Emir Muhammad I al-Mutamid ibn Abbad
When Muhammad I became Emir of Seville, it was with years of experience in the running of the emirate; Muhammad had served as the emirate's marshal and, when Abbad II fell into a coma after the Battle of Formosa, he and a small council of trusted nobles ruled in Abbad II's place until his death.
Upon his ascent to the throne, Muhammad I immediately replaced his father's Grad Vizier, Isaac ibn Abalia, with his lover the poet
Ibn Ammar. Ammar proved himself to not just be a literary genius, but also a diplomatic one when he negotiated an alliance between Seville and
Almoravids of the
Magreb, creating a solid, southern Islamic power bloc that rivaled the Castille-León alliance that had been created in the wake of the defeat of Galicia at Formosa.
Ammar proved himself worthy of the position of Grand Vizier by negotiating an alliance with the Almoravids.
For ten years the emirate was peaceful and the gold flowed freely; Muhammad I had paid off the government's loans, only to take out another, larger loan. This new loan would help pay for new workshops, glassworks, and schools. This stability was shattered when, in 1095, the Bishop of Rome called for all good Christian rulers to join together in a holy war to retake the city of Tunis. The First Crusade had begun.
Several events are seen as the cause of the First Crusade; perhaps the biggest one was the Roman Curia choosing the hot-headed and zealous
Pope Michael I instead of
Bishop Otho de Lagery, who was considered the more level headed of the two. Some historians have gone so far as to say that, had Michael I not been elected and instead Bishop Otho had, then there may never have been any Crusades, avoiding several hundred years of hate and bloodshed.
The Council of Cava de' Tirreni
While touring in the Kingdom of Sicily, Michael I held a council at the small town of
Cava de' Tirreni. At attendance at the council was King Roger I d'Hauteville, who pleaded with his distant relative to provide him with aid against the Zirids. Over a span of twenty years, Roger I had fought several wars against the Zirids with mixed results. Currently, the Zirids had occupied the island of Sicily and were preparing to invade Calabria. Michael I, who was worried what would happen should Roger I fail to stave off the Zirids agreed to make a speech in front of the assembled clergy and nobles. The chronicler
Fulcher of Chartres perhaps has the best record of Pope Michael I's first speech to the assembled clergy and nobility at Cava de' Tirreni.
Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, h[ave been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who have been wearing themselves out in both body and soul now work for a double honor.
Apparently not happy with this, King Roger I confronted Michael I and demanded that he use stronger words and emphasize that their Christian brothers suffered under the Zirid's yoke. Michael I consented and two days later he gave the famous "Vile Race"[1] speech. Again, Fulcher of Chartres is the best source:
Freshly quickened by the divine correction, you must apply the strength of your righteousness to another matter which concerns you as well as God. For your brethren who live in the south are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, the Moors and Arabs have attacked them and have conquered the territory of Sicily and prepare to invade Calabria. They have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians, and have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the kingdom. If you permit them to continue thus for awhile with impurity, the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends.
News of Michael's speech slowly spread throughout Europe and most Christian rulers responded by either sending money or small numbers of knights to aid Roger I. But several kings decided to take a more direct approach and soon the Holy Roman Empire and Wales had joined Sicily in their war against the Zirids. Here
Guibert of Nogent's
Deeds of God through the Welsh and Germans provides the best record of Welsh and German involvement in the First Crusade as well as providing an invaluable chronicle of the rise of the House of Stolzenberg as the kings of Carthage.
When news of Michael's speech reached Seville, Emir Muhammad I showed little concern; pirates funded by the Zirids had been disrupting Sevillian merchants and Muhammad I was only too happy to watch their situation become worse. Unfortunately, Muhammad I wouldn't have time to enjoy watching his foes squirm; perhaps sensing the moment was right the king of Castille declared war on Seville with the intent of ridding the peninsula of the strongest Muslim power. The king of León, surprisingly, declined to participate in his brother's war.
The king of Castille contributation to the "holy war."
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[1] So called because of the last line of the speech.