Bavaria
Once a minor duchy under the Holy Roman Emperor, the Duchy of Bavaria expanded quickly in the time of the Crusades, as its dukes found themselves the heirs to several other territories when their brides were the last survivors of crusading families which had formerly ruled there. After the death of the Emperor in the Fourth Crusade, the Duke of Bavaria travelled to Rome and attempted to persuade the Pope to grant him the title of Emperor; however, the Pope refused, stating that it had been lost at the hands of the Byzantine Emperor and only from there could it be reclaimed; by a military victory over Byzantium. Not having the resources to do so, the Duke returned with the mere title of King of Bavaria.
The King of Bavaria and his successors continued their strategy of unifying the old lands of the Empire, in the hope that the Pope might reconsider when faced with a powerful German nation. However, lacking in military might and economically strangled by the duties and tolls of the Hanseatic League traders, that unification has followed the slow course of inheritance, and the most recent Kings have become disheartened from this course by the restoration of the Empire under the leadership of the King of Hungary in 1390.
Burgundy
Once the most powerful duchy within the Kingdom of France, Burgundy can trace the lineage of its rulers back to the sons of Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor in the early ninth century. When the King of France was killed in battle with Byzantine troops in the Fourth Crusade, without heirs, many thought that the Pope would grant the title to the Duke of Burgundy. However, the circumstances of the time did not permit it, as the Duke of Brittany let it be known that he would submit to no new King of France, and would back up his threat with the well-trained and well-known Breton mercenaries, who at that time were recalled from campaigns against the Muslims of the Caliphate of Cordoba. In a compromise, the Pope elevated Brittany, Burgundy, and Savoy to the status of kingdoms, leaving the weaker duchies of the southwest without a liege.
Now known as the Kingdom of Burgundy, the old duchy quickly secured the allegiance of the minor counts and barons who had administrated the old King of France's demesne lands surrounding Paris, and the Dukes of Orleans and Calais followed suit. In addition, the Holy Roman Empire was also in a state of disorder, its Emperor having died alongside the king and the office left vacant; Burgundy took this opportunity to secure its eastern border on a natural boundary by conquering the land of Alsace, which borders upon the massive Rhine River.
Today, the Kingdom of Burgundy's position in northeastern Gaul is without rival, although Brittany and Savoy remain threats to the west and south. Its future interests lay mainly in the weak, liege-less duchies of southwestern Gaul, the rising strength of the restored Holy Roman Empire to the north and east, and the wealthy Hanseatic League city-state of Antwerp, near Calais, which controls much of the North Sea and British Isles trade.
Byzantium
Byzantium was a powerful force until the battle of Myriocephalon where it's army fought the Seljuks to a standstill, resulting in a mutual retreat. The Empire was on the defensive after that, and the Seljuks, splintering into different turkish dynasties, continued to encroach onward to Constantinople. However, they were checked and partly reversed in Smyrna shortly after. This wasn't the last of the Empire's troubles as the Fourth Crusade brings it to the brink of destruction, however by bankrupting itself by hiring mercenaries and gathering it's entire army, Byzantium is able to end the Crusade with a final battle at Constantinople in which the Holy Roman Emperor, the French King and the entire Crusader army is destroyed, leaving Byzantium weaker than ever before. The Palaiologos family is able to capture and fortify Krete in the confusion, but the Empire is able to hold on to the rest of Greece and slowly begin to regain it's strength until 1419
Finland
The people of Tavastland, Hämäläiset, gave so strong opposition to the swedish crusades in the 12th and 13th century, that catholicism never took root in Finland, except for the Åbo area (province Finland). Instead the orthodox missionaries converted the Karelians to orthodox faith and they created an orthodox ugric kingdom. Åbo area still remains in scandinavian hands, but the rest of Finland and also the ugric lands all the way to Arkhangelsk and Finnmark are united into an orthodox kingdom.
