• We have updated our Community Code of Conduct. Please read through the new rules for the forum that are an integral part of Paradox Interactive’s User Agreement.
@henryjai: I could but I'm refraining significant territorial purchases. If Poland is to have a coast I'll fight for it. I feel it gives the game an extra challenge.

Anyway here's part one of update 5, I'll upload the rest later.

Empire or Death: Update no. 5, years 1851-1856 Part 1

Excerpt from Poland in the 19th Century:

The years of 1851-1856 were a time of massive changes on economic, diplomatic, and military fronts in Poland. This would begin with the completion of the Warsaw-Radom railway which linked the Radom coal mines to the cement factory, significantly reducing the associated transport costs.


Later in 1851 Polish commercial researchers completed their work on ad hoc money bill printing, and funding was granted to the PAF to begin research into more effective cannons. The PAF argued that while no major artillery attachments were present in the army, it would be an important stepping stone to a more powerful military, and through that, eventual Polish independence.


A month later a second part of the British Empire would vie for independence, this time in Europe. Irish nationalist rage against the ruling British came to a boiling point, and the revolting Irish in the south of the island, with their government centered in Sligo. This revolt by a minority against a European great power captured the hearts and minds of much of the urban population in Poland, who saw their own past in Ireland’s present. Several weeks after Ireland’s declaration of independence there would be a demonstration against the British Empire in Warsaw by those sympathizing with the Irish.


This surge of national consciousness however, would not increase the amount of Poles volunteering for the burgeoning Polish Army. In late 1851 the PAF petitioned the king for the funds for raise a 9th, which necessitated an increase in the defense budget to fund more intense recruitment drives. By mid 1852 the necessary manpower would be amassed, and training of the division would begin.


In October of 1852 the length of rail in Poland would be double what it was in 1851, but the laying of railway would cease for a number of years due to a variety of issues that will be discussed later in the chapter.


On January 7th 1853, four years and one day after Russian granted Poland limited independence, Poland would takes it first flagrant anti-Russian action since the formation of its new government. King Puzniak announced to approving, yet tense, crowds that Poland was no longer bound to supporting Russia if it launched a war of aggression. This effectively broke Russia’s last vestige of control over Poland, however the king did not cut all ties with Russia, and was not recognized as independent by the great nations of Europe, or of Russia. Poland was still diplomatically isolated, with only the French treating it as de facto, if not de jure, independent as they had for years. The Russian Tsar was furious, describing King Puzniak as a traitor, and ordering Russian divisions to the Polish border. Military advisors to the Tsar however recommended a war against Poland at this time. Such a war would be costly and time-consuming, due to the somewhat large Polish standing army and reserves, and French military support. Such a war could not be afforded at a time with increasing tension on the Ottoman border.


Fifteen days later, Russian doubts about their capability to deal with the PAF quickly were reinforced with the upgrading of Polish artillery with new muzzle loaded cannon. Research into cheap iron followed. Although Poland at this time did not possess iron mines, the MotE reasoned that it would still be necessary to catch up to industrial nations.


In response to Russian saber-rattling, the army would be reorganized into three corps of three divisions each, and deployed to the Russian border to show the Poland would not easily be re-conquered.


At the same time as Polish military deployments, the Irish revolt ended. Ireland was now a free and independent nation, although perhaps calling it the city-state of Sligo would be a more fitting name for it. In return for peace, the Irish rebels would have to cede control of all territory except for Sligo and its environs. Polish nationalism already being on the increase with the slap in the face delivered to Russia a month before, the government disseminated propaganda among the population praising the Irish rebellion and citing it as an example of how if people worked hard enough, they could successfully rebel against a great power and attain independence.


The following June the second Franco-Polish military alliance expired, following by another guarantee of independence by the French the next month. Polish diplomats wished to renew the alliance, but France stated that they would not renew it again until Russia recognized Poland’s independence.
 
@Leonaru: Thanks.
@General_Grant: I'll do my best.

Part 2

In July, several things of importance happened. First was the French renewal of its guarantee of Polish independence. The second was the construction of the Royal Lumber Mill on the outskirts of Warsaw. This represented the first joint venture of the Polish state and capitalists in industry. Despite Poland not having a source of lumber meaning that it had to be imported, the factory still drew a respectable profit, significantly greater than that of the cement industry. The third, and most important event, was the beginning of the Crimean War, in which Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire through the Balkans, and immediately also faced a coalition formed to support the Ottoman Empire considering of the United Kingdom, France, Sardinia-Piedmont, and Austria.



In response to the developments in the Crimean War, Poland mobilized for war. With Austrian forces advancing into Ukraine, the Polish monarch publically entertained the idea of official Polish independence for the first time. He publically condemned the Russian invasion of the Ottoman Empire as “an act of naked aggression” and a threat to peace in Europe.


Mobilization caused a massive and unsustainable strain on the Polish budget. Piled on top of debt from subsidies toward industrialization and military expansion, this created the greatest debt the Polish had yet experienced. King Puzniak privately confided with the skeptical MotE that if Poland did engage in war, this debt would be a small problem with possible reparations and new diplomatic and military opportunities(1).


