpg

India has a big population. To be precise, around 95M pops. Delhi is the second largest country in the world in population, with 41M pops, which makes it a behemoth, with very serious governance challenges. I’m also showing this week the progress we’re making with the coloring of the population mapmode; the stripes on several locations mark that they’re overpopulated, as they have more pops living on them than the pop capacity available (something that may be reviewed, as balancing very densely populated regions such as India or China is really challenging).

And that’s all for today! We hope you enjoyed this massive Tinto Maps. Next week we will be taking a look at the Steppe. Which one, you might wonder? Well, the one ruled by the Golden Horde, from Ukraine in the west to Mongolia in the east. Cheers!
 
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Odisha Rework:

I've decided to do an Odisha rework similar to my Andhra rework. I'm still tweaking it here and there, so feel free to give feedback, and I may come back to edit the post every now and then to make revisions.

Locations:
1740956025754.png

1740956036986.png

1: Banapur
2: Chikiti
3: Konark
4: Aska
5: Buguda
6: Ranpur
7: Badamba (or maybe Sankhameri)
8: Narasinghpur
9: Bhubaneshwar (or maybe Khandagiri)
10: Kunjabangarh (modern day Dashapalla)
11: Baudh
12: Gandharad
13: Sonepur
14: Sambalpur
15: Binka
16: Bargarh
17: Saintala
18: Patnagarh
19: Ranipur-Jharial
20: Komana
21: Belkhandi
22: Dadpur/Jajjaldeypur
23: Nilakamberu
24: Kataka
25: Harishpur
26: Ratnagiri
27: Jajnagar
28: Gandibeda
29: Chaudwar
30: Malkangiri
31: Kambudiri (modern-day Kondakamberu)
32: Puri
33: Ganjam
34: Ghumsur
35: Khurda
36: Dheokanal
37: Bhuban
38: Angul
39: Hondapa
40: ____
41: Deogarh/Debagarh
42: Samasingha
43: Sundergarh
44: Bonaigarh
45: ____
46: ____
47: Keonjhar
48: Kotgarh
49: Khiching
50: Dhenka
51: Ghasipura
52: Nilagiri
53: Baripada
54: Balasore
55: Jalesar
56: Basna
57: Paikmal
58: Sindhekela
59: ____
60: Raigar
61: Kotpad
62: Nandapur
63: Rayagada
64: ____
65: Parlakhemundi

Added some locations to put the density here more in line with my other reworks in Uttar Pradesh and Andhradesha. I also added the Chilika Lake to the map.

Political:
1740956250361.png
1740956216601.png

1: Kingdom of Trikalinga (Purba Ganga dynasty, Maharaja Narasimha Deva III)
2: Baramba (Raut dynasty, Raja Malakeshwar Raut) [vassal of Trikalinga] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramba_State]
3: Narsinghpur [vassal of Trikalinga]
4: Ghumsar (Bhanja dynasty) [vassal of Trikalinga] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanja_dynasty#Ghumusar_branch]
5: Chikiti (Purba Ganga dynasty) [vassal of Trikalinga] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Odisha#Chikiti_Ganga_rulers]
6: Khemundi (Purba Ganga dynasty) [vassal of Trikalinga] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralakhemundi_Estate]
8: Nandapur (Silavamsa Dynasty) [vassals of Trikalinga]
9: Kambudiri (Singh dynasty) [vassals of Trikalinga] [https://kvkmalkangiri.org/about-us/district-profile/]
10: Kalahandi (Nagvanshi dynasty) [vassals of Trikalinga]
11: Patna (Chauhan dynasty, Raja Hattahamir Deb) [vassal of Trikalinga]
12: Baudh (Bhanja dynasty, Raja Ananga Bhanja) [vassal of Trikalinga]
13: Pal Lahara (Pal dynasty)
14: Bonai (Kadamba dynasty)
15: Keonjhar (Bhanja dynasty) [vassal of Trikalinga]
16: Mayurbhanj (Bhanja dynasty) [vassal of Trikalinga] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayurbhanj_State]
17: Nilagiri (Bhanja dynasty) [vassal of Trikalinga]

I put dynasties and rulers in parenthesis, and status and links in brackets.

