RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov (Alexander II of Russia), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland
Born: 29 April 1818
Reigned from 2 March 1855
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RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov (Alexander II of Russia), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland
Born: 29 April 1818
Reigned from 2 March 1855
RUSSIAN EMPIRE-KINGDOM OF POLAND
As I'm the Tsar of all this vast territory I will need some help to manage it all. I declare a new behavior with the Polish. I've spoke with Alexander Wielopolski, governor of the Kingdom of Poland and ministry of treasure, and we argued about the following ideas for Polish people:
Poland will receive an army. The Old Polish Sejm Walny will be restored. Official languages will be Polish and Russian.
[X] Alexander II Romanov, Tsar of Russia.
[ ] Alexander Wielopolski, governor of Poland. @adriankowaty
As I'm the Tsar of all this vast territory I will need some help to manage it all. I declare a new behavior with the Polish. I've spoke with Alexander Wielopolski, governor of the Kingdom of Poland and ministry of treasure, and we argued about the following ideas for Polish people:
Poland will receive an army. The Old Polish Sejm Walny will be restored. Official languages will be Polish and Russian.
[X] Alexander II Romanov, Tsar of Russia.
[ ] Alexander Wielopolski, governor of Poland. @adriankowaty
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The Kingdom of Poland also states, that it's not willing to claim other Polish lands, unless it would be approved by state, which own this land and is negotiated in legal treaty.
Alexander Wielkopolski, Governor of Kingdom of Poland in name of Emperor Alexander II Romanov.
First elections for Sejm Walny of Kingdom of Poland
The governor of Kingdom of Poland officially proclaims national elections for reintroduced Sejm Walny of Kingdom of Poland. The government, being openly responsible before His Imperial and Royal Majesty Alexander II Romanov states that elections will be weighted universal with only male vote. Each social class - high class ecompassing aristocracy and capitalists, middle class consisting of beraucrats, officers, clerks, teachers and medical workers or any other intelectualists and low class consisting on factory workers, miners, farmers and other physical labour has 100 representatives in new Sejm. Everyone, who is at least 20 years old during elections is allowed to vote. Voting system is proportional and every party - apart of communist and anarchist movenements - is allowed to participate. Parliamentary cadencies will last five years since elections.First Sejm cadency should start at 1st of January 1862, and it's the day when election results should be given before.
The governor himself also proclaims enstablishment of "Patriotic Party" (Stronnictwo Patriotyczne) being political party of the governor himself with following program:
1. Introducement of land reform. The land reform will compose on giving areas owned by peasants into their hands, leaving aristocratic grounds with the rest. This land reform will be supported by state given recompensations, which would allow aristocrats to cover their loses.
2. Abolishing of serfdom in Poland. As with previous reform, the aristocrats will get recompensate from state's budget.
3. Introducing new tax at 2% rate of incomes as basis for enstablishing Armed Forces at size of 10.000, including 3.000 cavalry soldiers, 2.000 artillery soldiers, 3.000 line infantry soldiers and 2.000 light infantry soldiers being at best condition possible and to pay down national debt aswell as handle needed reforms.
4. State investitions in form of modernisation of agriculture, to modernize it to western standard as following thing for land reform and abolishment of serfdom.
5. Development of infrastructure - modernizing Polish road system and connecting all industrial areas with railways. Agricultural areas around shall have modernized infrastructure to.
6. The Patriotic Party plans to follow this program for three consequent cadencies of the new Sejm.
In name of His Imperial and Royal Majesty Alexander II Romanov,
Alexander Wielopolski, governor of Kingdom of Poland and ministry of treasure.
大清
ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
Qing Empire
under the most gracious rule of
同治帝
Tongzhi Emperor
1856 (1861) -
鞏金甌
"It has been suggested that the old President intentionally left those forts in a defenseless condition, that South Carolina might seize them before his successor had time to take means for their safety. I cannot believe it; I will not believe it, for it would make Mr. Buchanan a more odious traitor than Benedict Arnold. Every drop of blood that shall be shed in the conflict would sit heavy on his soul forever.
Of course, that is not the case. That distinction belongs to a certain group of overpampered planters in the rebelling states, and they have deluded themselves into thinking their vile game is a proclamation of true freedom. We must fight to ensure that world right now and the annals of history know their true tyranny."
- Rep. Thaddeus Stevens (R-PA), in a speech to Congress
-Emperor of the Austrian Empire, Francis Joseph I Von Habsburg
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The Kingdom of Poland and the Polish Exodus
The Borders and Territories of the Kingdom of Poland
To say the Kingdom of Poland had a troubled past would be a gross understatement. Born from the Congress of Vienna as a successor state to the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw and as a puppet to the Russian Empire, its early life was one wrought with misery and self-destruction. Though it initially possessed a liberal, democratic, Constitution, with the state being led by the elected Sejm, this was not to last. The Imperial Tsar’s held little care for the legal proceedings of it’s puppet, and it quickly began to act against the state, swiftly replacing much of the Polish bureaucracy with Russian loyalists. This would result in a vast series of internal conflicts, eventually culminating in the failed November Uprising in 1830, an attempt to overthrow the hated Russian overlords.
The Borders and Territories of the Kingdom of Poland
A year later, the heated fighting was over, and Russia stood victorious. Emboldened and without opposition, Russia doubled previous attempts to integrate the Polish state, eventually dissolving the Polish Sejm permanently, and replacing its former constitution with the Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland. With only minor vestiges of autonomy left, the Kingdom was nothing more than a nation in name only. For over two decades, the Polish, though bitter and angry, were constrained by the far more powerful Russian Empire, knowing any uprising would be crushed immediately and without mercy. However, the Crimean War gave them hope.
The Crimean War had humiliated the Empire, and left the state ridden with a vast debt and a limping military. Seeing their chance for independence, unrest, suppressed for so long, rapidly emerged, as Pro-Polish demonstrations broke out across the Russian territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the city of Vilna alone, 70 demonstrations were held throughout the course of 1861. By August, the demonstrations had turned violent, as clashes broke out between demonstrators and legal authorities. By September, a State of Emergency had been declared in the three Russian Governorates of Vilna, Kovno, and Grodno, and authorities across the Empire demanded martial law be implemented in the Polish Kingdom. However, despite the recommendations of his advisors and support behind the action, Emperor Alexander remained paralyzed by indecision well into October, fearing a popular uprising if he were to take action. Already, thousands of Poles had begun to pour into the Kingdom, as word spread of a potential restoration of the long abolished Constitution.
Following a particularly violent demonstration in Warsaw, Alexander did an unthinkable act to many within his court. On October 30, Alexander ordered the full reinstitution of the former Polish Constitution, and for the Polish construction of a small military force, among other changes, with the Sejm's elections occurring in 1862. As the newly reborn Kingdom rejoiced, dissent spread throughout the Empire. The Russian nobility found themselves equally angered and frightened by the new state, the Poles, to many a noble, were hardly friends of the Empire, and it’s liberal constitution was of particular threat to their way of life. Throughout the months of November and December, many a noble petitioned the Emperor to change his decision, but all attempts were rebuked by the liberal Alexander, paving the way for mass dissatisfaction and conflict within the Empire.
However, the nobility were not the only cause of concern for Alexander, for the Empire was equally as diverse as it was vast. Though the Empire had ruled harshly and absolutely in many of its territories, this unbecoming act of mercy quickly heralded a new age of nationalistic secessionists and particularists, as protestors quickly sought to exploit and expand the new liberties Alexander provided. Nowhere was this more prevalent than in the Baltic and Belarusian Governorates. Many called for unification with the Polish Kingdom in the name of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, others for autonomy, and some for complete secession from the Russian Empire.