Sensing the winds of change in Poland, the beleaguered Ottoman Empire gave Poland exactly what it needed, a recognition of independence and an offer to join the anti-Russian coalition. With the announcement of Poland’s acceptance by an ecstatic King Puzniak, Polish nationalism reached a fever pitch…


…and Polish forces crossed the border to strike empty Russian Belarus and Lithuania.


Shortly after the Ottoman recognition of Polish independence, the French would become the second nation to recognize and ally with the newly independent state, further solidifying Poland’s position within the anti-Russian coalition.


With mobilization of the Polish army complete, the twenty reserve divisions in Kapsukas were divided into five corps of four divisions and each. Their exact advances can be seen below. As the PAF rolled across Russian Lithuania and Belarus, King Puzniak reportedly became ever more jubilant, entertaining grand ideas of exacting a humiliating peace upon Russia, gaining massive war reparations, or even resurrecting the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He even excitedly considered the idea of adding Belarus to such a nation, and at least part of Latvia to give it a coast(2). The PAF would go on to occupy much of Lithuania, and a bit of Belarus.


Poland’s dreams however, would be dashed. The war ended on August 29th of 1853 in Russian defeat. To the anger of many Polish nationalists, Poland would make no monetary or territorial gains. Poland was not even consulted in the peace negotiations, but simply notified that the war was over and that its forces should remove themselves from Polish territory. The only concession, although significant, given to Poland was international recognition of Polish sovereignty and territorial integrity by all participants in the war, including the reluctant Russians.
Although Poland never actually met the Russian Army in battle in field, Polish troops received a hero’s welcome on their return, with military parades being held across the country. Despite not meeting Russian forces, consequences for Poland in this war were still serious. Losses to disease and other forms of attrition caused over three thousand casualties in the PAF. Steep war debt necessitated high taxes on all citizens and a large cutting of expenses to avoid bankruptcy. European nations expressed little interest in purchasing Polish technology for any more than a pittance, so this tactic could not again be used to quickly pay off debt. Without attaining a coast as Poland had wished, it remained sandwiched between three major powers, two of which held significant Polish territory and were allied with one another, and the other which bore Poland great enmity for its actions in the Crimean War. This left the Polish with no avenue of easy, or even feasible expansion.

 
Part 3

The remaining years until 1856 would, with diplomatic and military opportunities for improvement cut off, Poland was forced to once again focus on strengthening itself internally. The next years were consumed with commercial research, and budgetary austerity to speed up the paying off of the war debt so money funding could be spent on more fruitful endeavors.




In November of 1855, war debt was paid off and the budget re-organized to be more conducive to economic growth. Taxes on the wealthy were slashed, but tariffs would be kept high to allow the budget to grow. Capitalists, due to new profitable industries, were still able to make a significant profit and afford their lavish lifestyles. The MotE projected that the capitalists should be able to complete the experimental rail network across all of Poland within five years.


(1) The Crimean War: Eastern Front
(2) Polish Statesmen of the 20th Century
 
This update is going to be divided into several parts and probably posted over the course of the next few days because it's kind of long.

Empire or Death: Update no. 6, years 1856-1861 Part 1

Excerpt from Poland in the 19th Century:

The next five years and beyond would be an incredibly turbulent period in Polish history. 1856 began rather peacefully, not foreshadowing the dark times ahead, with the construction of a canned food factory via a joint capitalist-state venture. The factory would be plagued with high expenses of importing iron, and to a lesser extent fish, but was deemed to be the beginning of a Polish military industrial complex and so received subsidies from the state.


Polish economic development would continue with the completion of research into new methods of banking. Commercial research would not continue this year however, with funding being granted to the PAF to research point defense systems.


Polish banking methods would bring almost immediate dividends, with Polish economists being sent to France in return for a large sum of cash to help pay off debt.


Later this month tariffs would be lowered. With debt paid the MotE filed a report with the king stating that such onerous tariffs were unnecessary and severely retarding economic growth, causing capitalists to consume all their wealth rather than invest.


Later that year, with Polish recruitment efforts again flagging, 23,000 grain farmers in the province of Spiff into the PAF by order of the king.


Following the draft instituted in Spiff, the PAF petitioned the king to increase the size of the standing army by one third. An initially hesitant King Puzniak refused on the grounds of the high cost, but senior officers in the PAF reasoned that Poland’s military remained untested, despite the war in Russia, and that it would be better to err on the side of a military too large than too small.


In the middle of next year, the PAF against increased its strength with the completion of research into point defense systems. The PAF pushed for more funds for military research, but the MotE won out in the competition for funding arguing that Poland would need to improve its industrial capacity to support the significant military increases that had been happening. A flagging capitalist class particularly worried the MotE.


