Chapter 10: An Accidental War (1474-82)
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June 1478
Friso Barents’ surprisingly long term as Potestaat of Friesland had begun in August 1459 and finally ended with the dreamless sleep in August 1475, just a few days short of 16 years in office and at the ripe age of 77. His place was taken by Maurits Stijl, known for his espionage skills and being a brilliant administrator and diplomat. Reginhard Donia served on as the sole minister.
The Clergy continued to languish in influence as the Burghers dominated, though both remain loyal enough during this period of Frisian history.
The French alliance continued as Friesland continued to curry favours with them and gradually earned the trust of the great power to the south. And the spy network in Burgundy increased under Stijl’s expert direction.
In the five years since 1473, the Frisian National Bank had been established to help manage inflation, while Frisian financiers worked on developing a more organised debt market.
The big innovation in the last few years had been the development of the limber and an associated introduction of the first fully organised and independent Frisian artillery regiments, with large cast bronze mortars being chosen as the standard piece.
The army had expanded in all three arms since the last war against Utrecht to its maximum sustainable force level but had not yet been unleashed again against a neighbour. The navy now had room for a modest expansion – funds permitting.
A replica of an early modern mortar, similar to those first adopted by the Frisian army in the late 1470s.
Frisian influence in the Holy See gradually increased with the years but had still not approached a level that would allow it to seek meaningful assistance from the Vatican, as the desire for church reform gained pace (whilst generally being discouraged by the traditional pro-Catholic leaders of Frisia).
The mid-late 1470s had seen the biggest leap yet in provincial development, with increases everywhere except in Oversticht and especially a boom in infrastructure in Utrecht, though no new major buildings were constructed.
Of wider interest, the ever-expanding Ottoman Empire had decided to conquer Içel in the small realm of Karaman in southern Anatolia. This had brought the Mamluks into the war in aid of Karaman, but the Ottomans were well on the way to victory by this time.
July 1480
Maurits Stijl died after a term of just five years, with the Frisian dream being taken over by another member of the Van Schellinkhout family, Joris. Another man known mainly for his bragging indiscretion, though a competent administrator, diplomat and a very highly regarded soldier. As always, he was served by the ubiquitous Reginhard Donia.
The main change in Friesland’s situation from two years before was France’s doing: they had declared a conquest war on Brittany a few months before, nominally for Nantais but with wider ambitions than that. July 1480 found Frisia taking a defensive and evasive posture. France and the rest of its allies concentrated initially on Brittany and southern Burgundy.
But the Burgundian coalition had decided to invade Friesland! In the face of some large Burgundian, and Dutch armies in particular, and having been roped into the war as a bystander with not too much to gain for itself, General Enhard Kamminga held the Leger back in Oversticht while the Burgundians tried to reduce the great castle in Utrecht.
As the French fleet was more than sufficient to conduct local blockade duties, the Frisian navy remained at sea to protect trade. And on land, Friesland would wait for the far greater numbers of the French coalition to eventually come to their aid. And hope not to much of the country was ravaged in the meantime.
Early on, Friesland had beaten the Dutch in a small naval skirmish and since then the two main land battles had seen the large French army in Brittany defeat its opponent there twice. Otherwise, most of the land action had involved occupations and sieges. As part of which, Utrecht had suffered some bad looting.
This meant of the light French Coalition casualties on land, none had been suffered by Friesland as yet. For the enemy, Brittany’s whole main army seems to have been destroyed in the Battles of Vannetais and Rennais.
The army remained at the same strength as in 1478, but the navy had added one light ship since then (making 15 barques). As a result, trade in the English Channel in particular remained strong, but the budget had fallen slightly into the red and the treasury had a significant deficit, while inflation still affected the economy.
That one extra ship added had resulted in Frisia successfully challenging Spanish power by surpassing 50% of Castile’s naval strength (which seemed to be measured by aggregate hull size or guns rather than ship numbers, as Castile maintained a number of carracks and Frisia had none as yet).