Though the reinstitution of the Polish constitution forced a drastic change upon the internal politics of the Russian Empire, it had a similarly important effect in ripples throughout the former territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. News of the Polish state spread quickly among the Prussian and Austrian Poles, and Pro-Polish demonstrations became commonplace throughout the months of April and May. Though viewed with mild distaste by Austrian authorities, often breaking up the demonstrations, the Prussians responded with far harsher measures. In a letter to his sister, Bismarck wrote "Hit the Poles so hard that they despair of their life; I have full sympathy for their condition, but if we want to survive we can only exterminate them." It would be with this attitude the Prussian Reichstag passed several harsh measures against the Poles, stripping their right to public demonstration, and empowering local governments to act directly against the Polish peoples. Terrified of further action by the Prussian government, Polish leaders called for a mass exodus into the Kingdom of Poland, where they believed the Polish people could live in peace.
Following the exodus' sponsoring by Władysław Niegolewski and Karol Lilbet, former leaders of the Greater Poland uprising of 1848, it received widespread public support in the Prussian territories of the former PLC, in particular the Province of Posen. An estimated total of around 950,000 Poles immigrated into the Polish Kingdom, with an estimated 450,00 from Posen alone. Despite the large scale support in Prussia, many Austrian Poles found themselves relatively content, with only a small minority of Poles, estimated to be around 20 or 30 thousand, crossing the border. Though Prussia lost a significant portion of its population, the government considered it an overwhelming victory, as wide swaths of land were now open for their proper German owners.
Meanwhile in Poland, the initial public outcry for the exodus was crushed, as the homeless and starving filled the nation. With little unclaimed land or housing, Polish infrastructure strained under the rapid population growth, and for many, a crisis seemed inevitable. As elections for the Sejm rose over the horizon, and with the politics of Poland already frayed and shifting, it is only a matter of time before something breaks...
The World in 1861
The American Civil WarSince the declaration of Lincoln’s electoral victory in 1860, the United States of America has had an uncertain future, as a multitude of slave states, starting with South Carolina, declared their secession from the United States as independent republics. At the times of Lincoln’s ascent into office, a total of seven states had seceded from the Union and joined together into a new nation, the Confederate States of America, with tensions rising between the once united nations. In South Carolina, despite Confederate objections, President Buchanan had refused to give up Fort Sumter, an unfinished fort meant to watch over Charleston Harbor, leading to a practical siege by the Confederacy, who refused to allow any supplies into the fort. Finally, after Lincoln announced he would attempt to supply the fort, Confederate leadership authorized the usage of force against the fort and after a brief bombardment, the fort surrendered on April 13, beginning what would become known as the American Civil War.
Lincoln, alarmed by the recent developments, called for Congress to order a mobilization of the economy and to ready itself for a long war. These attempts were, however, laughed off by nearly all present in Congress, who regarded the Confederacy as nothing more than a passing menace, one that would easily surrender when push came to shove. Having turned away from military affairs, Congress turned towards civilian affairs. Capitalizing on the lack of Democrats in the House and Senate, as many had joined the Confederacy, Congress would pass the Homestead Act of 1861, opening the west for further settlement. The Act proved highly popular in the Republican North, as an estimated 100,000 citizens, many of which were European immigrants, moved towards the western territories in 1861 alone.
As Congress celebrated its victories, Lincoln did not sit silent, ordering a call for 75,000 volunteers to serve in the Union army for a period of three months. Though this was received with enthusiasm in the North, it met incredible opposition in the remaining Southern states. Of the Southern states, the governors of Kentucky, Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee stated that they would not send one man to the Union army, with the latter three further declaring their own secession from the Union, and the states of North Carolina and Kentucky declaring their neutrality. In addition, trouble brewed in the New Mexico territory as the Messila and Tucson regions declared their own secession from the Union as the Confederate territory of Arizona. This severely increased tensions in the North, sparking crisis throughout the Union.
Fearing the secession of the remaining border states, Lincoln ordered drastic measures to be taken against secessionist movements. Underneath Lincoln’s orders, Union troops entered the border state of Maryland, declaring martial law to be in effect. Following this, several controversial arrests occurred throughout the state, as the right of habeas corpus was ignored by Lincoln and his troops. One of the most noted of these events was the mass arrest of nearly one third of the Maryland General Assembly. Though not enough to cause Maryland’s secession, this caused massive backlash throughout the state, greatly raising public unrest.
A similar crisis would occur within the Confederacy, as, despite their being seceded states, Unionism remained strong in western Virginia and eastern Tennessee, which regions held conventions to reunite with the Union as seperate states - the Wheeling and Knoxville Conventions respectively. Upon receiving the news of these territories’ secession from the Confederacy, Confederate troops were sent to recapture the territories. Though resistance was put up, both territories would be put back under control of the Confederate government and held tightly under martial law.
While the North struggled to deal with the crisis, the Confederacy immediately prepared for war. In order to counter the threat of a naval invasion or blockade, Confederate President Jefferson Davis called for the overhaul of the Confederate navy. While Confederate forces realized they could not match the Union in quantity, the Confederacy instead focused heavily on the quality of its ships, quality which the Union lacked. The Confederate navy would receive a on April 20, as the Confederate army captured the Gosport Navy Port of Virginia, and the ships which lay within it. The most important of these captured ships was the USS Merrimack, a former steam frigate, scuttled by retreating Union forces. Rather than abandoning the scuttled ship, Confederate forces salvaged the wreck, and began the lengthy process of reconstructing it into an Ironclad, dubbed the CSS Virginia. With no Union project to counter it, the Virginia will serve as the first Ironclad in the American Civil War, granting the Confederates great advantage at sea.
As it prepared for the land war with the Union, the Confederacy looked towards the Native American tribes for assistance. Having suffered decades of oppression under and from the federal government of the United States, the tribes saw the Confederate States as a far more cooperative choice in the Civil War, with a vast majority of tribes pledging allegiance to the Confederacy and with over 100,000 natives enlisting into the Confederate army. This had a disastrous effect on Union logistics, as native raids on supply lines prevented the transportation of large amounts of supplies between the West and East.
Prepared for war, the Confederacy would launch the first offensives of the war, launching an invasion campaign into New Mexico and the Indian Territory of Oklahoma, joined by numerous Native guerillas and militias. Despite the best efforts of the Union, the native support for the Confederacy made it realistically impossible to hold Oklahoma, as Unionist garrisons were subject to near constant attack. By the end of May, the Union had completely abandoned the region, deeming it a lost cause. In New Mexico, the Union army fared hardly better, as Confederate forces led by Lieutenant-Colonel Baylor overran the Union troops at the Battle of Mesilla, forcing the remaining New Mexican regiments, and with them the rest of New Mexico, to surrender peacefully on August 15. Ten days later, Baylor would officially declare the creation of the Arizona Territory, appointing himself as the territory’s permanent governor, before halting his offensive.
Humiliated by the easy victories of the Confederacy, Lincoln ordered an offensive into Confederate territory, putting special emphasis on the pro-Unionist territories, and for the establishment of a blockade around Confederate territory. However, due to a mix of poor leadership, stretched lines, and poor numbers, Union forces were unable to maintain control over most captured territory, often being forced back mere days after a territory’s capture. At sea, the Union experienced slightly better success, setting up a flimsy blockade around the Confederate East Coast, but was unable to control the Gulf of Mexico. Despite the blockade’s existence, it did little to hamper the Confederacy, as smugglers carried essential goods through its many gaps. By December, the Union army was left humiliated and major offensives ceased as the Union army recollected itself for future assault.