Added a few more minor countries that were missing previously. Trikalinga (paradox calls it Odisha) also extends off map into Andhra Pradesh, you can consult my other map for its Southern borders.

Resources:
1740956575133.png

1: Iron
2: Copper
3: Livestock
4: Fish
5: Saltpeter
6: Pearls
7: Fruit
8: Rice
9: Cotton
10: Sugar cane
11: Lumber
12: Clay
13: Elephants
14: Dyes
15: Sturdy Grains
16: Gems
17: Spices
18: Stone
19: Amber
20: Silk
21: Wild Game
22: Salt
23: Tin
24: Medicaments
25: Lead

I'm using the same key as I used for Andhradesh.

Cultures:
1741404131685.png

I'd recommend you consider adding the Sambalpuri/Kosali culture to the game. Its different enough from Odia that many consider it its own language.

1742939159597.png

You're also missing the Khond people (related to the Gondis, yet still their own distinct group), who should be spread throughout Southern Odisha as a minority.

1742939289800.png

I made a rough map of where I think the Khonds should be distributed (solid lines indicate large minority, dashed lines indicate smaller yet still significant minority). Don't take it as gospel though, as I haven't found any sources that talk about the actual distribution of the Khonds during the 14th century with any certainty yet, and this is just my personal estimate.

Vegetation:
1740956696984.png

Light Green: Farmland
Tan Green: Grassland
Green: Woods
Dark Green: Jungle/Forest

As you can see, location density is highest in the more developed and unforested areas and lower in the jungled and remote ranges of the Eastern Ghats.

Provinces:
1741043726117.png

This map includes the names of historical regions in Odisha, which would be a good thing to base the provinces in the region off of.
 
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The original language of Peshawar is apparently Hindko (closely related to Punjabi). In 1881 "Punjabic" speakers were measured as 18.9% of the population of the Peshawar district. Pashtun tribes apparently settled in the area in the late 15th and 16th centuries, but I don't know if they were present before that. If anybody has more details/sources about this, that would be helpful.

So probably Peshawar should be Punjabi culture instead of Afghan?

I have not followed the development of this game too closely, but is there a concept for "sub-cultures" in this game. Punjabi is way too broad a term for the inhabitants of the region, given the big variety in local identities. Its a bit like "German" or "French". The Saraikis in Multan, Potoharis in Pindi, Hindko in Taxila/Peshawar, Majha in Lahore etc. One of the explanations why Punjab had such difficulty uniting (along with other factors such as geography/terrain, proximity to warlike and deprived regions, religious diversity etc.)
 
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I have not followed the development of this game too closely, but is there a concept for "sub-cultures" in this game. Punjabi is way too broad a term for the inhabitants of the region, given the big variety in local identities. Its a bit like "German" or "French". The Saraikis in Multan, Potoharis in Pindi, Hindko in Taxila/Peshawar, Majha in Lahore etc. One of the explanations why Punjab had such difficulty uniting (along with other factors such as geography/terrain, proximity to warlike and deprived regions, religious diversity etc.)
There are no sub cultures, but there are languages (more like macrolanguages/dialect continuums than what we normally call languages) and culture groups. So maybe Punjabi could be split up into a few different cultures but stay as one language and all in the same culture group. Though it might be hard determining exactly which and how many cultures to divide it into. Would the 4 you mentioned be enough? Looking at the wiki page on Punjabi dialects, maybe there should also be a culture roughly corresponding to the Indian portion of the region?
 
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Is there an Ājīvika religion in the south? I know it's not strictly a religion, but if you want to add a bit of flavor to the region you could add it,sources say it was still present at least in the vicinities of Bangalore up to the 14th century.
 
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While Coal mining in India only started in 1774 in Raniganj by the British EIC that is still within the game's timeframe.
(https://coal.gov.in/en/about-us/history-background)

As to the where:
1742073140408.png

(https://vedas.sac.gov.in/energymap/)
This is a map of current coal mines among (a lot) of other things.
And while the map is a crime against the eyes I do think that adding a couple more coal mines would be justified. The above mentioned first exploited coalfield in Raniganj, West Bengal for one.
 

