Chapter 12: Two massive invasions
After the victory at Hong Kong, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain took some time to reshuffle his cabinet. First, he stepped down as Armaments Minister in favor of Lord Beaverbrook. Lord Beaverbrook's long career as a newspaper man made him an excellent administrator and his contacts in the armaments industry made him an excellent choice to negotiate better contracts. Sir Robert Menzies, an Australian, was appointed the new head of MI-6 in an effort to gain more vital intelligence on the Japanese war effort. The Prime Minister then directed Anthony Eden to present the first surrender demands to the Imperial Japanese government: they would have to accept a British military mission and a Governor-General until all traces of the warmongers in the administration were purged and a more sensible government could take power.
Sir Robert immediately paid dividends, as he was able to sift through a pile of seemingly meaningless information and find a report on what the Japanese were building: transports, destroyers, and a few aircraft. He also uncovered some detailed plans on the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, which he forwarded to David James at the British Embassy in Washington. The clerk's response showed that the Americans had anticipated such an invasion and were working with Filipino regiments to defend the island chain as best they could. The most helpful thing the British could do was to concentrate on defeating the Japanese, and that was indeed Sir John Gort's #1 priority. The plan was to take Taiwan, including the key city of Taipei, then use that as a staging ground for an invasion of the Home Islands.
The first step in the process was to secure the last extant Japanese port in Indonesia: the port of Ambon.
The operation was a simple one, but necessary, as it allowed the Royal Navy to concentrate their entire forces after the island was cleared. Farther to the north, the operation to seize Taiwan began.
Captain Larry Quentin of the Royal Marines, now attached to the Third Marine Division, insisted on returning to the field and planning, if necessary, from the field. He was going to be on the sharp end of the invasion of Japan and no force on Earth could prevent it. His company seized the airfield on Gaoxiong mere hours after the landing began. With the airfield secured, the American paratrooper division got a taste of action, jumping onto the island of Naha. Tactical bombers pounded the Japanese defensive position while battleships launched their own high-explosive surprises onto the enemy forces.
On 5 August 1942, the island fell. Most importantly, three carriers tried to slip past the British forces; only one managed to escape.
The Japanese were not prepared to let the British completely dominate, however, and undertook their own operation to drive the British back out of Hong Kong.
From the diary of Alice Digby said:
13 August: It is the worst sort of memory, to be hiding under our desks at our radar station again. One of the girls passed out. It is true that they only have one division, and we do have a strong garrison here in Hong Kong, but Guangzhou has already fallen.
14 August: Billy stopped by to see how we were doing. He's supposed to get a new assignment soon, but he isn't sure what it will be. I know he hates not being able to fly any more, but perhaps it is for the best. He is jolly good at his job, but he wants to be in the fight.
15 August: Our lads are off for Guangzhou. One of the infantry divisions was almost there when the Japanese landed; rotten timing, I'd say. At least, I hope it's rotten timing. That we could have a traitor in our midst doesn't bear thinking about it.
16 August: No news from Guangzhou. Billy is flying out to Taiwan this afternoon; he's going back to his old ship, the
Ark Royal as Executive Officer. I think it's good for him, and I'm sure he'll be glad to visit his old mates again.
17 August: The relief operation failed; as a precaution, a few cruisers have been left behind to evacuate us, but I think we'll be fine. We have plenty of defenses here.
The Japanese tried a second attack, to recover Naha, but it was a measure of Japanese desperation that the transports there went completely unescorted. The fleet was defeated and the invaders driven back into the sea. A second attempt to retake Guangzhou, partially done by the troops pulled out of Indonesia, also failed, but nonetheless the division there could not advance. Back in London, two new carriers were laid down, taking advantage of some new technological advancements, although these carriers would hopefully remain in the North Sea. By 4 September, all of Taiwan was held by British forces, giving the UK seven Marine divisions to use in the attack on Japan's home islands.
Just under 10 days later, Guangzhou was completely resecured and two Japanese carriers joined many of their sisters at the bottom of the ocean.