The Colombian Civil War
In Southern America, another Civil War waged, as Colombia lay divided between warring factions. The Sovereign State of Cacau was convinced of its nearing victory over the rundown forces of the Granadine Confederation, ordering a complete assault on the Antioquia territory in an attempt to capture Bogota, the Granadine capital. Carving through the exhausted forces of their enemy, the Liberals rapidly defeated Granadine forces as mass desertion collapsed the enemy ranks. Though a short lived attempt at resistance was put up by the Confederation outside of Bogota, the city soon fell into Liberal hands, who quickly rounded up the former Confederate leadership. With the Confederate government collapsed, Cacau stood the clear victor of the Colombian Civil War, however, they had not achieved peace. Throughout the countryside, former generals of the Confederation ran rampant, leading what was left of the resistance to Liberal rule.
Wishing to consolidate power and gather wealth for the newly established government, the government of Cacau passed two separate declarations regarding the defeated Confederate government and forces. The first declared that any Confederate soldier who gave up his arms or was currently detained by Liberal forces would be granted amnesty and forgiveness for their actions during the Civil War, and the second declared all military and political leaders of the Granadine Confederation were to be subjected to trial and banishment, their property confiscated by the new government. The declarations proved highly successful as many of the scattered soldiers of the Confederacy turned in their arms, and the exiled Confederate leaders provided a needed boost to Cacau’s treasury.
Scandinavia
For Scandinavia, 1861 was to be a year of social growth and union underneath the leadership of Sweden-Norway, as the Swedish government pursued closer relations with its Nordic brothers. Leveraging the Swedish role in the resolvement of the Schleswig-Holstein conflict and historically friendly relations, as well as the ever growing pan-Scandinavianism, Swedish diplomats beset Denmark with offers of close economic and social ties. With political and public opinion of Sweden high, Denmark was more than accepting of Swedish offers, and, on July 21st, hosted the Copenhagen Conference, where representatives from the joint Swedish-Norwegian government and Denmark were to discuss the specifics of such offers. The conference would conclude August 21 with the Treaty of Copenhagen, with both governments agreeing to a pact of military alliance, the lowering of tariffs, and even a monetary union, setting all Scandinavian currencies as worth equal value. The conference would officially conclude with a well publicized meeting between Frederick VII of Denmark and Charles XV of Sweden, already close friends, signaling the beginning of a new era of northern politics.
In the autonomous territory of Norway, Sweden sought the approval of its sister government. In a series of popular proclamations and decrees, the Swedish Parliament would abolish the vacant, but symbolic, position of the Viceroy of Norway, gradually granting more power to the receptive government of Norway. By the end of the year, a contented Norway had gained near complete autonomy, only subservient in terms of foreign affairs. With Sweden and Norway now considered near complete equals in personal union, it remains to be seen how this will effect their governance in the coming years.
Russia
In Russia, Alexander II set the nation upon a path of radical change and internal dissent. Fearful of the increasingly unstable Polish provinces in the wake of the Crimean War, Alexander was convinced that, without a great change, the Russian Empire was on the path to collapse. Despite the fierce warnings of his advisers and the Russian nobility, the Russian Emperor would begin a vast array of social advancements in the backwards state. As what remained of the Polish puppet government came closer and closer to collapse, Alexander would pass a slew of declarations restoring the long lost autonomy of the Kingdom, even authorizing the creation of its own independent, albeit limited, army.
Fearful that not even this may be enough to calm the rebellious populace, Alexander decreed that serfdom was to be abolished throughout the entirety of the empire, much to the chagrin of the Russian elite. However, while planned with good intentions, the emancipation found itself mocked with disdain by not only the elite, but also the liberated peasantry. Though no longer forced to work underneath their masters, the former serfs were given little land to work, little pay, and little respect. As the months drew on, it became clear that the life of the former serfs had no improved, but rather, declined. As the harsh Russian winter set in, many of the peasantry found themselves without food and sustenance. Throughout the cold winter months, revolutionary spirit began its spread across Russia, as preachers proclaimed their hatred for the new system.
Russia was not entirely focused on political reform, however, as the Emperor ordered the beginning of a most ambitious project, a railway connecting all of Russia. Knowing that such a program would take years, if not decades, he ordered the early construction to be solely limited to European Russia, with the railroad connecting its most urban centers. Despite the political unrest of Poland, construction was largely focused on completing the St. Petersburg-Warsaw line, an ongoing project from 1842. In late October, the line reached completion after nearly two decades, as Russia was finally connected to Western Europe. Minor construction projects began throughout the remainder of the year, however, none had reached completion by New Year’s Eve.
France
In France, Emperor Napoleon III began a campaign to improve the national military. Declaring military conscription to be mandatory for all adult male citizens of the Empire, the average citizen would spend three years in the standing army, another two in reserves, and for another five years continue to train themselves for potential service. Due to this, the national army has swelled, rendering a large cost on the French budget. Napoleon would also order a nationwide contest for the creation of a new rifle for the national army. The contest began in late October, and is expected to go well into the beginning of 1862.
Napoleon also devoted himself to the civilian economy, ordering the expansion of France’s many railroads, in the hopes of decongesting traffic through Paris. The project was expensive and time consuming, and, though progress was made around urban centers, France still has years to go before it reaches the planned levels. Attempting to make such projects cheaper and less costly in the future, Napoleon also ordered the subsidization and expansion of steel factories in France and her colonial possessions. Though it put a sizable expense on the French revenue, steel factories would slowly expand themselves throughout France.
In Asia, Napoleon continued to wage the ongoing Cochinchina Campaign, with the goal of conquering territory from the VIetnamese Nguyen dynasty. Though the fighting had began in 1858, the Second Opium War had rendered the Campaign stagnant until its conclusion in 1860. The end of the Second Opium War now allowed for full French attention on the Vietnamese region. Devoting 1,000 soldiers to the campaign, as well as several frigates, Napoleon ordered the breaking of the Vietnamese siege of Saigon and an aggressive campaign against the Vietnamese. On February 29, a joint attack of 3,000 French and Spanish forces assaulted the Vietnamese army, as the Asian Squadron, the fleet dedicated to the campaign, lent Naval support. Despite initial losses in the battle following logistical confusion, the 10,000 men strong Vietnamese were eventually driven back with 3,000 dead and an undetermined number wounded, compared to the only 900 European casualties. Seizing on this moment of weakness, French forces lashed north in an attempt to seize the Vietnamese capital of Hue. Fearing capture by the French, the Nguyen dynasty abandoned Hue and the Imperial CIty and fled north shortly before the arrival of European forces, demoralizing the garrisons protecting the city. With great fanfare, Hue would fall into French hands on December 19, with the Imperial City falling only two days later, giving the French all but complete victory in the campaign. It remains to be seen if French forces shall continue to march north or begin negotiations for peace.
Austria
Like France, Austria sought a similar advancement of its military, and turned its eye to the innovations of the Prussian military machine. Using its influence and relations with the Prussian state, Austria began to introduce the Prussian Dreyse Needle Gun into the Imperial Army, replacing the muzzle loaded guns used prior. For a costly purchase, Austria was able to successfully supply a large portion of the army with the innovative weapons. Unfortunately, the army has yet to fully adapt to the faster weapon, and will experience a temporary drop in quality as they learn how to use the weapon.