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And while the map is a crime against the eyes I do think that adding a couple more coal mines would be justified. The above mentioned first exploited coalfield in Raniganj, West Bengal for one.
I don't see how adding in ultra late game coal production from the start is justified, when other countries don't have it either?
Surely there will be a way to spawn in coal late in the game.
 
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I don't see how adding in ultra late game coal production from the start is justified, when other countries don't have it either?
Surely there will be a way to spawn in coal late in the game.
Coal spawning in late game would be the optimal route, though they haven't really talked about that, and on the contrary said that coal be present from day 1 with no real reason to exploit it.
Though I fully concede that they have mentioned ressource changes, which, again, would be the better solution here. Though other paradox titles haven't shyed away from allowing ressources to be exploited earlier than in reality, see Arabian Oil in Vic3.
 
While Coal mining in India only started in 1774 in Raniganj by the British EIC that is still within the game's timeframe.
(https://coal.gov.in/en/about-us/history-background)

As to the where:
View attachment 1266664
(https://vedas.sac.gov.in/energymap/)
This is a map of current coal mines among (a lot) of other things.
And while the map is a crime against the eyes I do think that adding a couple more coal mines would be justified. The above mentioned first exploited coalfield in Raniganj, West Bengal for one.
I would suggest tracking down any historical coal mining sites, painting them on the Tinto resource map and presenting the result here. MS Paint works okay.
 
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Hello everyone, and welcome once again to another Tinto Maps! Today we will be taking a look at India! Yup, a whole subcontinent… Exciting!

Let me say a foreword before I start sharing with you some beautiful maps. Some of you may wonder why we decided to make the entire Indian subcontinent in just one DD, instead of spreading it a bit. There are two reasons for that. The first is the political situation: the Sultanate of Delhi is at its zenith, under Muhammad bin Tughlaq. You will soon see that it rules over more than half of the region, approximately; so splitting that polity into several DDs would have felt weird.

The other is that we felt that a more cohesive approach made sense in this region, as it’s sooo diverse compared to others, that the way we approached it, both for its setup and content, was from the generic to the particular; therefore, we think that it will also help us more when we tackle the review of the region. Speaking of that, don’t worry much about the time available to prepare suggestions; you may already know that we have a backlog of several regions, and therefore weeks, before we hit the Indian review, so you will have plenty of time to research and prepare them. In any case, as it’s a massive task (we know it firsthand), we’ll let you know a bit in advance when we plan to start the in-depth review of it, so you have time to wrap it up.

As a final say, I just want to mention that an old acquaintance of the community, @Trin Tragula , now Design Lead in CK3, helped us to map a big chunk of it. Thanks, mate! And now, maps!

Countries:
View attachment 1189937
View attachment 1190039
As I just mentioned, the Sultanate of Delhi is at its zenith, under Muhammad bin Tughlaq, extending through the Indo-Gangetic Plain, including Bengal, and to the south, throughout the Deccan. There we have its toughest contender, Vijayanagar, a county that is a bulwark of Hinduism. Other important countries around it are Orissa and Sindh, but much smaller countries generally surround Delhi. You might wonder how it would be possible to stop Delhi from completely controlling the region, then. For this, two things are affecting its capability to achieve it. The first is the base game mechanics: ruling over so many different cultures and religions with low control will be hard. The second is a Situation that involves the Fall of the Sultanate; if Delhi wants to succeed, it will have to fight back against rebellions, which involves the potential independence of the Bengalese countries or newborn ones such as the Bahmanis, and the multiple Indian states around it, which are ready to take over it.

Dynasties:
View attachment 1189938

Locations:
View attachment 1189939
Yes, we are making some adjustments to the coloring of the mapmodes!

Provinces:
View attachment 1189943

Areas:
View attachment 1189947
The bug is still there, yes… The area that is to the southwest is Malabar.

Terrain:
View attachment 1189948
View attachment 1189949
View attachment 1189950
Here we have a new type of topography: Atolls. We added it some months ago, as we worked on finishing the map of the Pacific Ocean, and it will be the last one added to the game.

Development:
View attachment 1189951
A new map mode is born! Here you have the development of India. The most developed place is Delhi, which is part of the fertile Gangetic Plain.