Later that month, the MotE won another political victory when it convinced the king to assign funding to another joint capitalist-state venture. Senior MotE officials met with the king, and impressed upon him the importance of the economic problems facing Poland with a stagnating capitalist-based economy. Support for laissez-faire capitalism, while never having gained a great deal of followers with the conservatives in the Polish government, collapsed in the face of stagnating and the interventionism and even state-capitalism became popular in the Senate and the MotE. Under these circumstances capitalist-state joint ventures became a more popular way for economic advancement, and was accepted by King Puzniak.


In July of 1858, MotE industrial researchers finished their research into interchangeable parts, and the PAF gained funding for research into superior military planning.


Later that month, the MotE gained a blessing from King Puzniak for another joint capitalist-state venture, this time for a steel works in Warsaw. The MotE was divided on support for this venture, the Radom coal mines would be able to supply the factory with coal, but the necessary chemicals and iron would have to imported. This would prove to be expensive but steel was deemed profitable enough to justify the cost.
 
Part 2

Mid-1858 would see the beginnings of a new direction for Polish foreign policy. The Ottoman-Polish alliance had always been an alliance of convenience. The respective states had done little in the way of improving relations with one another, and so the two nations parted ways on amicable terms with neither showing interest in signing another alliance for the foreseeable future.


The Franco-Polish alliance, also signed during the Crimean War, lapsed soon after. This led to a series of events that would complicate Franco-Polish relations. When offering another alliance, French diplomats notified Poland that it would soon become involved in a war on the Italian peninsula to support Sardinia-Piedmont’s bid to unify Italy under its monarch. This would, of course, draw France and Sardinia-Piedmont into war against the Austrian Empire, and as a French ally, the Polish would be drawn in as well. King Puzniak had never really forgiven the French for not consulting him in the peace negotiations during the Crimean War, causing the Polish to receive except recognition by the powers of Europe as independent. The king demanded that if his nation were drawn into war against Austria in aid of France that the French would guarantee Polish territorial gains in Galicia and Austrian Silesia. The French refused these demands as they believed that it would draw out the war causing more damage than necessary to the French military and economy. The Polish king therefore notified the French that he would wage a war against the Austrians the same time as the French, but would negotiate peace independently. The French were not happy with this, but continued attempts at negotiation with the Polish monarch proved unsuccessful. This decision would change the course of Poland’s history forever, and is still the subject of debate for many modern historians.


The last significant event of the year would be the sale of industrial technology to the Russian government. Polish debt had recently ballooned due to state investment in the industrial sector. Due to less than stellar relations with the Russian Empire, the technology was not able to be sold for how much it was really worth. The Polish debt situation was considered dire by the MotE, however, and the Russian Empire was the only nation that was willing to buy Polish industrial technology.


With war on the horizon, king Puzniak approved the PAF’s application for more funding to methods of further professionalizing the military.


1859 would see tensions on the Austro-Polish border increase. The Austrian Empire, worried about the historical Franco-Polish alliance and instability in Italy, moved forces to the Austro-Polish border. The PAF would respond by moving the twelve divisions of the standing army to the border.


In December of 1859 Austria, France, and Sardinia-Piedmont began the war that led to Italian unification. Poland responded by mobilizing for war. King Puzniak conferred with the PAF, and an agreement was reached where the Polish would invade in a surprise attack either when the Austrian forces left Galicia for the Italian front, or when Poland finished mobilization.


As fate would have it, such an opening would occur on the 20th of January, 1860. Polish diplomats advised King Puzniak against declaring war directly on the Austrian-Empire, as this would earn the wrath of the German confederation, and Poland had no chance in a two-front war with Austria and Prussia. Instead, the King Puzniak would announce support for Sardian-Piedmontese unification of Italy, and declare war on Tuscany, a minor Italian state in the Austrian sphere of influence. Austria declared support for Tuscany against Poland, and did not bring in the German confederation to help.
King Puzniak gave extensive demands to the Austrian Empire with this declaration of war. The first was that Austria would cease its involvement in Italian affairs and let the peninsula unify under Sardinia-Piedmont. This was the official cassus belli, but the Polish king laid further demands. In the message sent to the Austrian monarchy he condemned their domination over Polish lands, and demanded a great deal of territory stretching from Cieszyn in the West to Lwow in the East.


Excerpt from The Austro-Polish War

In January of 1860 Austrian High Command moved its forces from its northern, eastern, and southern borders to the Dalmatian coast, Lombardy, and Venetia to fight Italian and French forces. This necessitated a weakening of the guard on the Polish border, leaving five divisions facing twelve Polish ones. With Austrian lines already thin, the city of Krakow was left totally undefended, virtually begging to be occupied from the Polish perspective. Three divisions stationed in Spiff would hold the provinces against Austrian incursions into Poland, while the nine divisions in Kielce and Radom going on the offensive. Three divisions would march unopposed into Krakow, while six would face Austrian forces a third their size in the north-galician province of Tarnow.


In early February, the PAF’s first battle would end in victory as Austrian forces were routed from Tarnow. King Puzniak gave a speech in Warsaw declaring that the liberation of the Austrian Poles was at hand to jubilant crowds, while at the same time Polish forces were being greeted as liberators by the Poles in Galicia and Krakow.