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Tinto Maps #6 - 14th of June 2024 - Great Britain & Ireland

Hello everyone. @Pavía and the rest of the Content Design team are busy working on the feedback for the previous Tinto Maps, so I'm standing in for this week.

I'm @SaintDaveUK, some of you might have seen me here and there on the forums, but the long story short is that I work on a very secret game whose name I am contractually obligated to redact. That's right, it's ███████ ██████!

This week you get a double-whammy, mostly because it’s really hard to show Britain on its own on a screenshot. Partly to side-step the “British Isles” naming controversy, but mainly because the gameplay of them both is so different, this part of Europa is divided into 2 distinct regions: Great Britain and Ireland.

Climate​

The mild Oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) dominates the isles. Where it cools towards the inland Pennines and the Scottish Highlands (Köppen Cfc), we represent it with the wintry and dreich Continental climate.

climate.jpg




Topography​

The isles are dominated by green and pleasant flatlands and low rolling hills, the peripheries punctuated by rocky mountains and craggy highlands.

We would like to add some more impassable locations in northern England and the Scottish borders to make manoeuvres a little more interesting and strategic, but would like suggestions from people more familiar with the Pennines.

[Edit: 16 June added the missing map]

topography.JPG


Vegetation​

The great moors, bogs, and fens are represented by Sparse vegetation, meanwhile much of the land is still wooded.

vegetation.jpg




Raw Materials​

The raw goods situation aims to reflect the economic reality of medieval Britain. Shepherding was common on every corner of the islands, a lot of the wool produced was sold to the industrial hub of the Low Countries to be manufactured into cloth, which was in turn sold back to British markets.

The further north-west we go, the less fertile the terrain, and as such the greater reliance on pastoral farming such as livestock over wheat. The western hills and valleys also expose a greater number of mineral delights, including the historic stannary mines of Devon and Cornwall.

raw_materials.jpg




Markets​

As you can see the two starting markets are London and Dublin. Aside from London we could have chosen almost any town, from Aberdeen to Bristol. We chose Dublin as it was the main trade centre in Ireland, and also because it handsomely splits the isles to the East and West of the Pennines, demonstrating the impact that terrain can have on dynamic Market attraction.

They are both shades of red because they are coloured after the market centre’s top overlord country – market control is a viable playstyle and we like to think of it as a form of map painting for countries not focused on traditional conquest routes.

market.jpg




Culture​

We have decided to go with a monolithic English culture. We could have forced the introduction of a second Northumbrian or even third Mercian culture, but typically they were not really considered separate peoples. The English, though diverse in origin and with a variety of dialects, had already begun to coalesce in the face of the Viking invasions hundreds of years before.

Scotland, conversely, is a real porridge of cultures. The Lowland Scots (who speak a dialect of Northumbrian English that later develops into the Scots language) dominate their kingdom from their wealthy burghs, and are gradually encroaching onto the pastoral lands of the Gaelic Highlanders. The Norse-Gaelic clansmen watch from the Western Isles, with some old settlements remaining around Galloway. The far north, ironically called Sutherland, retains some Norse presence.

Wales, conquered for around a century by this point, plays host to English burghers looking to make a few quid, as well as the descendants of Norman adventurer knights in the marcher lordships, but is still majority Welsh-speaking from Anglesey to Cardiff.

The Anglo-Irish (representing the spectrum from Cambro-Norman knights to the so-called ‘Old English’ settlers) live in great numbers in the south-eastern trading towns from Dublin to Cork, as well as in smaller numbers in frontier outposts.

The cosmopolitan towns across the isles are also home to people from elsewhere in Europe, most notably Flemish weavers from the Low Countries, though their numbers are too small to impact the mapmode.

The Norman ███████ dominates as the ██████████████ for both of the kingdoms and their subjects. The conquest of 1066 is no longer fresh, but the continuing bonds between the aristocratic classes of England, Scotland, and France have kept the French language alive and strong.

culture.jpg






Religion​

I decided that it's not even worth taking a screenshot of the Religion map mode. There are tiny minorities of Jewish people in some Scottish and Irish towns (they had been expelled from England), but they are so small in number they don't even register on the map mode

Other than that, it's all Catholic. But not for long.

> John Wycliffe has entered the chat.


Areas​

Based on the 4 provinces of Ireland (sorry Meath) and splitting England roughly into the larger Anglo-Saxon earldoms which have some similarity with the modern Regions (sorry Yorkshire).

areas.jpg





Provinces​

We have fixed the colours of the Provinces mapmode so you can see the individual provinces a bit more clearly. These are largely based on the historic counties, which have remained fairly constant throughout history, while merging some of those that are too small.

We’ve almost certainly offended someone.

The ancient Scottish shires are pretty messy and difficult to coalesce into neat provinces, so any suggestions for better arrangement there would be very welcome.

provinces.jpg




Locations​


You might notice that the locations in Ireland are varyingly written in both English and in Irish. This is because we have the new system up-and-running where we can name Locations by the primary culture of the country they are owned by.