For people like Alice Digby (who was still using her maiden name until she had a chance to tell her parents), Larry Quentin, and William Harris, it was a time to celebrate. Yet back in London, rumblings about the way Mr. Chamberlain was handling the war started to penetrate into the highest echelons of society. The Japan first strategy was all well and good as long as Europe stayed quiet. However, with all available fleets (there were only two) in the North Sea under repair, Germany finally made its move, annexing Norway.
The fall of Norway cast the first doubts on Chamberlain's adept leadership. Some once fervent political patrons began to ever so quietly look for other politicians to patronize. Chamberlain knew that winning was the key to his retention of power and he managed to stave off demands that part of the Pacific fleets be returned to British waters. He gave the greenlight to Operation Hastings, an all out assault on the Japanese Home Islands. The twin ports of Sasebo and Nagasaki were chosen for the initial landing spots.
Captain Quentin's account of the landings at Nagasaki and Sasebo appeared in a report he wrote for General Bernard of the Third Marines:
Quentin Memo said:
I don't think I have ever seen an enemy so eager to retreat as the Japanese who saw six full divisions land on their shores earlier today. They have been a worthy adversary and rarely surrendered without a fight, but on this occasion, they couldn't retreat fast enough. I am suspicious by nature, but I offer the following possible scenarios as to why we gained our beachhead so quickly.
Scenario 1: The Japanese have lost the will to fight. They are in retreat in all theaters, including the Philippines, and we might expect peace overtures any day now.
Scenario 2: The Japanese have lost the means, but not the will to fight. We have inflicted considerable damage on them over the past few years, sinking most of their carrier fleet and destroying Marine divisions at every turn.
Scenario 3: The Japanese have lost neither the means nor the will to fight, but are preparing to ambush us when we least expect it.
It is my professional opinion that Scenario 3 is the most likely. Our landing was too easy, and that only a light infantry division would oppose us seems improbable. I advise that we take a couple of days to prepare defenses before expanding further. If this invasion fails, I rather expect we will not get a second chance. A conservative approach, first securing Kyushu, then moving north. I understand that there are not many high profile targets on Kyushu, but we must take Beppu as soon as possible (to prevent the escape of enemy forces) and only then take Kagoshima. I recommend at least part of our fleet move to blockade the strait from Beppu to Honshu.
Respectfully,
Captain Lawrence Quentin, Royal Marines
While General Bernard passed the Captain's recommendations on to his superiors, a mere Captain's thoughts were not highly regarded. The Royal Navy remained in place and, as more divisions made themselves known, they were able to escape to Honshu using the very same route that Quentin warned everyone else about. Quentin's prescience earned him a promotion to Major, but that was small consolation when a golden opportunity slipped through the UK's fingers. True, the island of Cheju was seized by paras, but the escape of multiple divisions hurt far worse.
The Battle of Saga, in which now Major Quentin took part, proved that his Scenario 3 was the right choice. His regiment got right into the thick of things, and he saw exactly how right he was. Quentin later recalled that "the scariest part of that battle was that the Japanese fought like hell... to cover the escape of their brethren. Every hour, more and more forces slipped out of Beppu, just out of our reach, to Honshu. This escape made our task much, much tougher later on."
While he and his men fought at Saga, a spare Marine division and some more unescorted transports retook the port of Gaoxiong on Taiwan. The only way to retake the island, at least for now, was to use standard infantry.
Before that could begin, Saga finally fell on 6 October. The first attempt to retake Gaoxiong failed, but Kagoshima was taken by paratroopers on 18 October.
By the end of October, Major Quentin and his men were assaulting the final Japanese position on Kyushu, which fell on 31 October.
A most unlikely individual recounted his own arrival in Nagasaki that same day: Major General Wallace Graham, now commanding a tank regiment of the Royal Hussars. Graham's work in Egypt had been exemplary, but with no attack actually coming, Graham was transferred to an active field command, where he was given explicit instructions to help seize Honshu, along with the Marines, as rapidly as possible. In his journal, he recorded his first (but not last) visit to Japan.