Austria would also prepare the economy for war, ordering for the civilian industry to switch its manufacturing capabilities to weaponry, uniforms, and other supplies. This rapid change in the economy would prove disastrous, however, as industries struggled to adapt to the new environment. Shortages plagued the Austrian citizenry, and the economy began to slow as internal trade slowly began to halt. The Austrian government, would, in an attempt to encourage trade throughout the Empire, order the construction of several railroads in order to facilitate trade. However, just as shortages affected the citizenry, a lack of steel would also have an adverse effect on the railroads as well, s a lack of steel prevented largely any progress to be made, leading to the project becoming nothing more than a costly sinkhole. Though the damage is far from irreversible, its effect will certainly be felt on the Austrian population throughout the coming years.
Prussia
As military reform swept across Europe, the trend was certainly not abandoned in the ever militant Kingdom of Prussia. Underneath the guidance of the Helmuth von Moltke, Prussia continued a series of military reforms from 1858, overhauling Prussian tactics and initiating a mass reorganization of the army. Through the implementation of staff rides, von Moltke ensured Prussian superiority in engagements on Prussian soil, and greatly improved the quality of Prussian command and leadership.
Prussia, using its great influence in northern Germany, would also approach several Austrian-aligned Germanic states with offers of greater cooperation between them in a potential Northern Confederation. Reactions to Prussian offers were mixed, as the approached states were reluctant to leave the Austrian sphere. Though minor gains in relations were gained with most states, Hanover refused to abandon Austria, reporting Prussian goals to the Austrian Emperor, and refusing to negotiate with the Prussian diplomats. With the proposed Northern Confederation existing in complete opposition to the current German Confederation, it remains to be seen how this will affect Austro-Prussian relations.
Italy
For the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, the early months of 1861 would certainly be ones of great achievement. As the final holdouts of the former Sicilian army caved to Sardinian pressure, the King of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II, would be crowned King of Italy on the 17th of March, designating its capital as the city of Florence. This caused great surprise throughout the Italian peninsula, as the Pan-Nationalist movement had often seen Rome as the capital of a future Italian state, even if the city was not currently controlled by the Italian Kingdom.
Despite the grand achievement of unification, Italy was a troubled state. The disparate bureaucracies of the former Italian minors continued to dominate their local regions, each unconnected to one another. Underneath the leadership of Italian Prime Minister Camillo Benso, also known as Cavour, led a campaign to unify the inefficient government. However, nearly all of Cavour’s reforms ended in complete failure, often introducing even more corruption and inefficiencies within the government. This would spark tension with the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi, who began to accuse the central government of returning Italy to its formerly divided state. Tensions would reach their peak following the death of Cavour on June 6th, as political instability wracked Italy. During this timeframe, Garibaldi would become increasingly more belligerent and revolutionary against the central government, leading to even further government collapse.
Hoping to placate Garibaldi and his supporters, Victor Emmanuel would restore the former nation of Two Sicilies as a vassal republic of Italy, placing Garibaldi as it’s dictator and head of state. Provided with a large number of resources and materials by the central government, Garibaldi was ordered to prepare Two Sicilies for assimilation with northern Italy and the Italian Kingdom. Unlike the unsuccessful efforts of the Italian Kingdom, Garibaldi quickly began to pass several reforms inside the Republic, and reform it’s bureaucracy. Despite this success, this would also raise tensions in Italy, as Garibaldi’s popularity grew ever stronger and the fledgling Kingdom showed itself to be increasingly ineffective.
China
By the mid 1800’s, the Qing dynasty of China had more than its fair share of problems. Natural disasters and war had torn away at the wealth of the Chinese, and left much of its populace to poverty and famine, and the nation wracked with debt. Rebellion tore at the nation, as high taxes and the aforementioned disasters left the populace rife with unrest and hatred for the minority led Manchu government. The largest and most deadly of these rebellions would be the Taiping Rebellion, estimated to have caused tens of millions of casualties. 1861 would also result in an interesting political development for the Middle Kingdom, as Prince Gong and Empress Cixi would launch the Xinyou coup, establishing themselves as joint regents of the young Tongzhi Emperor.
Despite the already high taxes on the peasantry and the already large national unrest, the Qing government ordered the further raising of taxes in order to lower the ever increasing budget deficit from which they suffered. Knowing that this would likely result in mass anger against the state, the Qing also ordered the usage of the military to break up any attempt at insurrection. Though many rebellions would be attempted throughout the course of 1861, nearly all were swiftly crushed by the Imperial army, forcing the populace to pay their dues.
In the south, the fight continued against the Taiping Rebellion. Allowing Taiping soldiers to invade the wealthy region of Jiangsu, Chinese began an assault on Taiping controlled territory. By taking advantage of the preoccupied Taiping forces, Chinese forces were able to retake control of much of the territory surrounding the Yangtze River, including the city of Anqing, before launching an offensive to reach the city of Nanjing. By December, Taiping forces were forced to abandon the offensive in Jiangsu, in the hopes of reinforcing their defense against the advancing Qing forces.
Kingdom of Italy
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s): King Victor Emmanuel II / Prime Minister Bettino Ricasoli
Player: Rapop
Population: 12.25 million
Economy: Average (6/10 - Stagnant)
Infrastructure: Average (8/10)
Administration: Poor (2/10)
Industry: Agrarian (6/10)
Balance: $ -25 million
Income: $ 781,678 million (5.35% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 781,693 million
Treasury: -$ 7,426.23 million
Army: 181,246 Regulars, Average (3/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 1,692,553 Able bodied men
Navy: 3 Ships of the Line, 3 Sail Frigates, 12 Steam Frigates, 34 Minor Vessels, Poor (3/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (39/100)
International Standing: (29/100)
Morale: 30/100
Status: Agrarian, Divided Government, Stagnant Economy, Republican Tensions, Illiterate Population
Vassals: Republic of Two Sicilies (70)
Sovereign State of Cacau (Liberal Colombia)
Government: Non-Constitutional Republic
Leader(s): Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
Population: 2.62 million
Economy: Bad (1/10 - Declining)
Infrastructure: Bad (3/10 - Declining)
Administration: Inefficient (7/10)
Industry: Agrarian (1/10)
Balance: -38.67 Million
Income: 178.47 Million (No Established Tax Rate)
Expenditures: 217.10 Million
Treasury: -190 Million
Army: 10,000 Volunteers, Poor (2/10) Equipment and Training
Reserves: 25,000 Able Bodied Men
Navy: 6 Minor Vessels, Horrible (1/10) Equipment and Training
International Status: (5/100) (Unrecognized State)
International Standing: (0/100)
Morale: 55/100
Status: Devastated State, No Constitution, Declining Economy, Recent Civil War, Rogue Generals
Russian Empire
Government: “Absolute” Feudal Monarchy
Leader(s): Tsar Alexander II Romanov
Population: 74.138 million
Economy: Average (1/10 - Growing)
Infrastructure: Poor (4/10)
Administration: Poor (2/10)
Industry: Agrarian (10/10)
Balance: -$ 35.11 Million
Income: $ 2,400.8 Million (5.81% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 2,400.81 Million
Treasury: -$ 16,627 Million
Army: 324,691 Regulars, Average (5/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 4,967,042 Able bodied men
Navy: 1 Ironclads, 21 Ships of the Line, 34 Sail Frigates, 9 Steam Frigates, 24 Minor Vessels, Poor (3/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (79/100)
International Standing: (54/100)
Status: Illiterate Population, Rising Nationalism, Rebellious Nobility, Demilitarized Black Sea, Serfdom
Vassals: The Kingdom of Poland (87), Grand Duchy of Finland (85),
Kingdom of Poland
Government: Constitutional Parliamentary Monarchy
Head of State: King Aleksandar II Romanov (Emperor of Russia)
Leader of Government: Aleksander Wielopolski
Player: Adrian
Population: 7.16 million
Economy: Good (8/10 - Declining)
Infrastructure: Poor (3/10)
Administration: Average (1/10) - Declining
Industry: Good (2/10)
Balance: 35,900 Million
Income: 500.1 Million (7.00% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: 465.1 Million (+50 million paid to Russia)
Treasury: -498.5 Million
Army: 6,000 regulars, Great (3/10) Equipment and Training
Reserves: 401,250
Navy: N/A (Landlocked Nation)
Revolution: Independence (3/5 Dissident), Social (4/5 Dissident), Government (1/5 Rebellious)
International Status: (0/100) (Russian Puppet?)