This means that for example London might be called Londres if it was ruled by a Catalan country. It’s currently a WIP feature and we might add more elements, such as a game setting to base the name on dominant culture of the location instead, or to just use default (English) names.

locations.jpg




Government Types​

As with most of Europe, most of the countries are under some monarchy or another, but the Irish tuathas begin with the Tribe government type. This, among other mechanics such as [redacted] helps to give them a very unique playing style in Europe.

government.jpg


Countries​

England

England of course stands as the dominant kingdom in the isles. Despite having a lot of power resting on the barons, the country is fairly unitary even at this point, with very little practical separation between the crown’s power in somewhere like Kent versus Yorkshire. However there are notable exceptions.

The powerful Burgesses estate in the City of London enjoys ancient freedoms from royal power, while the king peers in from the Crown’s seat of power in neighbouring Westminster.

The County Palatine of Durham is not represented by a country, but buildings that give the Clergy Estate a huge amount of power in the locations it is present in. This also ties into political gameplay as a ██████████ ██████.

The newly created Duchy of Cornwall—the only duchy in England at the time—would also not be represented well by the Cornwall country, being a disparate set of manorial holdings that are ironically mostly in Devon. Cornwall of course exists as a releasable country though.

The Isle of Man is a little less certain. For now we have it as a subject of England. On paper it was a ‘kingdom’ awarded to William Montagu, the king’s favourite, however we aren’t sure if he actually wielded any real power on the isle. It changed hands between England and Scotland numerous times in this period, but in practice it appears to have been governed by a local council of barons. Any more details on exactly what was going on here in this period would be greatly appreciated.

These decisions have been made because as England heaves itself out of the feudal system, we thought it would be best if the small-fry inward-looking internal politicking is handled through the Estates and [redacted] systems, and then the diplomacy tracks are freed up for the English player to behave more outwardly against other major countries.

Wales

Though subjugated by conquest, Wales was not formally annexed into the Kingdom of England until the mid 1500s. As such the principality begins as a Dominion subject under England.

Those familiar with Welsh history will note that historically the Principality of Wales didn’t extend much beyond the old kingdom of Gywnedd. Much of the country to the southeast was in fact ruled by marcher lords, which we represent with a powerful Nobility estate in the valleys and beyond.

There is an alternative vision of Wales that I would like to gauge opinion on, and that is expanding it to include the Earldom of Chester and the marches on the English side of the modern border. If you are an Englishman familiar with modern borders this might look alarming, but these lands were also constitutionally ambiguous parts of the “Welsh Marches” until the 1500s. This will hand over to the Wales player the full responsibility of dealing with the marcher lords, allowing England to focus on bigger picture issues like beating France.

Ireland

Ireland is going through a moment of change. English royal power is centred on the Lordship of the Pale, the king’s Dominion ruling out of Dublin Castle. However, it struggles to keep a grasp on the rebellious Hiberno-Norman earls scattered around the island - some of whom remain as vassals, some of whom have managed to slip free of royal control.

The Tanistry system of succession endemic to the Gaelic Irish has its advantages, but it can also lead to chaotic feuds between rival branches. The so-called Burke Civil War has fractured the powerful Earldom of Ulster into rival Burke cousins who jealously feud over their shrinking lordships in Connaught. Native Irish princes of the north have reconquered most of their own lands from the de Burghs, but there are also two rival O’Neill cousins who style themselves King of Tyrone either side of the River Bann.

The feuding Irish lack a unifying figure, but anyone powerful enough could theoretically claim the title of High King. The former provincial kingdoms, such as Meath and Connacht, enjoy the elevated rank of Duchy, giving them a slight edge in the High Kingship selection.

Scotland

The chancer Edward Balliol continues his attempt for the Scottish throne, with England’s tacit permission. It’s hard to determine the exact lands held by Balliol in 1337, but we know his disinherited loyalists hold the castle of Perth while his English allies had seized large tracts of the lowlands from Bruce. Balliol has also bought the loyalty of the MacDonald and the other Hebridean galley lords by granting them remote land on the west coast of the mainland.

Meanwhile, Scotland’s canny regent Sir Andrew de Moray launches his decisive counterattack as his true king, David II de Bruce, waits in exile in France.

political.jpg


Dynasties​

We know about Plantagenet, Balliol, and Bruce, so I've zoomed in on Ireland to show the ruling dynasties of the various chieftains and earls.

dynasty.jpg


Population​

Excuse the seams and the greyscale mapmode. We have something better in the pipeline...

population_country.jpg
population_location.jpg




Well, thats it for now!

As always the team is eagerly awaiting your feedback and looking forward to the discussions. We’ll try to keep on top of the thread, but we have a teambuilding activity this afternoon so it might be a little more sporadic than usual!

Next week: Anatolia!
 
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Suggestions Thread for Wales
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I apologize that this response may be a bit late, I was on a work trip when this weeks Tinto Maps came out, but I'm absolutely loving the fact that Wales can get some content this time around, so thank you in advance for that! I'll just start off with a few inaccuracies noticed within the current map including historical inaccuracies as well as wrong town/location placements. I'll then note some issues with the actual shape of Wales, mentioning areas which should be inundated as well as coastlines which are misshaped. I'll quickly go on to mention the discrepancies around populations of Wales at the time and then move on to the meat of this post, suggesting alternatives for locations as well as suggesting Wales gets the HRE/Ireland treatment!