Harbors:
View attachment 1189952

Cultures:
View attachment 1189954
Not an entirely new map, but a glorious one. We chose it to be the one to present how the different cultures could be present in the game for a reason.

Religions:
View attachment 1189956
India is the birthplace of numerous religions, and that needs to be reflected in the religious map. The main religion is Hinduism, but don’t be deceived by its homogeneous look, as it will be quite deep feature-wise. We also have Buddhism, which is at a low point, after some centuries of prosecutions. Mahayana is a majority in Sindh, although that's not completely exact, as an earlier form of Buddhism was practiced there; we’re also not 100% convinced about it being a majority, as some sources and accounts set the Islamization of the region to be completed under the Ghaznavids, in the 11th and 12th century, while others delay it until the 14th century - we followed the later approach, but we're very open to feedback in this specific matter. Another form of Buddhism is Theravada, which is the most practiced religion in Sailan. Some interesting minorities present in the region are Jains (yellow stripes), Nestorians (the pink stripe in Malabar, which portrays the ‘Saint Thomas Christians’), Jews (which have their own separate culture, ‘Kochini’), and several Animist confessions, of which we’ve already split Satsana Phi, the traditional religion of Tai people, and Sanamahism, the religion of Meitei people. Oh, although it’s not strictly part of the region, the light blue stripes to the north is Bön religion.

Raw Materials:
View attachment 1189959
India was for some time in the period the wealthiest region of the world, one of the main reasons being that it’s incredibly rich in very different types of resources, including some of the expensive ones. That will make for a very interesting economic gameplay.

Markets:
View attachment 1190014
There are several market centers in India that we think portray well the situation in 1337: Kabul (yes, it’s in Afghanistan, but it’s one for the area of Kashmir), Delhi, Khambat, Calicut, Pulicat, Varanasi, and Chittagong.

Population:
View attachment 1189963

India has a big population. To be precise, around 95M pops. Delhi is the second largest country in the world in population, with 41M pops, which makes it a behemoth, with very serious governance challenges. I’m also showing this week the progress we’re making with the coloring of the population mapmode; the stripes on several locations mark that they’re overpopulated, as they have more pops living on them than the pop capacity available (something that may be reviewed, as balancing very densely populated regions such as India or China is really challenging).

And that’s all for today! We hope you enjoyed this massive Tinto Maps. Next week we will be taking a look at the Steppe. Which one, you might wonder? Well, the one ruled by the Golden Horde, from Ukraine in the west to Mongolia in the east. Cheers!
How will mahayana buddhism work here?

Rn you said that mahayana would be the blend of chinese religions, but that wouldn't make much sense in India, right?
 
Oh yeah, just remembered one thing that I forgot to mention, all Garhwali kingdoms, Kumaon and Doti should start with "Graam Panchayats" (the word was not panchayat though, it was something else). This was a remnant from the Katyuri era, where each village was given power to make decision for its own. Another thing that I would like to add is Animal and Human sacrifice. I don't know what it would be like in the game, but hinduism in Himalayas is heavily blended with Shamanic influences, in fact the core belief system in Himalayas, even now, is more Shamanistic with the names of Gods being connected to mainstream hinduism. For example, while in the rest of India the main way of praying is through Puja and Yajnas, in Himalayas it is through Jaagars, ritualistic awakening of deities.
 