As a result, the navy was going from strength to strength.
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February 1481
Seven months later, there had been no change in the make up off the government, but Joris Van Schellinkhout’s dreams were much easier – as he was happy to tell anyone listening, whether they could be trusted or not.
France had now occupied Nantais and only a few thousand of Brittany’s troops still resisted. In southern Burgundy, Savoy had joined France in occupying territory, while the French had begun occupying Burgundian and Flanders lands in the south of the Low Countries.
The strategy of patience had paid off for Friesland: Utrecht still held out, while large French and allied armies had approached from the south, emboldening Friesland to strike from the north despite the continuing presence of larger enemy armies nearby, taking the undefended Amsterdam and besieging Den Haag. Overall war casualties were roughly even now on both sides, with those for Friesland coming purely from siege attrition.
Other than one more skirmish between the Portuguese and Brittany, no more land battles had been recorded, all the action being sieges or an ambush by France of Flanders’ fleet as it escaped port. The war was now well in France’s favour and Friesland had recouped their materiel losses through looting of their own in Holland.
The army had added another artillery regiment in the last few months, bringing it to over full establishment strength at additional maintenance expense.
Though trade had grown further to now exceed tax income, the previous deficit had not been paid off in time to avoid having to take out a loan, due for repayment in August 1485.
Though at least the repayments were not as large as they might have been due to the recently completed reform of Friesland’s debt market.
And advances in diplomatic technology now allowed the construction of docks – and stealing of maps, if the desire and opportunity arose. Friesland was now well ahead of many nations in their research of military technology, but a little behind in diplomatic and administrative advancements.
The Ottomans had made gains after the successful war against Karaman and the Mamluks, annexing the former and taking significant lands in the Levant from the latter.
By that time, Frisian trade income was ranked at the 19th highest in the world, their navy the 21st largest.
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June 1482
Joris Van Schellinkhout did not live to enjoy the peace that came with the inevitable French victory over Brittany and Burgundy. Another member of the Donia clan, Menfrid, now dreamed the dream, still supported by his relative (their exact relationship is lost to history) Reginhard, who continued his long service to Friesland. Menfrid was a master administrator and diplomat, which should serve Friesland well if he stayed in office for a reasonable time.
France had fully annexed Brittany and taken Cambrésis from Burgundy, to the south of Flanders. The French and their allies had concentrated a massive force to defeat the Burgundians and their coalition at Utrecht a short time before, forcing the surrender. And meaning Friesland was forced into a truce with Holland, among other potential targets, for another five years.
In the Estates, the Clergy had recovered both influence and loyalty, at the expense of the same for the Burghers. In March, Friesland had defended the Church’s tithes, which had a corresponding negative effect of the influence of the Burghers, though they remained the predominant political grouping in the Republic.
There had been no new reforms of the Republic, though a decision would have to be taken in 1484 on Friesland’s approach to regionalism. Similarly, no research breakthroughs had been made or new national ideas unlocked in the last 16 months. The army and navy strengths remained unchanged, with the army was garrisoned in Utrecht again.
The treasury remained in significant debt and the budget not quite balanced, meaning more borrowing would be needed. Trade had declined somewhat over the last years as well, though the cause of that had been lost to history.
Only Oversticht had been developed at all in the last year, but the reason for the new debt was plain: recent public works in the capital of Leeuwarden had been completed, financed in part by debt.
In the known world, it seemed the recent defeat at the hands of the Ottomans may see the Mamluks slip from the ranks of the great powers, while Hungary remained a bulwark against Ottoman expansion in central Europe.
Friesland had not really been able to improve its ranking in the world’s reckoning of nations since the year before and had slipped a little in terms of its trade and general income.
But Menfrid Dornia went to bed on a balmy early June day in 1482 with ambitious thoughts of greater Frisian prosperity, expansion and freedom easing his drift to sleep. Perchance to dream.