Historical Location Inaccuracies:
Aberystwyth did not exist as a settlement at the time the game starts, rather, the settlement of Llanbadarn Fawr was present. It was only after Glyndwr's war ended around 1415 onwards that Aberystwyth is first mentioned as a town/borough by royal decree and a degree of settlement began to arise around the castle.

Many have pointed this out before, but Flint (Fflint) would have been the largest town in the region at the time, not Wrexham (Wrecsam) hence why the historic county was named after the settlement (Flintshire / Sir y Fflint). Wrexham would have been no more than just a village at the time, it only became a town in the late 1300s

Monmouth would not have been the largest settlement in what is now known as Monmouthshire, but rather Grosmont would.
Grosmont having been the third largest town in South Wales at the time of the war of independence, with only Carmarthen and Abergavenny towns being larger. It would make sense with the growth of Monmouth however to be able to rename the location to Monmouth if possible.


Location Discrepancies:
There are 4 location errors in terms of naming and attribution to real life locations.

1.) The town of Cardigan (Aberteifi) is not located within the location called Cardigan.

2.) The town of Fishguard (Abergwaun) is not located within the location called Fishguard.

3.) The town of Montgomery (Trefaldwyn) is not located within the location of Montgomery
It is supposedly is modeled off of the historic county of Montgomeryshire (Sir Drefaldwyn).

4.) The town of Caerphilly (Caerffili) is not in the location of Caerphilly.

Rather it is being shown as being in the Brecon Beacons (Bannau Brycheiniog) approximately 20-30 miles away, which at the time would have been all but uninhabited.


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Figure 1: Incorrect locations map


Landmass Issues
Historically inaccurate landmasses:

The canalisation of the dee river and estuary only began in the 1730's, and as such, too much land is attributed to Flintshire (called Wrexham ingame at current) in the shown map (The map shown in this article shows the stages at which this canalised landmass began to emerge). If historic Dutch borders are to be respected with regards to land reclamation extent at the time as shown in the changes to feedback on June 4th, it should also be applied to Wales.

Likewise, the Traeth mawr estuary is not present, its polder was only completed in 1807 (I would highly recommend viewing CambrianChronicles video on the subject).
Just to its south, Harlech castle was actually connected to the ocean, as the flatlands surrounding it to this day did not exist, rather, it is the result of sediment deposit over hundreds of years, at the time all that existed was a spit, which eventually trapped this sediment and landlocked the castle (This is the reason the castle withstood siege after siege so well and as long as it did).


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Figure 2: Likewise, the coastline as it appears now, vs areas that were actually underwater at the time.

COASTLINES:
The coastline of Ceredigion seems to be very indented and major sections of coastline have been taken out of Anglesey (Ynys Mon), Gwynedd, Pembrokeshire (Sir Benfro), Carmarthenshire (Sir Gâr) and Glamorganshire's (Morgannwg) coastline also.
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Current coastline shape of Wales vs Areas that are missing from the shape of the coastline shown in white.

(If it were asked, I would be more than happy to do some adjustments on the mapping).


Population density and Errors Attributed to Post Industrial Revolution Migration:
Overpopulated South:
The map shows South Wales as being the most populated region in Wales, though in contemporary times this is true, this is only the direct result of in-migration from other regions of Wales, England and Ireland during the industrial revolution, doubling from 1,163,000 in 1851 to 2,421,000 by 1911.

Need For More Evenly Distributed Population:
At the time of the games start the population of the country was fairly evenly distributed, with mid, North and West Wales housing far larger populations than is shown in-game at current. In fact, Cardiff's population at the time only numbered around 1500-2000 people, as the city only emerged as a port city to offshore coal, however this region is shown to be the most densely populated area in the country.

Though no accurate data as to population densities are possible to find, assistance for better distribution of populations can be found in academic journals surrounding successful market towns, as well as maps which highlight active churches, market towns, boroughs etc.

Meirionydd is said to have had a higher population density in relation to its current population vs the rest of the country at the time

"by the end of the thirteenth century town-ships on marginal land in upland Merioneth had a high population density and the 1306 extent of the bishop of Bangor’s lands suggests the same thing." (AD Carr, 2003)
In the same article, Carr mentions that rural depopulation only really began when the black plague struck in the 1500s.

Justification for more locations:
To assist in justifying an increased amount of locations to help better portray these noted points, it is argued that Wales was as urbanised/densely populated as England at the time, and more so than Ireland, thus an increase in location density to help achieve better representation of these location changes can be justified (Griffiths, 2000).


Production:
In terms of production, theres a few changes that should occur. Coal was not really exploited in the Welsh valleys until the industrial revolution, nor was any significant mining operation present beforehand, though surface level coal did start to be extracted in the 17th century, but was not the primary industry of the region, rather it was used for personal purposes instead of extraction for sale. However an argument could be made for Iron extraction. Given the dense woodlands present, timber or wood would likely be a better resource.

The primary resource of Anglesey and/or Caernarfon could be changed to copper, representing the abundance of resources there, which, though mined in small quantities at the games start, would prove to be the only copper on the island of Great Britain and a valuable resource. However stone represents the slate industry of the region fairly well also.