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*Flavour for Garhwal*-

  1. Panwada's - Panwadas, folk songs in the style of aforementioned Jaagars remembering bravery of "Bhad`s", fearless people, Garhwali/Kumaoni equivalent of Knights. For example, the commander of an army taking stand against dire odds gets immortalised through "Panwada`s". This is how we get information about many Bhads and Kings of Garhwal.
  2. Some Famous Bhads-
  • Madho Singh Bhandari- Son of Kalo Singh Bhandari, a famed general himself, Madho Singh was born somewhere around the year 1500 in Maletha. On seeing that there was shortage of water in his village for irrigation, he constructed a canal himself along with his friends that brought water to each farm in the village greatly boosting its productivity and making Maletha one of the biggest producers of agricultural output. This canal still exists to this day and is famous within Uttarakhand. Madho led the Garhwali campaigns against Mughals, Sirmour, Kumaon and Tibet. He would see his first war under Ranu Singh Raut against Tibet when Garhwal decided to raid Tibet as retaliation of frequet Tibetan raids into Garhwal. This campaign is said to have greatly influenced Madho. Madho quickly rose through the ranks during this campaign due to his bravery and tactical acumen. To secure against further Tibetan campaigns, Raut instructed Madho to invade and secure Sirmour. Madho, like his mentor, had a great eye for talent and recruited the most famous Bhads in Garhwali history, like Badnhu Singh Bardhwal and the ever famous Rikhola Singh Lodi. Madho lead the army and secured the border of Sirmour, unfortunately a betrayal is said to have cost Raut his life during this campaign. Sensing the oppurtinity, the eternal rival Kumaon invaded Garhwal. Madho was made the commander-in-chief of Garhwali army. During this war, the brave king Shyam Shah lost his life but the legendary "Garbh Bhanjan" Maharaj Mahipat Shah ascended the throne and the war with Kumaon reached its conclusion with no major territorial exhange. Then came the final moment of reckoning, the campaign against Tibet, this was the magnum-opus of Madho Singh Bhandari, a poor and frankly small kingdom of Garhwal went against and defeated the mighty Tibet, the same Tibet that even Ming along with their Dardic allies could barely defeat. Many Bhads lost their life during this campaign and when the aremy did not arrive on the day of Bagwal (Diwali), it was very pensive mood in the kingdom, nobody knowing what happened to them. Fortunately, they arrived 11 days later, Bagwal was celebrated on that day and for that Igaas is still celebrated 11 days after Bagwal. It is said that sword and armour of Madho Singh Bhandari is still stored in a Monastary-Fort in Tibet. Even after all this, he managed to retire in the freaking medieval times and dies peacefully while meditating. This campaign also lead to establishment of modern Indio-China border. The mightiness of this campaign can be seen from the fact that a large portion of the surving Panwadas refer to this campaign.
  • Rikhola Singh Lodi- Sometime in the 16th century, a wedding procession was going through the small village of Bayeli (in Satpuli in my locations map) when they encountered a large boulder blocking their path, many men tried to dislodge it but failed to do so. Then appeared a 15 year old boy, who singlehandidly lifted the stone. Upon witnessing this, there was no stopping the people, the groom was pulled down and the boy seated in the "Doli", men taking the boy for a tour of the village singing his praises and at end in front of temple to get God's blessings for him. It was proclaimed that a new Bhad was born. This was none other than Rikhola Singh Lodi. His father was a local well respected Thokdaar and due to his new found fame married the daughter of another Thokdaar. He was content just tending to his farms until Madho Singh and Shyam Shah invited all the Bhads in Garhwal to try for the army. Hearing this challenge, Lodi went to Srinagar and was made a commander. Upon witnessing his abilities in the aforementioned campaigns, he was given responsibilty to protect the southern border against Mughals and Rohillas. He repelled many raids and finally seiged a fort near Najibabad, expelling the Rohillas. While Madho was the brains of the army, being a skilled engineer, Lodi was the definite brawns. He is said to have been a bhemoth of a man.
  • Kaffu Singh Chauhan- There is a folk tale from Pauri Garhwal which tells the story of the last independent Garhpati left in Garhwal after Ajay Pal managed to unite all the other Garhs of Garhwal in the mid to late 1300s. Kaphphu Singh Chauhan was already considered a Veer Bhad by the time this incident takes place. Ajay Pal had summouned all the Garhpatis of Garhwal to court in Devalgarh, to pledge their fealty and acknowledge him as the Maharaja of Garhwal. However, one Bhad was missing. The Garhpati of Uppugarh sent the king’s messenger back saying “I am an animal like a Lion, in wits I am like the Eagle, I will not accept anyone as my King.” Even when his wife and mother tried to advise him otherwise, the Chauhan was steadfast in his resolve. Thus, the king of Kedarkhand sent his troops to take Uppugarh with orders to take Kaphphu Chauhan alive, and throw him at the Panwar’s feet. The Royal forces arrived by sunset, their encampment alerted the Chauhans to the siege. Kaphphu gathered some men and cut the only bridge across the Ganga in the middle of the night, saying that now he had time to prepare. The two sides locked into a lengthy siege. Finally Kedarkhand’s forces completed building a new bridge. It was time for the Chauhans to defend their Garh, but Kaphphu was an artist of war. He had already moved his forced upstream crossing at a shallower part. By early morning on the day of the crossing Chauhan forces arrived near the encampment. The enemy was still preparing to cross when Kaphphu did something which surprised even his own men, he charged directly into the middle of the enemy forces without giving any warnings. Atop his warhorse, swinging his talwars in both hands, he cut down the enemies which surrounded him. Seeing the epic sight of their Thakur single handedly fighting an army, Uppugarh’s outnumbered men attacked. Despite hunger and depravity caused by the siege, Kaphphu’s men achieved victory. However, when the Bhad had charged into a melee alone, his subordinate Sardar Debu assumed the warrior had become a martyr. Any rational person would have assumed so, and Debu had been entrusted with relaying the news of the battlefield to Uppugarh. He relayed that Kaphphu had achieved martyrdom, and the women of Appugarh including Kaphphu’s mother and wife committed Johar. If their men had died as independent then so would they, and in the process they would completely destroy Uppugarh so the Panwars could never use the fort. By the time the Chauhan forces returned victorious, the home and people they had been fighting for were extinct. The grief sent Kaphphu into a state of shock, he fainted on the spot.

