From that error log I'm pretty sure you have a corrupted game installation. Please do a full **clean** re-install:
- move any valued save games elsewhere, and user_empire_designs.txt from /Documents/Paradox Interactive/Stellaris/ if you have made any custom empires or races.
- "uninstall" in Steam-Stellaris
- manually delete both the Steam/SteamApps/common/Stellaris AND Documents/Paradox Interactive/Stellaris folders
In particular you need to make sure there are no files or folders left under either the Steam Stellaris or Documents Stellaris locations, before installing again.
- re-install game in Steam, run a Steam Verify when done.
- add stellaris.exe to the exceptions list of your antivirus app; ESPECIALLY if you have Windows Defender, add it to the Ransomware "Apps Allowed Through" list.
- right click on stellaris.exe, properties, compatibility. Tick "disable fullScreen optimisations" and untick everything else in that screen. Apply and exit.
- in the launcher Game Settings menu, select display mode fullScreen, Vsync off, refresh rate 60.
Does that help?