The Northern Ceredigion region might be better represented by lead or silver over the current wool, as its history is steeped in the mineral galena which contains both. It would mean the province would be the 3rd lead location or the second silver location on the isles of Ireland and GB.

I don't know why Powys was given iron as a resource, as I'm not aware of any iron having been mined at any given time in the county, therefor agricultural produce
would be better suited for the county.




Status of Wales: The Principality and the Marches
I would like to start off by addressing @SaintDaveUK s map and deconstructing it and then providing some constructive criticism. At the start of this time period, Wales was far from united as shown in the images of the last Tinto Maps, though Dave had addressed this and noted it may be possible to show the nature of the marches with more tags, I would absolutely argue that this is a must, after all, if the Irish marcher lordships are shown and Anglo-Irish dominance portrayed accurately, the same treatment should apply to Wales.

I myself have been working on a map of the Welsh marches for quite some time from the period of the Welsh War of Independence, and though not entirely finished yet, it helps identify the boundaries of the marches clearly:


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The Welsh Marches during the later half of the 14th century (If it helps, I have the names of all of the owners of each Lordship listed also).

The Principality:
Firstly, I would like to highlight the actual borders of the principality of Wales, which, contrary to popular belief, did not cover all of Wales, but rather incorporated the last vestiges of the independent Welsh regions conquered in 1282. This area was directly controlled by the crown, and as such, the Kingdom of England had far greater control within this region of Wales than other areas occupied and annex during the colonisation period.
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The County Palatine of Chester
The County Palatine of Chester at this moment in time operated rather independently of the Kingdom of England with one key caveat. The ruler of the County Palatine was none other than the heir to the Crown of England. Why is this important? Well sizeable portions of the North-East of Wales were annexed directly into the County Palatine as a result of the intended expansion of the three Earldoms of Chester, Hereford and Shrewsbury, rather than into the principality or the Kingdom of England. Lordships such as Hawarden, Flintshire, Mold and Hopedale then became part of the County for a period. As such, these areas were not governed by the crown, but rather as colonial appendages to a semi-independent fiefdom ruled by the heir to the crown, likewise, the heir to the throne had other land holdings in the South of Wales.

This is also critically important as it was part of Owain Glyndwr's justification to annex the three Earldoms of the Marches which includedHereford and Shrewsbury, thus forming the later boundaries of the tripartite indenture.


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Left: The County Palatine of Chester, Right: Land holdings of the heir to the throne.

Land Holdings of the Mortimer Family
You may have noticed a slightly lighter hue on the map, this hue is the land owned by the Mortimer family, the most powerful lords of the Marches. These individuals played a critical role in Anglo-Norman control over Wales, establishing powerful footholds in areas of Powys and Gwent. Why are these individuals important and what role may they serve if included? Well the Mortimer family had a very strong claim to the throne of England, not only was this utilised to rebel against the crown and join the Glyndwr rising, stipulating that they would split the Kingdom of England between themselves, Glyndwr and Henry Percy (Hotspur), but their landholdings in the Marches also proved themselves to be critical in the Wars of the Roses, proving to be a stronghold and bastion of Yorkist support, thus, if the wars of the roses are modeled, a semi-autonomous Mortimer marcher lordship would prove valuable in providing a base mechanic for Yorkist support, the same could be said for a potential semi-independent County Palatine of Lancaster for any potential Lancastrian claimants.

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Mortimer Landholdings.

Other Marcher Lordships:
The other Marcher Lordships proved themselves to be rather autonomous from the crown and Kingdom of England, acting independently in the wars to come, especially during Glyndwr's war of Independence, as it is said that the marcher lords of Powys, Ruthin, Knockin and the Earl of Arundel are all known to have signed truces and treaties of their own at various stages during the war with Glyndwr's forces, having been at the mercy of his large host roaming the country.

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Left: Other Marcher Lordships held by other Marcher lords not yet mentioned. Right: Lands known to have signed treaties with Glyndwr during the war of Independence.




Suggestions for Alternative Locations:
There are currently 17 locations and one impassable in Wales, compared with 35 locations within Belgium and 84 locations within Ireland, this would provide some justification for a higher location count. The proposed 26 locations as shown here would be roughly on par with Belgium whom, with a landmass of 30,000km2 and a location count of 35 comes out to around 876.8km2 per location, compared to the 798.5km2 per location in Wales as shown below.

And onto the changes:


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1.) The Current set-up as created by @SaintDaveUK 2.) The new layout of Wales as proposed here 3.) New Borders including other portions of the Marches

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Special mention: Additionally, the borders of locations which form Chester should be altered to include the panhandle, looking somewhat similar to this last option by the end, though internal sub-divisions of Chester would be up for debate still, I am not delving into that here and the entire County Palatine would not be part of the Welsh marches, only Flintshire and English Maelor would.

I believe that this would allow for far more options of flavour and content for Wales, enabling players to play as individual Marcher lords as well as give Glyndwr's rebellion far more flavour, enabling alliances with the Mortimer realm and truces with the Ardundels and lord of Powys. Whilst this map is not 100% accurate to the borders of the marches, it is accurate enough whilst retaining roughly similar location sizes and enabling better gameplay.