    Panwar forces had called in reinforcements and crossed the bridge, without Kaphphu’s leadership the fresh troops were too much for the tired men of Uppugarh. When the Bhad woke up he was in chains, on his way to Devalgarh.

    The king Ajay Pal, hearing of the battle on the banks of the Ganga, offered him a generalship in exchange for loyalty. Kaphphu Singh refused, he was the last independent sovereign and he was going to die Azad. Ajay Pal ordered his beheading and even in that final moment the Bhad did not yield. He lurched his body in such a way that his head flew back away from the king’s feet. He had also stuffed his mouth with dust which spilled out onto the king as the head flew off.

    Ajay Pal acknowledge Kaphphu Chauhan as his equal, even performing his final rites, famously stating, “in the end you won Kaphphu.”
  • The Legened, Ajay Pal- Not much needs to be said about the man who conquered 48 kingdoms, the same size as his, in his lifetime and managed to unite a factioned populace into one culture.
  • Maharaj Fateh Shah- Great-grandson of Mahipat Shah and Rani Karnavati, this mighty king lead his armies into each battle himself, considered Aurangzeb as a mentor of sort and even fought both with and against him, capturing Dehradun region from the Mughals. He defeated Sirmour and conquered Jaunsar and Paonta and married the Sirmouri princess. Fought against the Sikh guru gobind singh, expelling him from Paonta and as you may have guessed by now, fought against Tibet and Kumaon too.
  • Rani Karnavati- Princess of Sirmour Widow of Raja Mahipat Shah, saw attack of Mughals and defeated them, chopping the soldiers' noses and sending them as a gift to the Mughal emperor, earning her the nickname, "Nakti Rani". The Mughal Commander commited suicide facing this humilation.
  • (Many more but I fear the list is getting long)
 
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There should be small Malay minority in Jaffna (1-2% perhaps, I'm not sure on exact numbers) to represent the settlement of Chavakachcheri, which was founded during the Malay Invasions of Sri Lanka (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavakachcheri). Literally the settlement means "Javanese Settlement", but the Tamils called South East Asians as a whole Javan, so it doesn't indicate actual Javans living in Lanka.

I'm not sure how much of the original Malay immigrants would have assimilated by now, but given that its been less than a century (Malay rule only ended in 1277, so it'd be within living memory), I'm sure there would still be a decent amount left.
 
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In any case, as it’s a massive task (we know it firsthand), we’ll let you know a bit in advance when we plan to start the in-depth review of it, so you have time to wrap it up.

So now that Persia's been reviewed, and I'm expecting the three African maps will be reviewed over the next 3 weeks - I do wanna say both India and Indonesia need way more in-depth review compared to most parts of the world. So please let us know when you guys will be preparing a draft of the review for this map, so we can give some closing statements and re-address the most pressing issues in brief so it's easier for you guys to not miss out on any of the suggestions. Thanks!
 
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