Genoa
The merchants of Genoa gained the status of a Free Imperial City within the Holy Roman Empire in the eleventh century, while the Emperor was busily mobilizing his troops for the First Crusade and sorely in need of the tribute in gold that the merchants were offering for this declaration. When the office of Holy Roman Emperor became vacant following the death of the Emperor in the Fourth Crusade at the hands of Byzantine troops, Genoa found itself fully independent. It quickly engaged in a series of military operations against the disorganized tribes of the islands west and south of Italy, some of which had not been subject to outside rule since the fall of Rome, using these as way stations and as markets for its growing trading empire. Economic disputes, including the refusals to accept one another's coinage, led to repeated wars with Venice through the fourteenth century. Finally, in 1381, the armies of Genoa and its Northern Italian allies conquered Venice, and forced its entire merchant class to relocate to Genoa, thus consolidating the two trading centers which dominated the region into one.
The Republic of Genoa having thus become masters of Northern Italy, and of the Mediterranean trade routes, is now looking to expand its influence, possibly into Southern Italy - where the strong Kingdom of Sicily could prove a threat - or Gaul - where it is bordered by the Kingdom of Savoy - or perhaps northward, into the disorganized Germanic lands, though that would involve difficult mountain passes. Many younger merchants see the possibilities for expansion lying with the seas, particularly if the Muslims of Iberia can be subdued or pacified in order to allow access to the Atlantic Ocean, or if a partnership with Byzantium would allow access to the Black Sea.
Granada
Heirs of the Caliphate of Cordoba, the Caliphate of Granada was formed in 1238, when Cordoba was threatened by the advancing Christian armies attempting to 'liberate' central and southern Iberia, which had become Muslim at the high tide of expansion in the eighth century. In that hour of crisis, the Caliph relocated his administration to the southern coast, and initiated a series of military reforms aimed at stopping the already-weakening tide of Christian warriors. The fact that this took place a single generation after the collapse of the nearby Kingdom of France may have been Granada's saving grace - the resulting turmoil distracted Granada's enemies, including the famed Breton mercenaries, during this critical period.
In the fourteenth century, at Granada's low tide, the Christians made significant progess toward Christianizing central Iberia, including the important cities of Barcelona, Lisbon, and so on. However, beginning in the closing decade of the century, Granada returned to the offensive, and these cities quickly fell back into Muslim hands, the Christian nobility fleeing to the north - in some cases, as far as Eire. As the fifteenth century opened, only four Iberian states - Porto, Leon, Asturias and Navarra - remained between the Caliph's territories and those of the disorganized independent duchies of southwestern Gaul. Those duchies were once threatened by Muslim troops (in the eighth century "high tide" era, at the Battle of Poitiers) and, Allah willing, may be less able to resist this time.
Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League is not a true nation in the traditional sense, but rather a perpetual alliance of a growing number of city-states. It began as a trade union of the Free Imperial Cities of the Baltic and North Sea coastal regions, though four important new members have been accepted over time. In the early 1070s, following the collapse of the Kingdom of England and its subsequent demise at the hands of Scotland, the southern half of the Kingdom made a last stand under the Earl of Wessex and the Lord Mayor of London at the Battle of Cambridge, and forced Scotland to halt its conquest. After this battle, these two noblemen went their seperate ways, and within a year, the Lord Mayor of London, in search of allies to protect against any future Scottish threat, was in Lubeck applying for membership in the League, not only for London, but for the entire southeastern corner of England, which had fought under his banner at Cambridge.
After the Fourth Crusade, when the King of France and the Holy Roman Emperor were both killed at the hands of Byzantine troops and their titles left to fade into history, the city-state of Antwerp, in Flanders - long a trading partner of London - followed its lead and applied for membership in the League as well.
Finally, the League reached its modern size by incorporating the city-states of Narva and Novgorod, which control the overland trade routes between the Baltic Sea and the interior of Russia, particularly the Volga River valley, when they were threatened by an expansionist Finland in the early fourteenth century.
The interests of the League are particularly difficult to define, due to its unusually decentralized nature. Certainly, it would act to protect its trading rights in the Baltic and North Seas, the Rhine River region, and other surrounding territories; however, the nature of those actions is difficult to predict.
Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was formed before the Crusades, as a Christianized version of the tribal councils of the warlike Magyar peoples, who emigrated to the Danube River valley during the fall of the Roman Empire. It was relatively busy - fighting mainly small border wars against its Germanic, Polish, and Slavonic neighbors, as well as conquering the Slovaks - for the last few centuries, and in the later Crusades, sided with the West. After the catastrophic Fourth Crusade, Hungary was unable to act when Byzantium began expanding in the southern Balkans, consolidating its position among the Greeks.
However, in 1388, inspired by the Pope's renewed declaration that the title of Holy Roman Emperor had "been lost at the hands of Byzantine soldiers, and from there must it be reclaimed", the King of Hungary bribed several of the outlying Byzantine governors to betray the Emperor and side with him in a war of liberation. The depleted Byzantine forces tried to stand against this alliance in the Battle of Kosovo, in 1389, but were narrowly defeated. The Hungarians and their allies, having captured the Byzantine general and standard, bargained from a position of power, securing freedom for their allies and a respectable tribute for Hungary itself. Following this victory, the King was rewarded, as he had hoped, with the title of Holy Roman Emperor, though this office was to continue to be elective, and has since been lost with the election of a Bavarian as Emperor.
In the aftermath of Kosovo, the Hungarian kingdom has mainly been concerned with retaining its position of strength in the region, and regaining the Imperial title and the privledges attendant to it. However, the rising rivals of Bavaria - which currently holds it - and Bohemia each covet the Imperial title and lands as well, and a resurgent Byzantium could also threaten Hungary's position in the south in the years to come.
Mameluks
Kaigon says they're done, but where?
Savoy
When the King of France was killed without heirs in the Fourth Crusade, the Pope was persuaded to elevate three of its consituent duchies - Brittany, Burgundy, and Savoy - to the status of kingdoms, rather than granting the old title of King of France to Burgundy or Savoy, by the threat of war from Brittany. Thus began the Kingdom of Savoy, which has long sought to unify the southern portions of the old Frankish kingdom and to assist the faltering Iberian Catholics against the Muslim expansion. Recent turmoil within Savoy has caused the Kingdom to back away from its external committments, and this (along with the withdrawl of Breton mercenaries) may have contributed to the renewed expansion of the Muslim Caliphate of Granada.
The Kingdom of Savoy remains finely balanced between the religious fervor of the threatened Iberians and French, and the politicking of Northern Italy, where its other main threat is to be found in the merchant republic of Genoa. It fits well in neither society, as its squabbling aristocracy prevents it from carrying out effective diplomacy, and the heretical teachings often sheltered within its mountain valleys tend to alienate it from its more religious neighbors to the west.
Scotland
The Kingdom of Scotland was formed when the Gaelic tribal kingdoms of northern Britain were finally united in the 1040s, in response to a percieved threat from both the Vikings and the newly united Irish. Unlike the Vikings and Irish, Scotland laid its trust in a powerful land army, and by 1067, had some of the best-trained foot soldiers in Western Europe.
Following the mutual annihilation of the armies of the Kingdom of England and its invader, the Duke of Normandy, at Hastings in 1066, the King of Scotland led his troops south into the chaotic, disintegrating Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Soon, the entire northern half of England was brought under Scottish rule, although the advance was halted in a climactic "last battle" near Cambridge, where the combined forces of the Earl of Wessex and the Lord Mayor of London were able to fight the Scottish army to a standstill, and killed the King of Scotland's chief general. The disheartened King made peace, establishing the borders that exist until this day, and the following generations of the Scottish royal family have devoted their attentions to the Viking threat of the Kingdom of Norway
Sicily
Teutonic Order
Ukraine
Golden Horde
Krete
Swabia
Ok most of these were done already by Sheridan, I simply collected them. I also revised some others and wrote a new one for Byzantium. Could anybody give me some ideas as to what they would like Sicily, Teutonic Order, Ukraine, GH, Krete and Swabia's histories to be, because I'd rather not simply run roughshod over other's ideas