International Standing: (0/100) (Russian Puppet?)
Autonomy: (87/100 - increasing by 1)
Morale: 86/100
Status: Regained Independence, Struggling Bureaucracy, Mass Immigration, Renewed Constitution
Overlord: The Russian Empire
Austrian Empire
Government: Autocratic Monarchy
Leader(s): Kaiser Franz Joseph I
Population: 33.970 Million.
Economy: Poor (7/10 - Declining)
Infrastructure: Poor (4/10)
Administration: Poor (3/10)
Industry: Developing (4/10)
Balance: $ 36.27 Million
Income: $ 2,000.66 Million (6.57% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 1,964.4 Million
Treasury: -$ 10,814 Million
Army: 349,514 Regulars, Average (6/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 2,079,819 Able bodied men
Navy: 4 Ships of the Line, 12 Sail Frigates, 5 Steam Frigates, 26 Minor Vessels, Poor (4/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (79/100)
International Standing: (80/100)
Morale: 48/100
Status: Struggling Economy, Divided Empire, Declining State
Confederate States of America
Government: Constitutional Federal Republic
Leader(s): President Jefferson Davis
Population: 4.829 million
Economy: Average (9/10)
Infrastructure: Average (5/10)
Administration: Failing (3/10)
Industry: Agrarian (4/10)
Balance: $ -14.54 million
Income: $ 215.47 million (4.97% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 229.01 million
Treasury: -$ 55 million
Army: 135 684 Regulars, 45 000 Militia, Average (5/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 1,009,876 Able bodied men
Navy: 1 Ironclad, 6 Sail Frigates, 5 Steam Frigates, 21 Minor Vessels, Poor (6/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (36/100)
International Standing: (44/100)
Morale: 70/100
Status: Unpopular Leader, Civil War, Native American Allies, Slave Society, Blockaded
United States of America
Government: Constitutional Federal Republic
Leader(s): President Abraham Lincoln
Population: 26.612 Million
Economy: Average (8/10 - Growing)
Infrastructure: Average (4/10)
Administration: Average (2/10)
Industry: Average (7/10)
Balance: -$ 6.94 Million
Income: $ 1,454.67 Million (4.07% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 1,461.68 Million
Treasury: -$ 3,047 Million
Army: 165 000 Regulars, 40 000 Militia, Average (5/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 3,450,000 Able bodied men
Navy: 5 Ships of the Line, 19 Sail Frigates, 15 Steam Frigates, 20 Minor Vessels, Poor (4/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (69/100)
International Standing: (54/100)
Morale: 60/100
Status: Civil War, Seceding States, Limited Military, Failed Land Campaign, Failing Supply Lines
Qing Empire
Government: Authoritarian Monarchy
Leader(s): Tongzhi Emperor
Player: PresidentStorm
Population: 413.743 million.
Economy: Terrible (5/10 - Stagnant)
Infrastructure: Collapsing (4/10)
Administration: Corrupt (2/10)
Industry: Unmodernized (5/10)
Balance: -$ 1,604.57 million
Receipts: $ 5,720.67 million (4.67% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 7,325.25 million
Treasury: -$ 100,540 million
Army: 256,426 Regulars, 657,345 Volunteers, Poor (5/25) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 25,742,496 Able bodied men
Navy: 4 Sail Frigates, 1 Steam Frigates, 29 Minor Vessels, Failing (8/25) Equipment & Training
International Status: (13/100)
International Standing: (15/100)
Subjects: Tibet (70), Inner Mongolia (30), Outer Mongolia (78)
Status: Unmodernized, Foreign Influence, Mass Revolution, Lost Glory
Kingdom of Prussia
Government: Absolute Monarchy
Leader(s): King William I
Player: GM Controlled (NPC)
Population: 20.101 million
Economy: Good (1/10)
Infrastructure: Average (9/10)
Administration: Average (5/10)
Industry: Developing (9/10)
Balance: -$ 102.29 Million
Income: $ 1,271.37 Million (6.17% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 1,373.08 Million
Treasury: -$ 4,693 Million
Army: 201,479 Regulars, Average (8/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 1,379,484 Able bodied men
Navy: 4 Sail Frigates, 4 Steam Frigates, 8 Minor Vessels, Poor (3/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (77/100)
International Standing: (79/100)
Status: Prussian Militancy, Jingoistic, Pan-Germanism, Emigrating Polish Population
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Government: Constitutional Parliamentary Monarchy
Leader(s): Queen Victoria / Prime Minister Palmerston
Population: 23.086 million
Economy: Thriving (1/10 - Growing)
Infrastructure: Good (9/10)
Administration: Good (6/10)
Industry: Strong (1/10)
Balance: $ 236.39 Million
Receipts: $ 3,997.91 Million (5.47% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 3,761.52 Million
Treasury: -$ 78,397 Million
Army: 186,915 Regulars, 52,184 Volunteers, Poor (4/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 1,409,871 Able bodied men
Navy: 5 Ironclads, 66 Ships of the Line, 60 Sail Frigates, 27 Steam Frigates, 93 Minor Vessels, Good (7/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: 100/100
International Standing: 100/100
Status: World Power, Cotton Imports, Colonial Superpower
French Empire
Government: Unitary Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s): Emperor Napoleon III
Population: 37.390 Million
Economy: Good (4/10)
Infrastructure: Average (8/10)
Administration: Average (6/10)
Industry: Good (6/10)
Balance: $ 48.42 Million
Income: $ 2,744.54 Million (6.27% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 2,696.13 Million
Treasury: -$ 18,63 Million
Army: 302,613 Regulars, Average (7/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 2,368,117 Able bodied men
Navy: 1 Ironclads, 32 Ships of the Line, 42 Sail Frigates, 17 Steam Frigates, 68 Minor Vessels, Average (5/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: 89/100
International Standing: 90/100
Status: Global Power, Colonial Empire, Jingoistic, Imperialist
Sweden-Norway
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s) King Karl XV/IV
Population: 5,242,039 (Norway - 1,570,674, Sweden - 3,671,365)
Economy: Average (6/10)
Infrastructure: Norway - Terrible (5/10), Sweden - Bad (9/10)
Administration: Norway - Average (4/10), Sweden - Average (7/10)
Industry: Norway - Agrarian (6/10), Sweden - Developing (1/10)
Balance: $20,457 Million
Income: 1,003,543 Million
Expenditure: 983,006
Treasury: -475,980 Million.
