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By that logic the same applies to the byzantines (who after all also followed an asiatic religion and had their centre of power in Anatolia)

Except that they started as a european group (Greek or Roman depending on perspective) and the invasion was into Asia where they picked up the religion.
 
This was posted a while ago but I just couldn't let it lie.

By proper legal system, I mean what we would recognize as one. Hence Sharia and the like don't count, owing to their religious and arbitrary nature. I'm talking things like judicial independence, juries, free and fair trials, codified legal systems, protections for the weak, etc...

Sharia (depending on the version) has judicial independence - judges in Sharia courts are bot supposed to be government functionaries, it has free and fair trials - evidence and arguments are presented in a systematic and regulated fashion and the roles and functions of the various actors in the case are clear and well understood, it is a codified legal system - there are literally millions of pages of argument in Islamic legal literature debating virtually every point (to the extent that actually defining Sharia is fairly hard), it EXPLICITLY protects the weak with the idea of might making right being harshly condemned and it is capable of producing a reasonable standard of justice. I am personally opposed to Sharia law because it makes distinctions about what is legally right or not that I disagree with (eg sexual morality and the role of men vs women) but not because it is inherently unjust.

Sharia law does not use juries, but nor does a large portion of Roman law, and yet Roman Law countries are not seen to be fundamentally unjust.