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You mention being able to play MP in other Paradox games. Does that include CK3? Because the other games I see under your name here, like Vic2 and EU4, use a completely different MP system than these two do.

Either way though, what if you connect this machine to the internet via a VPN or failing that a mobile phone hotspot? Just for the purposes of testing of course; does this issue still happen then?
 
It can be a firewall in Linux, your internet router/modem, or your ISP. Telling which one is pretty tricky, unfortunately.

Basically the Victori3 and launcher executables need to be allowed through all those firewalls.