Army: 117,546 Regulars, Average (3/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 246,4523 Able Bodied Men
17 Ships of the Line, 9 Sail Frigates, 7 Steam Frigates, 26 Minor Ships, Average (6/10) Equipment & Training
International Standing:96/100
International Status: 30/100
Status: Proclaimed Neutrality, Loose Union, Danish Relations
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s): King Victor Emmanuel II / Prime Minister Bettino Ricasoli
Player: Rapop
Population: 12.25 million
Economy: Average (6/10 - Stagnant)
Infrastructure: Average (8/10)
Administration: Poor (2/10)
Industry: Agrarian (6/10)
Balance: $ -25 million
Income: $ 781,678 million (5.35% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 781,693 million
Treasury: -$ 7,426.23 million
Army: 181,246 Regulars, Average (3/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 1,692,553 Able bodied men
Navy: 3 Ships of the Line, 3 Sail Frigates, 12 Steam Frigates, 34 Minor Vessels, Poor (3/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (39/100)
International Standing: (29/100)
Morale: 30/100
Status: Agrarian, Divided Government, Stagnant Economy, Republican Tensions, Illiterate Population
Vassals: Republic of Two Sicilies (70)
Sovereign State of Cacau (Liberal Colombia)
Government: Non-Constitutional Republic
Leader(s): Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
Population: 2.62 million
Economy: Bad (1/10 - Declining)
Infrastructure: Bad (3/10 - Declining)
Administration: Inefficient (7/10)
Industry: Agrarian (1/10)
Balance: -38.67 Million
Income: 178.47 Million (No Established Tax Rate)
Expenditures: 217.10 Million
Treasury: -190 Million
Army: 10,000 Volunteers, Poor (2/10) Equipment and Training
Reserves: 25,000 Able Bodied Men
Navy: 6 Minor Vessels, Horrible (1/10) Equipment and Training
International Status: (5/100) (Unrecognized State)
International Standing: (0/100)
Morale: 55/100
Status: Devastated State, No Constitution, Declining Economy, Recent Civil War, Rogue Generals
Russian Empire
Government: “Absolute” Feudal Monarchy
Leader(s): Tsar Alexander II Romanov
Population: 74.138 million
Economy: Average (1/10 - Growing)
Infrastructure: Poor (4/10)
Administration: Poor (2/10)
Industry: Agrarian (10/10)
Balance: -$ 35.11 Million
Income: $ 2,400.8 Million (5.81% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 2,400.81 Million
Treasury: -$ 16,627 Million
Army: 324,691 Regulars, Average (5/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 4,967,042 Able bodied men
Navy: 1 Ironclads, 21 Ships of the Line, 34 Sail Frigates, 9 Steam Frigates, 24 Minor Vessels, Poor (3/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (79/100)
International Standing: (54/100)
Status: Illiterate Population, Rising Nationalism, Rebellious Nobility, Demilitarized Black Sea, Serfdom
Vassals: The Kingdom of Poland (87), Grand Duchy of Finland (85),
Kingdom of Poland
Government: Constitutional Parliamentary Monarchy
Head of State: King Aleksandar II Romanov (Emperor of Russia)
Leader of Government: Aleksander Wielopolski
Player: Adrian
Population: 7.16 million
Economy: Good (8/10 - Declining)
Infrastructure: Poor (3/10)
Administration: Average (1/10) - Declining
Industry: Good (2/10)
Balance: 35,900 Million
Income: 500.1 Million (7.00% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: 465.1 Million (+50 million paid to Russia)
Treasury: -498.5 Million
Army: 6,000 regulars, Great (3/10) Equipment and Training
Reserves: 401,250
Navy: N/A (Landlocked Nation)
Revolution: Independence (3/5 Dissident), Social (4/5 Dissident), Government (1/5 Rebellious)
International Status: (0/100) (Russian Puppet?)
International Standing: (0/100) (Russian Puppet?)
Autonomy: (87/100 - increasing by 1)
Morale: 86/100
Status: Regained Independence, Struggling Bureaucracy, Mass Immigration, Renewed Constitution
Overlord: The Russian Empire
Austrian Empire
Government: Autocratic Monarchy
Leader(s): Kaiser Franz Joseph I
Population: 33.970 Million.
Economy: Poor (7/10 - Declining)
Infrastructure: Poor (4/10)
Administration: Poor (3/10)
Industry: Developing (4/10)
Balance: $ 36.27 Million
Income: $ 2,000.66 Million (6.57% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 1,964.4 Million
Treasury: -$ 10,814 Million
Army: 349,514 Regulars, Average (6/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 2,079,819 Able bodied men
Navy: 4 Ships of the Line, 12 Sail Frigates, 5 Steam Frigates, 26 Minor Vessels, Poor (4/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (79/100)
International Standing: (80/100)
Morale: 48/100
Status: Struggling Economy, Divided Empire, Declining State
Confederate States of America
Government: Constitutional Federal Republic
Leader(s): President Jefferson Davis
Population: 4.829 million
Economy: Average (9/10)
Infrastructure: Average (5/10)
Administration: Failing (3/10)
Industry: Agrarian (4/10)
Balance: $ -14.54 million
Income: $ 215.47 million (4.97% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 229.01 million
Treasury: -$ 55 million
Army: 135 684 Regulars, 45 000 Militia, Average (5/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 1,009,876 Able bodied men
Navy: 1 Ironclad, 6 Sail Frigates, 5 Steam Frigates, 21 Minor Vessels, Poor (6/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (36/100)
International Standing: (44/100)
Morale: 70/100
Status: Unpopular Leader, Civil War, Native American Allies, Slave Society, Blockaded
United States of America
Government: Constitutional Federal Republic
Leader(s): President Abraham Lincoln
Population: 26.612 Million
Economy: Average (8/10 - Growing)
Infrastructure: Average (4/10)
Administration: Average (2/10)
Industry: Average (7/10)
Balance: -$ 6.94 Million
Income: $ 1,454.67 Million (4.07% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 1,461.68 Million
Treasury: -$ 3,047 Million
Army: 165 000 Regulars, 40 000 Militia, Average (5/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 3,450,000 Able bodied men
Navy: 5 Ships of the Line, 19 Sail Frigates, 15 Steam Frigates, 20 Minor Vessels, Poor (4/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (69/100)
International Standing: (54/100)
Morale: 60/100
Status: Civil War, Seceding States, Limited Military, Failed Land Campaign, Failing Supply Lines
Qing Empire
Government: Authoritarian Monarchy
Leader(s): Tongzhi Emperor
Player: PresidentStorm
Population: 413.743 million.
