The Reign of King Ferdinand – The Bohemian Wars of Religion: The Second Hapsburg War and King Ferdinand’s Final Years, September 1558 – December 1561
Allied w/Poland-Lithuania, Bavaria, the Netherlands
September-December, 1558
With the death of King Charles of Spain, and the marriage of his son Philip of Hapsburg to our Lady Zakeja, daugter of Count Zatec, I had hoped to repair the rift driven between the two branches of the house of Hapsburg. Indeed, things seemed to be going well on the surface. However, my Brotherhood contacts within the Spanish court informed me that all was not well in the King’s counsels. Many of the Spanish lords, and lesser members of the Spanish Hapsburgs had been agitating for a renewed conflict with Bohemia. They gradually won King Philip over, convincing him, as they had convinced Charles, that Ferdinand was after his Imperial title, and dominion over all Hapsburg realms. As Philip became more and more persuaded of this, his attitude toward Contessa Zakeja grew more and more deplorable. Little more than a year after his marriage to her, Philip annulled the marriage, claiming the Contessa to be barren. Ferdinand of course was outraged by this. A rapid series of hostile letters flew back and forth between Praha and Madrid as relations between our nations rapidly degenerated. Finally, on the 13th of September Spain declared war on us, drawing in their allies of Genoa, Lorraine, and Cologne (the Aztecs, having no conception of Bohemia, naturally bowed out of their obligations to Spain), and once again pitted the House of Hapsburg against itself in a struggle for dominance of the dynasty. For our part, each of our allies pledged their support against Spanish aggression, although we mutually agreed that this was to be a largely defensive war. The Polish king also laid down the condition that we make an offering of 25 ducats to their vassals, Hungary, ostensibly to reaffirm the continuance of the Slavic-Magyar Union, though since the lapse of the Jagellon dynasty with the death of King Ludvik Jagellon, the Union had really been in name only, having no more coherence than a typical military alliance.
(Relations with Hungary improve from +67 to +75)
Our overseas ventures begin to bear fruit this Autumn. In early October a trading post is established in India, in the province of Pondicherry. Two months later another trading post in Penobscot, North Amerigo would successfully take root; and by the New Year a post was also founded in the shadow of Table mountain in South Africa.
Cologne begins this new war by sending a siege force into Luxembourg the first week of October. Our troops are still tied up in peacekeeping matters as the Austrian Regiment defeats a rebel band in Carniola later this month. Unfortunately Cologne’s boldness and our slow response embolden’s Hannover to declare war against us in support of the Holy Roman Emperor Felipe of Spain. They are without allies, but even still, I had hoped to keep this war as limited as possible so as to end it as quickly as possible. Towards this goal, the Bohemia army invades Alsace, defeating a Spanish army of 19,000 troops and initiating a siege. We soon think better of capturing land from Lorraine, preferring instead to take the war directly to Spanish soil. The Bohemia Army turns then to Franche-Comté, defeating the fleeing Spanish army again there, and settling into a siege by late December. General Zatec, in the meantime, breaks off with a new army and marches toward Spanish-owned Helvetia. We learn that our allies have not been idle, as the Netherlands capture Cologne itself in mid-December and extort 90 ducats from them for the city’s liberation.
1559
Zatec begins his siege in Helvetia by mid-January. The Spanish army, coming from a fresh trouncing in Franche-Comté, is easily defeated there as well when they arrive in mid-February. Zatec also defeats 5000 Spanish-Helvetian recruits in early March. Zatec maintains his siege until late April when a larger army from the Netherlands arrives. Realizing that the Dutch forces are sufficient to complete the siege, and that the province will go to them regardless, Zatec withdraws back to Franche-Comté to aid the ongoing siege there. His abilities prove valuable and by the end of May Besançon is in our possession. A day later we learn that Helvetia has also succumbed to the Dutch.