Who controls where?:
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Principality of Wales in Dark Red with other crown realms in White (Pembrokeshire) , Arundel Realm in Green , County Palatine and other realms of the Heir of England in Black , Mortimers in Blue , Despensers in Cream █, Lordship of Powys (Baron Charltons) in Yellow , Beauchamps in Light Green (Swansea) , Audleys in Brown and Bohuns in Pink .

Some possible alterations: Of Note, the Hastings family control Pembroke itself up until they died out in 1389, wherein the land reverted to the crown, for simplicity's it may be worth showing Pembrokeshire as entirely crown owned but separate from England itself at games start. Alternatively Narberth could be Mortimer controlled.

Of note, much like the Mortimer lands in blue would be strongholds of Yorkists during the wars of the Roses, lands shown in Black would be Lancastrian strongholds.
What Names Would These Locations Have?
Location Names (First in English and then in Welsh):
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1. Anglesey / Ynys Mon
2. Carnarvon / Caernarfon
3. Denbigh/ Dinbych
4. Flint / Fflint
5. Llangollen / Llangollen (Spawning point for Glyndwr's war of Independence, paternal inherited lands)
6. Corwen / Corwen (Spawning point for Glyndwr's war of Independence, paternal inherited lands)
7. Harlech / Harlech
8. Machynlleth / Machynlleth
9. Llanbadarn Fawr/ Llanbadarn Fawr
10. Montgomery / Drefaldwyn
11. Presteigne / Llanandras
12. Cardigan / Aberteifi (Spawning point for Glyndwr's war of Independence, maternal inherited lands)
13. Builth / Buellt
14. Carmarthen / Caerfyrddin
15. Llandovery / Llanymddyfri
16. Brecon / Aberhonddu
17. Fishguard / Abergwaun
18. Pembroke / Penfro (Spawning point for any Tudor rebellion)
(Important shape, follows the Landsker Line, see Culture section next for reason)
19. Narberth / Arberth
20. Kidwelly / Cydweli
21. Swansea / Abertawe
22. Neath / Castell-Nedd
23. Caerphilly / Caerffili
24. Cardiff / Caerdydd
25. Caldicot / Cil-y-coed
26. Grosmont / Y Grysmwnt (Later Monmouth / Trefynwy if possible)


Regarding Cultures:
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English Colonies (Anglo-Norman)
@SaintDaveUK rightly notes that there was a degree of English colonisation, however, the colonisation shown isnt all that accurate, as it's likely shown as being too much. Almost all English colonists were within the walls of Castle Boroughs centered settlement such as Caernarfon, Cardiff, Pembroke, Cardigan, Aberystwyth, Flint, Conwy, Monmouth and so on, but their presence was minimal on the region itself, only making notable minorities in Monmouthshire and Flintshire, outside of castle walls, any rural colonists were almost all assimilated within 2 generations.

Flemish Colonies (Pembrokeshire)
The most notable missed part when it comes to culture is the presence of Dutch speaking Flemings in Pembrokeshire and Ceredigion. Though again they would not constitute anywhere near enough to be represented in Cardigan as a whole. They did however become the majority in places like Rhos (now Rhoose). At the start of the game, these Flemish colonies were already well established for 200 years following their relocation after 1107 likely having been mercenaries who fought for the Normans during 1066.

"We now understand that most of the Flemings who came to Pembrokeshire around the year 1107 at the invitation of Henry I did not come directly from the continent. They were, in fact, already settled by the English king to strengthen his border with Scotland in pockets of Northumbria and Yorkshire and possibly Scotland itself. Lauran Toorians, in his article on Flemish settlement in Pembrokeshire, tends to dismiss inundation of the Low Countries as the main reason for emigration of its people and talks of their leaders (locators) being required to resettle a number of them in this part of Wales and this was for a specific purpose."

‘…a certain folk of strange origin and customs, I know not where they had lain concealed in the island for such a length of years, were sent by King Henry to the land of Dyfed. And that folk seized the whole cantref of Rhos near the estuary of the river called Cleddyf, (sic) after having completely driven hence the inhabitants.’

Importantly, the Anglo-Norman colony in Cardigan is noted as Glyndwr burned down Anglo-Norman settlements to draw out the Anglo-Flemish host from Cardigan and Southern Pembrokeshire during the war of independence before the Battle of Hyddgen in 1401.

Welsh Vestiges in England
Conversely, on the English side of the border, major parts of the Marches which now constitute English territory had sizeable Welsh minorities, including the lordship of Clun, which was almost entirely Welsh and Lydham and Lydbury which were mixed English and Welsh. Similarly, Oswestry (Croesoswallt) holds a not so insignificant Welsh minority up to this day, with discussions in recent decades, serious or not about its incorporation into Wales. One need only look at settlements over the border on Google maps to spot a few places still toting their original Welsh names to this day in both Herefordshire and Shropshire. In what was once the Welsh Kingdom of Ergyng, but at this period in history was known as Archenfield (See image below). The region of Archenfield itself remained fairly Welsh speaking until as late as the 1750's. It had also been rumored for centuries that Glyndwr died in Archenfield amongst his family and Welsh Kinsmen following the failure of the war.
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The region of Archenfield / Ergyng.