Diary of Wallace Graham said:
I still can't believe they brought an entire armored corps to Japan. The hills and mountains make this poor tank country, but nobody ever listened to me. At any rate, we have a job to do, and we will do it. We will bloody well level those damn mountains if that's what it takes. I wish we had some more infantry -- I hear that back in London, they're raising another corps, but it will take some time to see the field, and the rumor is that Chamberlain wants the war over yesterday.
The Marines are going to split up; three divisions will take Tokuyama, while the others move to Ozu and secure Shikoku. I like the plan, even if it means we'll be called upon to drive towards Osaka. With Shikoku under our control, we'll force Japan to commit to either stopping me and my lads or send men to the eastern end of the island to cover Tokyo. I doubt they have enough forces to do both.
As Marines began to capture both straits, news from Taiwan was good, as the island was completely retaken. By the first of December, part of the Japanese plan was realized, with the capture of all of Shikoku, but by suicidally sending ships to challenge the Royal Navy, the advance to Tokuyama was greatly delayed.
Even as Tokuyama fell on 3 December, on the other side of the world, Chamberlain's gambit failed. Tokyo remained in Japanese hands, and the regular bombing runs on British fleets and daily air raids had taken their toll. The Conservatives turned on the Prime Minister, voting no confidence in his leadership, and a new Prime Minister was to be put forward. Two real candidates presented themselves: Lord Halifax and Winston Churchill. Churchill, who had opposed war with Japan from the very start, saying that "India can go hang if it means we smack Hitler and Mussolini in the mouth" in one colorful speech, was popular among many of the younger Conservatives, but not with Chamberlain. The now ex-Prime Minister did not want a bombastic speaker like Churchill causing Great Britain's few friends to abandon her, and his virulent anti-Communism drew more and more Soviet attention towards the UK. Lord Halifax, on the other hand, was a much calmer man, who recognized that the Japan first strategy was valid, even if it had been executed poorly. In the end, Chamberlain threw his support behind Halifax, and Churchill's speech was neatly countered by Halifax, who became the new Prime Minister.
Lord Halifax, true to his word, kept the existing cabinet in power, but reserved the right to review their progress in six months' time. He would give the Japan First crowd a little more time, but at the hint of trouble in Europe, he swore he would recall at least part of the fleet. Shortly after Halifax became Prime Minister, British forces took the port of Hiroshima and the First Armored Corps raced to cut off the retreating Japanese. Another American division arrived in London, the 10th Mountain Division, to commemorate Halifax's election. By 12 December, British forces moved closer to Osaka, and would soon get reinforcements from two additional Marine division who had finally been raised, replacing those lost on Ceylon over a year ago.
An attempted landing by those two divisions at Osaka met with considerable determined resistance, forcing the divisions to regroup. Back in Europe, the Italians landed a small force in the Mediterranean, recapturing Tripoli. Although the force, concerned about the divisions in Malta, would not advance farther, Lord Halifax started visiting Sir Dudley Pound every single day, hoping for good news from Japan.
Sir Dudley, to his credit, defended his boys in Japan. He told Halifax that two great cities remained before a serious drive to Tokyo could be considered: Osaka and Nagoya.
Assaults on Nagoya were constantly frustrated, because some of Japan's most experienced Marines defended the city. By pouring every conceivable weapon into Osaka, on the other hand, that city fell on 2 January 1943, in the wee hours.
An abortive attempt to seize Tokyo from the sea was also driven back, and Lord Halifax started to get desperate. Kyoto fell on 15 January, and Kanazawa four days later. On 20 January, two massive assaults began, one on Nagoya (composed of four Marine divisions) and one on Takayama (two armored divisions and two other Marine divisions). The attack on Nagoya failed, yet again. The fourth or fifth attempt, however, succeeded, and Nagoya fell on 3 February 1943. Of course, nobody in the UK much cared about Japan by then.