In the meantime our enemies are not idle. 4000 Spanish troops siege Luxembourg and Hannover moves into Munster in the opening weeks of April. Our Dutch allies, on the other hand, are victorious against the Spanish garrison in Artois, capturing that territory on the 25th of April. Two days later our Austrian Regiment invades Hannover itself and initiates a siege.Cologne is taken yet again by one of our allies; this time Poland-Lithuania. The city falls on the 13th of May and a peace is signed the next day giving 55 ducats to the Poles.
Rebels within our realm are not idle either. June brings with it two new revolts, 12,000 in Mainz and 11,000 in Austria. June also brings with it a new war. The Indian Kingdom of Mysore declares war on us, voicing their displeasure at our trading incursions on the coast of the Indian sub-continent. They are wary of foreigners and pledge to wipe out our presence there. There is not much we can do to respond since India is much to far away for us to take any military action.
On the 18th of July Mysore captures our trading post in Pondicherry. Rather than lose Madurai as well, we sue for peace with the Indian kingdom, offering them ownership of the trading post in Pondicherry. To our surprise they accept, ending our conflict in the East.
Back in Europe General Zatec has renewed a siege in Alsace by mid-July. Not knowing how long this Spanish war will last, I decide that we may as well attempt to conquer Lorraine while we have the chance. I raise reinforcements in the nearby provinces to resupply Zatec’s much diminished army.
At the end of July we learn that the Scots and the English are again at each other’s throats. Prussia joins the conflict on England’s side, while the Scots bring in England’s old enemy, France, to support them.
For us, August brings with it 12,000 rebels in Kustrin and an end to our war with Spain. On the 8th of August our Austrian Regiment captures Hannover. They offer us the remainders of their picked over treasury for peace, all of 10 ducats. Ferdinand, myself, and his council of advisors debate long an hard whether to accept the peace offer or whether to push our advantage and possibly annex all of Hannover. As we are debating a Spanish diplomat arrives, informing us that Spain is also willing to make peace and return to status quo if we let Hannover off easy. Philip, it seems, is not too keen on having the few remaining German princes loyal to the Emperor absorbed into our expanding kingdom. The offer is a good one, in truth we were wary of annexing Hannover for fear of how our reputation might suffer among our European brothers. Two separate treaties are signed with Hannover and Spain ending our hostilities with them.
To our surprise however, this does not bring about the cessation of all hostilities. The Dutch choose to continue fighting against Spain, hoping to gain some of the Belgian lands still held by Philip. They capture Hainut from Spain only four days later.
Even more surprising is the fact that Cologne decides to continue fighting us despite the withdrawal of their ally Spain. Why a tiny principality would choose to stand alone against a massive empire such as ours is bewildering. Later I would learn that at the time the small nation was severely divided between the Lord of Koln and his barons along the Rhine valley. Several of the barons wished to join with Bohemia, but the Elector of Koln was adamant on remaining loyal to the Emperor Philip. The barons backed Koln into a corner and forced him to stand by his principles by refusing to sign any peace with us. This is of course what the barons wanted, knowing that we would soon overwhelm their territory and, at their invitation, annex the principality. We of course did just that. With the support of the Barons, General Zatec crosses the Rhine on September 28th, easily defeating Koln’s army of 1000 troops on the borders of Pfalz. As he reaches the city he launches an assault on its battered walls. By the 9th of November the city is in his hands and two days later Koln swears fealty to the King of Bohemia. The traitorous barons are of course duly rewarded for their help to us. Though we couldn’t know it for sure at this point, time would reveal that the annexation of Cologne brought to an end this period of religious and dynastic wars which had raged back and forth across Central Europe since our annexation of Kleves back in 1537.
The Bohemian Empire at the end of the Wars of Religion
This annexation of course wins us no friends among the other nations of Europe. Even our brother nation, Hungary voices their objections to our greedy gobbling up of Germany. This notwithstanding a series of gifts to their king over this past year, totaling up to 75 ducats.
(Relations with Hungary drop from +103 to +2)
The Bad Boy of Europe: No Friends and Many Enemies
The annexation of Cologne also brings with it more unrest among our other German territories. 12,000 rebels spring up in Hessen this same month.