Potential new Culture map?
Lastly, below is what could be done with the cultures of the proposed new Locations within Wales given the information now known, more reflective of the history of the nation and its borderlands within the context of Anglo-Norman and Flemish settlement during the period of the Marches.
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1. SaintDave's Map Welsh English 2. Potential new Culture Map Welsh English Flemish


Happy to help in anyway I can, just happy to see this part of Welsh history finally see the light of day!
 

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Fellow welshy here, I was halfway through my write up on Wales and you have covered basically everything I wanted to say and more.

Great stuff!

Just to add to the marcher stuff; I am in full agreement that marchers should be present on the map and not part of one united Wales, especially because we know Glyndwr's rebellion is present in the game.

Owain Glyndwr has been a bit braveheartenised in recent years, but his rebellion was not a case of a united Wales vs England, and much of the south of wales was sacked by Glyndwr and his French allies in the conflict.

Gameplay wise too, I think it will be an improvement, if you play as Gwynedd then uniting Wales under a Welsh king will be a challenging and potentially satisfying goal.

I would however cast my vote for coal being a good in the valleys, as coal was exploited towards the end of the Caesar's time period, and the coal is exceedingly high quality too. There is a much greater case for the presence of these coalfields over say, European lignite fields that are also present on the map.
 
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The Manx are represented by the Gaelic-speaking Norse-Gaels, who are the dominant culture on Mann. In 1337 Galloway was still Gaelic speaking so there was a Norse-Gael dialectal continuum from the isle of Lewis all the way to Mann.
Since you've already named a culture "Norse-Gael", why have "Highland" instead of "Scottish-Gael" for consistency?
 
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Good thread, but best to change colonies to settlements, as the region wasn't a colony in the imperialism sense of asia, americas, and africa. Glyndr's rebellion should be in, but tripartite is just a funny meme that shouldnt be taken seriously, as any son would just immediately try to reclaim the North, Wales, and control in Ireland
 
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Overpopulated South:
The map shows South Wales as being the most populated region in Wales, though in contemporary times this is true, this is only the direct result of in-migration from other regions of Wales

Need For More Evenly Distributed Population:
At the time of the games start the population of the country was fairly evenly distributed, with mid, North and West Wales housing far larger populations than is shown in-game at current. In fact, Cardiff's population at the time only numbered around 1500-2000 people, as the city only emerged as a port city to offshore coal, however this region is shown to be the most densely populated area in the country.

Though no accurate data as to population densities are possible to find

Although you are overall correct in your assessment in population, we do have accurate regional estimates for the whole of the island of Britain (Historic Counties of England, Sherrifdoms of Scotland, and Deacons of Wales). You can find all the info here Bruce M. S. Campbell and Lorraine Barry, 'The Population Geography of Great Britain C. 1290: A Provisional Reconstruction', in Population, Welfare and Economic Change in Britain 1290-1934, ed., Chris Briggs, P. M. Kitson, and S. J. Thompson (The Boydell Press, 2014). But I made a large post going over all the population and comparing it to distribution Paradox has - you can find that HERE

However ill Post the Wales Map here and this should give you an idea of Welsh Population (I made the map interpreting the boundaries if you want to know my process I can go into it, its just that 1300's deacon boundaries are a bit complex, there is only 1 real grey area imho and its not that important)

Wales.png


The primary resource of Anglesey and/or Caernarfon could be changed to copper
It should be Stone in Anglesey (The quarry was essential building material in constructing the colonies in Dublin) and Fish in Caernarfon (Bangor held all the fishing rights and was the major resource). The only major copper mines in Britain as a whole during this period was Copper as a secondary resource in the Welsh Tin mines and Coniston Copper mine in Cumbria that was the only large scale mine until much later when Copperopolis would come about in Wales.
Matthew Frank Stevens, The Economy of Medieval Wales, 1067-1536 (University of Wales Press, 2019), p. 46.
Eric H. Ash, 'Queen v. Northumberland, and the Control of Technical Expertise', History of Science, 39 (2001), 127-240.

Status of Wales: The Principality and the Marches
I made my breif comment on the political situation that can be found HERE, and overall I agree, the current political situation in Wales can be represented much better without going into unnecessary detail. I feel our proposals come from a similar position.

English Colonies (Anglo-Norman)
@SaintDaveUK rightly notes that there was a degree of English colonisation, however, the colonisation shown isnt all that accurate, as it's likely shown as being too much. Almost all English colonists were within the walls of Castle Boroughs centered settlement such as Caernarfon, Cardiff, Pembroke, Cardigan, Aberystwyth, Flint, Conwy, Monmouth and so on, but their presence was minimal on the region itself, only making notable minorities in Monmouthshire and Flintshire, outside of castle walls, any rural colonists were almost all assimilated within 2 generations.
So we have started to get some people coming with population estimates now for these English settlers but it is still has far to go. Matthew Frank Stevens, The Economy of Medieval Wales, 1067-1536 (University of Wales Press, 2019), pp. 30-34, 43, 53, 61-65. Has the best comments on this.