On the evening of 2 February 1943, a few ships appeared off the coast of Glasgow, out of the range of British radar. Most of the men there considered it nothing more than a training exercise, and did not pay much attention to it. It was the first shell that landed on the beach that sounded the alarm; it was no training exercise, it was an attack!
As over in the Pacific, everybody celebrated the triumph over Nagoya, eliminating a particularly stubborn pocket of resistance, the Royal Navy remaining in the UK raced to intercept the German invasion of Glasgow. A few spare CAGs, waiting for their carriers, flew out into the Atlantic Ocean to attempt to sink the fleet where it stood; it was then that the dreaded
Bismarck and
Tirpitz appeared. The Royal Navy fought, and succeeded in forcing the Germans to bring their ships into their new port, but the damage was done: while Germany lost a cruiser and a troop transport, the
HMS Hood, Pride of the Royal Navy, was also sunk. It was a victory in name only, and throughout the British Isles, a somber feeling set in.
The moment the first tanks rolled out of the landing craft, it was clear Germany was serious. Infantry divisions from London and all over England raced to try to contain the invasion, but at least six complete divisions were counted, and only two were anywhere near the proper position to intervene.
Lord Halifax looked anxiously at the phone. He knew the King would be calling soon, or even drop in for a visit. Japan was so close to defeat, yet if he didn't do something, he knew that blowhard Churchill would get his spot. He, at least, had command of the skies and could order the carrier air groups to operate from bases throughout the Isles to bombard the invasion fleet until one or two of the fleets in Japan could return. He could also stick to his guns and allow the Royal Marines to finish off Japan before sailing home to deal with Germany. It was an impossible situation, but he had to decide: was it worth waiting a few more weeks, allowing the Nazis to wreak untold havoc on the people of the UK in exchange for Japan's removal from the equation and a safer Pacific and Indian situation?
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First things first: the Beppu situation is entirely my fault, as I wasn't sure where the straits were and didn't think to look. If I'd cut off the Japanese escape, I might well have wiped out ten divisions or so and made Honshu a walk in the park. I'm still in good shape, obviously, and it's a matter of when I take out Japan, not if. Of course, I've got a bunch of infantry divisions with ART but no anti-tank in the UK, and that's a scary looking invasion force. I'm shifting guys around as fast as I can, but I don't know what kind of damage control I'll be able to pull off.
The reason I didn't have anybody patrolling was because I had the fleets in for normal repairs and upgrades way back in July, which should have taken only a couple of months before they were right back out. My mistake was forgetting about Norway; Germany took it and then started bombing my eastern ports. I got fighters up, but too later, and it set me back weeks trying to correct the problem. I made the cardinal, unforgivable sin: assuming that because Germany hadn't invaded, that they wouldn't. I was obviously wrong. There's only so much damage six enemy divisions can do, and I've got the German fleet bottled up now, with my CAGs acting as NAV bombers for the present. (I got a little carried away with building up backup CAGs, as you can tell; there are two more in India.) It's still unpleasant, and I really might pull a fleet or two back home via the Panama Canal.
The Soviets are still going through Czechoslovakia, but I think they're actually stuck since they haven't DOWed Germany yet. I'm hoping that comes soon; it would be a great relief. Tech wise, I'm piling up doctrines and I've done some serious nuclear research; I'll have Civilian Nuclear Research done by the end of 1943, easy; it's just a question of building the reactor at that point. I'm building a new corps of infantry (3 x INF, 1 X AT, 1 x ART), but it'll take at least four months to finish those.
I will definitely keep on Japan. I can pretty much strip the Pacific bare of units and ships at that point. I now have nine Marine divisions in Japan (eight of mine, one American), plus the four Armored Divisions, and I can always pull a couple of infantry divisions from Taiwan or Hong Kong in a pinch. I just hope Germany doesn't do anything really crazy in the meantime. Crazier than invading Glasgow, I mean.