1560
The rebel situation gets worse in January as 9000 rise up in Anhalt. Though our new Rhineland Army overcomes the Mainz rebels on the 4th, Zatec loses to the Hessen rebels on the 9th as attrition wipes out most of his infantry and cavalry enroute. A month later the Rhineland Army wipe out the Anhalt rebels, but rebel pops up elsewhere as 14,000 men loyal to the Elector of Koln rebel in that province in early March.
War breaks out in the north in early February between Russia – backed by Venetia and the Knights of St. John – and Denmark and their allies in Georgia. Meanwhile, the tide begins to turn against the Dutch in their continuing conflict with Spain, as the Spanish retake Helvetia in mid-March.
In late March Zatec’s remaining troops join up with the Rhineland Army to defeat the Hessen rebels. No sooner is this accomplished however, when we hear of 10,000 rebels in West Pommerania. Our war effort is aided in early May as our engineers present to us the arquebus, an effective new firearm.
(Land Tech 8: Arquebus) Zatec takes this new weapon with him when he marches on Cologne yet again in late May. He easily defeats the ill prepared enemy and then heads back eastward to meet more rebel challenges. More soon arise as the Austrian rebels take Vienna on July 12th. Our Austrian Regiment arrives there five weeks later, wipes out the rebels and lays siege to the city. In the north, the Kustrin rebels capture the fortress there by September 12th, and in the west 11,000 rebels arise in Luxembourg. Meanwhile, Zatec defeats the Kustrin rebels in Brandenburg on November 17th before turning northward to prevent the Pommeranian rebels from overcoming the garrison there.
1561
In the Dutch-Spanish War Spain continues to gain ground as they retake Artois from the Dutch on the 13th. The Dutch-Spanish War rages back and forth throughout this year. In early October Flanders is taken by the Spanish, but a month later Artois again falls into Dutch hands.
Zatec is victorious against the Pommeranians in a harsh winter battle on January 10th. Elsewhere in our lands, 12,000 rebels spring up in Odenburg. I spend nearly 300 ducats on a new army of 13k/5k/0 in Bohemia to continue our war on the rebels. I also send a gift of 100 ducats to the Poles to reassure them of our friendship, and to soothe their concerns over our aggressive conquests over these past several decades.
(Polish relations improve from +64 to +96)
Our armies continue their policing actions throughout this year. Zatec lays siege to Kustrin in mid-March, finally taking the fort three months later. Meanwhile, the Austrian Regiment liberates Vienna on May 19th and easily puts down another insurgence there in mid-June. They march on to Odenburg, defeating the rebels there by late-July. I raise 8000 more infantry in Austria to resupply their losses.
In early July we learn that Scotland has won a favorable peace over England, gaining possession of the Marches.
In the beginning of October Cologne revolts yet again. Our newly rebuilt Bohemia Army is in the region, but fails to crush a rebel force in Luxembourg and are instead forced to flee back to Pfalz.
Winter comes on early this year, and the aging King Ferdinand, takes sick with a severe case of the flu. He lingers on for nearly a month, but shortly after Christmas King Ferdinand the Conqueror dies from the illness. Ferdinand, who reign lasted 36 years, would be known as a warlike and contentious king. His rule saw Bohemia expand from a small central European nation playing a balancing act with its powerful neighbors, to a new and fearsome empire spanning from France to Poland, and from the Baltic to the Alps. It also saw a sharp wedge driven between the Spanish and Bohemia branches of the mighty Hapsburg dynasty, whose intrigues managed to draw all of Europe into the past two and a half decades of religious wars. Ferdinand would also be known as a pious king however, as many of his conquests were in response to the spreading Lutheran plague in northern Germany. Thanks to Ferdinand few explicitly Protestant states remained at the end of his reign.
After a period of mourning his son Maximilian of Hapsburg, second of that dynasty assumes the throne of Bohemia and lordship of her German and Austrian possessions. My hope is that Maximilian will help usher in a period of peace, as this man demonstrates some amazing skills in diplomacy and peacemaking. Only time will tell.
NEXT UP…Maximilian’s efforts towards peace and stabilization