We know that overall around 15% of the population was English. Wales had a 20/80 Urban-Rural split and of which 83% of the urban population was English. England and Welsh did not mix in the towns, and when there were Welsh towns it was like 80-90% Welsh and most of the towns were English and similarly 80-90% English. Including Cardiff the largest town, which you are correct in characterising its population.

Further he gives Estimates of RURAL (NOT including Urban) for these regions

7% Flintshire
24% Denbighshire
10% Radnor
10% Brecon
17% Gwent (Monmouth)

Further he gives a combined rural and urban estimate in Cardigan of 7%

Although he doesnt give an estimate for South Pembroke it was referred to as Little England back then and probably had a rural % of between Gwent and Denbigh i.e. like 20%. Glamorgan as a whole was probably at least 10% as well.

Let alone you have to add the Urban population which was overwhelming English in these regions. Which with an 83% ish Engish dominated towns your talking like 10-15% on top of the rural estimates.

Just some thoughts, good comments from you. Overall I agree, but just wanted to add some corrections and further info
 
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No idea if this has been mentioned or not already, but I would love to see Newark-on-Trent be as strategically important in-game as it was historically. It was the 'key to the north' and crucial to any faction/ruler that wanted to project power into the north of England.
 
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The map looks neat however I would personally like to see subpolar oceanic or maybe "cold oceanic" as it is odd to see Continental on the coast there, (interior yes tho) as that coast is very under the influence of the ocean. It would be a neat detail. Also Faroe and south west coast of Iceland could have that climate.
 
I was curious about that country called Despenser in cream, thinking it was some kind of fun title, but I realised after some research that "in Cream" was just the color on the map

I'm a bit disappointed
 
Can we have Maidstone as a location, please? People have made some very good arguments about the locations and provinces. I don't really have a good argument for putting Maidstone in the game. But it is the county town of Kent, and I live there.
:)
 
Ideally the Bristol location would extend further north along the Severn, whilst Bath becomes a new location in the south eastern portion of current Bristol but that has the issue of Bristol moving into the Gloucestershire province.

Arguably Bristol *should* be linked with Gloucestershire - it was actually part of the Council of Wales and the Marches initially but then was exempted later on, and the historic port was on the Gloucestershire side of the Avon. It's only later it spilled over into Somerset and then sort of became tied to it.

But yes Bristol going north allowing Bath the southern side of the county boundary solves a number of issues.
 
You may be right and maybe split of RGO vs building is done differently from how I see it, but then every coastal location (or inland brine spring) in the world can produce salt with no additional goods input, I find it very strange for the balance.

What I was thinking is that there is a lot of difference, and it comes to resources - I compare it not to Ireland (as I don't know how salt was gathered there) but to other places we've seen in the maps already, being usually large ponds with progressive evaporation or salt marshes. With salinas in warmer climates, there is almost no material input, sun and temperature is making brine stronger to the level where salt is scraped and there is (rather low) work associated with them, mostly to operate sluices and collect salt. They exist is specific places where natural conditions allow for it.
Salt production in the way it was performed in England is not bound by natural conditions, every coastal location can do it - you put water into vats and boil it in the ‘open pan process’. Amount of work that the sun can do it limited and can produce only brine, not salt and amount of fuel that is to be used is getting harder and harder to ignore.
The vast majority of salt mines also used evaporation. Mining salt directly is very dangerous and technically challenging since any unwanted entry of water could mean your mine dissolves. As a result, the majority of salt mines - for example the famous ones in the Alps - pumped water into the rock, collected the salt water and boiled it.
This requires a lot of fuel and in some places coal was used instead of charcoal.

So if not requiring the use of fuel were used as a standard, then only very, very few locations in the world would have salt.
 
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The vast majority of salt mines also used evaporation. Mining salt directly is very dangerous and technically challenging since any unwanted entry of water could mean your mine dissolves. As a result, the majority of salt mines - for example the famous ones in the Alps - pumped water into the rock, collected the salt water and boiled it.
This requires a lot of fuel and in some places coal was used instead of charcoal.

So if not requiring the use of fuel were used as a standard, then only very, very few locations in the world would have salt.
Same goes from thinks like iron. In England the only major iron producing centres were Dean and Weald not because they had superior veins or quality, but because of the forests on top provided huge amounts of fuel necessary for the production.
 
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Same goes from thinks like iron. In England the only major iron producing centres were Dean and Weald not because they had superior veins or quality, but because of the forests on top provided huge amounts of fuel necessary for the production.
The Weald did have 'high quality' iron ores, they contained limestone that acted as flux and was especially good for casting.
In the time period, they didn't have good control over impurities in iron/steel, so if we're talking about high quality ores, we're talking about those that don't require any additional technology, like acidic lining for the furnace. In Sweden, they even banned the use of ores with too many impurities. It was only with the advent of industrial steel making that very rich deposits became the most important ones.

But yes, a source of fuel was always important and it those were almost always forests (including in China) since using coal was tricky.
 