Economy: Terrible (5/10 - Stagnant)
Infrastructure: Collapsing (4/10)
Administration: Corrupt (2/10)
Industry: Unmodernized (5/10)
Balance: -$ 1,604.57 million
Receipts: $ 5,720.67 million (4.67% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 7,325.25 million
Treasury: -$ 100,540 million
Army: 256,426 Regulars, 657,345 Volunteers, Poor (5/25) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 25,742,496 Able bodied men
Navy: 4 Sail Frigates, 1 Steam Frigates, 29 Minor Vessels, Failing (8/25) Equipment & Training
International Status: (13/100)
International Standing: (15/100)
Subjects: Tibet (70), Inner Mongolia (30), Outer Mongolia (78)
Status: Unmodernized, Foreign Influence, Mass Revolution, Lost Glory
Kingdom of Prussia
Government: Absolute Monarchy
Leader(s): King William I
Player: GM Controlled (NPC)
Population: 20.101 million
Economy: Good (1/10)
Infrastructure: Average (9/10)
Administration: Average (5/10)
Industry: Developing (9/10)
Balance: -$ 102.29 Million
Income: $ 1,271.37 Million (6.17% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 1,373.08 Million
Treasury: -$ 4,693 Million
Army: 201,479 Regulars, Average (8/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 1,379,484 Able bodied men
Navy: 4 Sail Frigates, 4 Steam Frigates, 8 Minor Vessels, Poor (3/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: (77/100)
International Standing: (79/100)
Status: Prussian Militancy, Jingoistic, Pan-Germanism, Emigrating Polish Population
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Government: Constitutional Parliamentary Monarchy
Leader(s): Queen Victoria / Prime Minister Palmerston
Population: 23.086 million
Economy: Thriving (1/10 - Growing)
Infrastructure: Good (9/10)
Administration: Good (6/10)
Industry: Strong (1/10)
Balance: $ 236.39 Million
Receipts: $ 3,997.91 Million (5.47% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 3,761.52 Million
Treasury: -$ 78,397 Million
Army: 186,915 Regulars, 52,184 Volunteers, Poor (4/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 1,409,871 Able bodied men
Navy: 5 Ironclads, 66 Ships of the Line, 60 Sail Frigates, 27 Steam Frigates, 93 Minor Vessels, Good (7/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: 100/100
International Standing: 100/100
Status: World Power, Cotton Imports, Colonial Superpower
French Empire
Government: Unitary Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s): Emperor Napoleon III
Population: 37.390 Million
Economy: Good (4/10)
Infrastructure: Average (8/10)
Administration: Average (6/10)
Industry: Good (6/10)
Balance: $ 48.42 Million
Income: $ 2,744.54 Million (6.27% Average Tax Rate)
Expenditures: $ 2,696.13 Million
Treasury: -$ 18,63 Million
Army: 302,613 Regulars, Average (7/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 2,368,117 Able bodied men
Navy: 1 Ironclads, 32 Ships of the Line, 42 Sail Frigates, 17 Steam Frigates, 68 Minor Vessels, Average (5/10) Equipment & Training
International Status: 89/100
International Standing: 90/100
Status: Global Power, Colonial Empire, Jingoistic, Imperialist
Sweden-Norway
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s) King Karl XV/IV
Population: 5,242,039 (Norway - 1,570,674, Sweden - 3,671,365)
Economy: Average (6/10)
Infrastructure: Norway - Terrible (5/10), Sweden - Bad (9/10)
Administration: Norway - Average (4/10), Sweden - Average (7/10)
Industry: Norway - Agrarian (6/10), Sweden - Developing (1/10)
Balance: $20,457 Million
Income: 1,003,543 Million
Expenditure: 983,006
Treasury: -475,980 Million.
Army: 117,546 Regulars, Average (3/10) Equipment & Training
Reserves: 246,4523 Able Bodied Men
17 Ships of the Line, 9 Sail Frigates, 7 Steam Frigates, 26 Minor Ships, Average (6/10) Equipment & Training
International Standing:96/100
International Status: 30/100
Status: Proclaimed Neutrality, Loose Union, Danish Relations
The treaty of Warsaw:
1. The Austrian Empire, the Russian Empire, the Prussian Kingdom, the United Kingdoms of Sweden-Norway and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland recognize the territory they recognize of the Polish Kingdom as that of the Polish Kingdom
2. All Austrians and Prussians in Congress Poland gain polish citizenship and representation in the Sejm
3. UK, Prussia, Sweden-Norway and Austria open an embassy in Warsaw
4. They can get a garrison of 750 armed guards and are to be fully protected by the Polish Army
5. Polish Troops are to be forbidden to be mobilized against Austria and Prussia
6. Polish Forces are to be forbidden from being used for offensive purposes.
Signatories: Austria, Poland, Prussia, Sweden-Norway, UK, Russia
Kingdom of Poland - Alexander Wielopolski [x]
Russian Empire - [x] @StarCrow25 or @BlackCrown if previous is inactive.
Austrian Empire - [x] @Adamgerd
United Kingdoms of Sweden-Norway - [x] @Caspoi
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - [x] @BlackCrown
Kingdom of Prussia - [x] @BlackCrown
1. The Austrian Empire, the Russian Empire, the Prussian Kingdom, the United Kingdoms of Sweden-Norway and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland recognize the territory they recognize of the Polish Kingdom as that of the Polish Kingdom
2. All Austrians and Prussians in Congress Poland gain polish citizenship and representation in the Sejm
3. UK, Prussia, Sweden-Norway and Austria open an embassy in Warsaw
4. They can get a garrison of 750 armed guards and are to be fully protected by the Polish Army
5. Polish Troops are to be forbidden to be mobilized against Austria and Prussia
6. Polish Forces are to be forbidden from being used for offensive purposes.
Signatories: Austria, Poland, Prussia, Sweden-Norway, UK, Russia
Kingdom of Poland - Alexander Wielopolski [x]
Russian Empire - [x] @StarCrow25 or @BlackCrown if previous is inactive.
Austrian Empire - [x] @Adamgerd
United Kingdoms of Sweden-Norway - [x] @Caspoi
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - [x] @BlackCrown
Kingdom of Prussia - [x] @BlackCrown
Last edited:
From Warsaw, 10th of January 1862
Za Boga, Króla i Ojczyznę! Today we present official newspaper of Government of Kingdom of Poland and Sejm Walny of our Kingdom, newly reintroduced Kurjer Polski! The purpose of our newspaper is to provide citizens of Poland with news incoming government programs, Sejm-passed legislature and reforms aswell as comment developments happening in our country. We wish our readers only hearing good news in following years...
From national developments:
Article one - taxation reform.
Following the need of money for various reforms which our Sejm needed to pass, the Sejm with support of majority of parties passed law increasing taxation level from 5,81% to 7% of citizen incomes. New money would clearly support the state, despite the cost.
Article two - Polish Armed Forces.
Our reemerging state needs proper Armed Forces for defence. As such, newly proclaimed Sejm bill constituted introducement of Polish Armed Forces (Wojsko Polskie) with yearly budget of 20mln dollars and army limit of 10 thousand of soldiers, including 3000 infantrymen, 2000 light infantrymen, 3000 cavalrymen and 2000 artillerymen.
Infantry will be composed of line infantry fusiliers troops, armed with infantry gun with bayonet and aiming holes, smallsword and two packs of ammunition per soldier. Uniform will be composed with blue jacket with yellow breast part, white trousers, small black boots and czapka rogata with feather and number of regiment at top of it. Every soldier will get backpack and worktools, including an axe, shovel and two days rations in it as minimum supply.