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Regarding the Isle of Man, Montacute, and the island’s status as a vassal:

The island became more autonomous as the 14th century went on, at least on paper. For example, in the 1357 Treaty of Berwick, Man was treated as a dominion of the English crown. This had changed by the time of Richard II, whose government recognised the independent status of the island. While the first Montacute lord didn’t style himself as ‘King of Man’, by the end of the 1300s it was clear that his successors had the right to do so. This is in keeping with earlier Manx history, where rulers would claim the title of king whilst acknowledging the suzerainty of a more powerful crown, be it English, Scottish, or Norwegian, with differing degrees of sincerity.

When it comes to the actual realities of power, the Isle of Man was certainly strongly wedded to the interests of the English crown from 1337. Montacute was, from March 1337, the earl of Salisbury, as well as holding other estates granted to him by Edward III in England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, and he spent the following years working to advance the English cause on the continent, negotiating English alliances with Imperial princes and accompanying Edward to war in July 1338. Montacute’s loyalty to Edward and his English interests ensured that the island would never be completely autonomous.

Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that Montacute and his successors were able to successfully wield power over the island. The documentary evidence is sparse. If the Montacutes kept records of their administration, they are lost to us. However, can learn a few things. Geoffrey le Baker, an English chronicler, reports that Montacute secured his control by conquest and was crowned king on the island in the early 1340s, presumably when he was not in Parisian captivity or fighting for Edward in Brittany. Later, in the 1380s, Montacute’s son appointed officials to govern for him and was evidently capable of extracting wealth from the island, as he can be glimpsed granting rents gathered from there worth £40 to Sir William Faringdon, one of his retainers. The island was sufficiently under English influence to follow England’s religious policy in the Great Schism, adopting an Urbanist position in contrast to the Clementist bishops who were installed in the Hebrides as rival bishops in the same diocese of Sodor.

At the same time, it is clear that the island enjoyed a much more autonomous position than other English territories. For example, Montacute granted the Manx freedom to establish their own truces with the Scottish, a right which was later guaranteed by Edward. Man remained outside direct English royal control. It paid no taxes to the English crown, nor did English justice apply there. As the wars with France began to take priority over the wars with Scotland, establishing strong crown control over the island became less of a priority.

It could be argued that these freedoms, in combination with later English position on Man’s legal independence, make a good argument for a vassal Kingdom of Man rather than a highly autonomous English province. It’s worth noting that when the Revestment Act was passed in 1765, its purpose was to increase Great British ‘trade power’ that the Isle of Man had been limiting due to its own laws on customs duties. That being said, if the start date is 1337, English royal discourse viewed the island as its own at this point. Aantia’s also made a great point earlier about Manx participation in the Civil War/Wars of the Three Kingdoms, and whether this was something vassal could do.

My knowledge of this period is utterly reliant on Ormrod’s work. For further details, see:

Ormrod, ‘Man Under the Montacutes, 1333-92’, in Duffy and Mytum (eds.), A New History of the Isle of Man, Volume III: The Medieval Period, 1000-1406 (Liverpool University Press, 2015) pp. 151-169
 
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In the case of the Bradford example in your map, we would lose Bradford and have to replace it with a no-name village that nobody has ever heard of. In these cases we have erred on the side of preserving more recognisable names and more important places based on rough cardinal directions of the county, even if they are not satellite-correct.
Well, you could call it Ilkley - well known because of the song ('On Ilkley Moor Bar t'At' - on Ilkley Moor without your hat) - or Skipton. Or possibly Keighley or Otley, but those are getting into the less well known list.
 
Since the community seems about 50:50 split on separating English culture, here's a sketch of how a Northern English culture could look. It's far from a definitive choice, just to extend the discussion a little.


culture_northumbrian.JPG
 
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The differences in dialects between northern and southern dialects of English are not as pronounced as the different French dialects. The changes producing Middle English also served as a bit of unifying force which didn't happen in France.
Hmm, true in more modern times, and Middle English did moderate the differences a bit, but several cases still existed of differences that made comprehension difficult. The Middle English we know is mostly that written down, but even there English spelling retains quite a few hangovers from older forms. Words like cough, for example, are so spelled because in the places where printing entered the scene the word was pronounced "cow-ch" (with the ch sounded like the Scottish ch in loch, or the Greek letter chi). Cumbria, in particular, had a very distinct dialect, and Yorkshire/Durham were not far behind.
 
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Since the community seems about 50:50 split on separating English culture, here's a sketch of how a Northern English culture could look. It's far from a definitive choice, just to extend the discussion a little.


View attachment 1149186
Intersting! If English would be split, I think I'd prefer English to be further segmented (but easier than French to unify) - seeing Northumbrian juxtaposed against a whole "English" culture in the South is a bit jarring, and some granularity might help with the difficulty of a specific North/South border, which is famously disagreed on

And just a thought, that approach might work better for depicting Portugese aswell, having spoken to some Portugese friends they say the North's dialect is more similar to Galicia's than the South's, although that's obviously a modern not historical take
 
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Since the community seems about 50:50 split on separating English culture, here's a sketch of how a Northern English culture could look. It's far from a definitive choice, just to extend the discussion a little.


View attachment 1149186
Nah just leave it united, makes more sense from a gameplay point of view, it's not wrong but considering England is portrayed united and centralized from the start unlike France it makes more sense to reflect it into their culture, I think it makes a nice parallel between the 2 countries
 
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