The uniform of fusiliers is presented on following picture:
Light infantry will be composed of following mixed infantry tactic (both line infantry and sharpshooting one) voltiguer troops. Every soldier will be armed with light rifle with bayonet and aiming holes, smallsword and two packs of amunittion attained to belt. Uniform will be blue jacket with white breast part, czapka rogata similar to fusilier one, though higher and with white eagle over number of regiment, blue trousers and long brown boots. As fusiliers, voltiguers with receive backpack, an axe and shovel and two days rations in it. The following picture shows voltiguers (from left part):
Cavalrymen, uhlans, will have courser horse, lance with small banner, sabre and cavalry carbine with two bags of ammunition attained to belt. Uniform will include dark blue jacket with yellow breast, czapka rogata with eagle and white belt under eagle with number of regiment on it, and dark blue trousers with black boots. Uhlans won't wear provisions and tools in backpacks, as infantry will be supposed for camp engineering and uhlan provisions will travel in army tabor instead. Following picture shows uniform of uhlans themselves:
Artillery will be composed of mounted artillery troops, which compose of artillery soldiers with uniform based on white jacket, white trousers, black long boots and casque with red feathers worn on soldier's head. Each light cannon will be mantained by each ten artillerymen and their personal weaponry will include cavalry carbine, sabre and two packs of ammunition attained to belt. Uniform is presented on following picture:
Article three - Polish State Railways (PKP), agriculture and roads modernisation and housing construction budget.
To solve crisis caused by mass immigration into Poland, the Sejm passed a bill introducing creation of our own railway compagny, Polish State Railways (Polskie Koleje Państwowe, PKP). New compagny, mantained and directly owned by the government, will be responsible for mantaining railway tabor, building new railway lines and managing railway system in Kingdom of Poland. The compagny will get yearly budget of 5mln dollars from state budget. The first program for it will involve construction of railways connecting Warsaw and each major city and industrial center. Additionally, railway investitions will include opening locomotive factory in Łódź, paid on and mantained by PKP itself.
Additionally, Polish road network will be gradually modernized as whole into modern standards by Fundusz Budowy Dróg (Road Construction Fund) with yearly budget of 5mln dollars.
Polish agriculture also will be modernized. By state subsidies and investitions, tractors, fertilizers and modern methods of farming will be introduced on rular areas of Poland. Also fertilizer factory will be opened in Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, to feed agriculture with those fertilizers. The program will last 10 years with budget of 5mln dollars for it per year.
To fullfill needs of housing for our newly incoming citizens, the government via private developers will start program of social housing for homeless and immigrants. Budget for those construction will be 5mld dollars per year and the program will last 10 years too. As last investition, additional budgetal subsidies, with amount of 20mln dollars per year, will be directed into industry for general expansion and modernisation of industrial factories in Poland.
Article four - serfdom abolishment and land reform.
The Sejm also passed a bill for introducing abolishment of serfdom and land reform. It will be introduced by making general census of arable land and size of rular farming communities and dividing arable land with one łan mniejszy (16,71ha) given for each farmers family.
Serfdom will be changed into normal paid labour for noble, as those changes will be followed with form of debt gained one-time by family in local landlords families by getting those land and serfdom abolishment. The half of farmers' revenue earned in that kind of labor will be payed upon that debt.
The land value will be included in debt part too.
Article five - Kingdom of Poland's budget for year 1862.
Additionally, we present here official budget of Kingdom of Poland for year 1862 too:
1. Incomes: 600mln.
2. Normal expenditures: 449,10mln.
3. Army budget: 20mln.
4. Investitions budget (including PKP and transport reform, agriculture investment and housing building program): 20mln.
5. Administration improvement: 25mln.
6. Subsidies for other sectors of industry (general modernisation): 20mln.
7. Newspaper's budget: 1mln
8. Total expenditures: 535,10mln.
9. Balance: +64,90mln, from which:
a) paying down debt: 50mln.
b) direct budgetal reserve 14,90mln.
10. Total balance: +14,90mln.
From foreign ground:
Treaty of Warsaw was signed this month by Poland, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden-Norway and the United Kingdom, formally solving dispute caused by our independence.
In exchange of signatories recognition of our country, we granted Prussian and Austrian citizens living in Poland Polish citizenship and representation in Sejm from next cadency of Sejm. Additional points include forbidment of using Polish Armed Forces against neither Austria nor Prussia and forbidding them from offensive usage. Additionally, each power will receive embassy in Warsaw, guarded by 750 soldiers from country owning embassy and security guarantee from Polish Armed Forces too.
That is all for today. We wish Poland's successes in next years and decades.
Za Boga, Króla i Ojczyznę! Today we present official newspaper of Government of Kingdom of Poland and Sejm Walny of our Kingdom, newly reintroduced Kurjer Polski! The purpose of our newspaper is to provide citizens of Poland with news incoming government programs, Sejm-passed legislature and reforms aswell as comment developments happening in our country. We wish our readers only hearing good news in following years...
From national developments:
Article one - taxation reform.
Following the need of money for various reforms which our Sejm needed to pass, the Sejm with support of majority of parties passed law increasing taxation level from 5,81% to 7% of citizen incomes. New money would clearly support the state, despite the cost.
Article two - Polish Armed Forces.
Our reemerging state needs proper Armed Forces for defence. As such, newly proclaimed Sejm bill constituted introducement of Polish Armed Forces (Wojsko Polskie) with yearly budget of 20mln dollars and army limit of 10 thousand of soldiers, including 3000 infantrymen, 2000 light infantrymen, 3000 cavalrymen and 2000 artillerymen.
Infantry will be composed of line infantry fusiliers troops, armed with infantry gun with bayonet and aiming holes, smallsword and two packs of ammunition per soldier. Uniform will be composed with blue jacket with yellow breast part, white trousers, small black boots and czapka rogata with feather and number of regiment at top of it. Every soldier will get backpack and worktools, including an axe, shovel and two days rations in it as minimum supply.
The uniform of fusiliers is presented on following picture:
Light infantry will be composed of following mixed infantry tactic (both line infantry and sharpshooting one) voltiguer troops. Every soldier will be armed with light rifle with bayonet and aiming holes, smallsword and two packs of amunittion attained to belt. Uniform will be blue jacket with white breast part, czapka rogata similar to fusilier one, though higher and with white eagle over number of regiment, blue trousers and long brown boots. As fusiliers, voltiguers with receive backpack, an axe and shovel and two days rations in it. The following picture shows voltiguers (from left part):
Cavalrymen, uhlans, will have courser horse, lance with small banner, sabre and cavalry carbine with two bags of ammunition attained to belt. Uniform will include dark blue jacket with yellow breast, czapka rogata with eagle and white belt under eagle with number of regiment on it, and dark blue trousers with black boots. Uhlans won't wear provisions and tools in backpacks, as infantry will be supposed for camp engineering and uhlan provisions will travel in army tabor instead. Following picture shows uniform of uhlans themselves:
Artillery will be composed of mounted artillery troops, which compose of artillery soldiers with uniform based on white jacket, white trousers, black long boots and casque with red feathers worn on soldier's head. Each light cannon will be mantained by each ten artillerymen and their personal weaponry will include cavalry carbine, sabre and two packs of ammunition attained to belt. Uniform is presented on following picture:
Article three - Polish State Railways (PKP), agriculture and roads modernisation and housing construction budget.
To solve crisis caused by mass immigration into Poland, the Sejm passed a bill introducing creation of our own railway compagny, Polish State Railways (Polskie Koleje Państwowe, PKP). New compagny, mantained and directly owned by the government, will be responsible for mantaining railway tabor, building new railway lines and managing railway system in Kingdom of Poland. The compagny will get yearly budget of 5mln dollars from state budget. The first program for it will involve construction of railways connecting Warsaw and each major city and industrial center. Additionally, railway investitions will include opening locomotive factory in Łódź, paid on and mantained by PKP itself.
Additionally, Polish road network will be gradually modernized as whole into modern standards by Fundusz Budowy Dróg (Road Construction Fund) with yearly budget of 5mln dollars.
Polish agriculture also will be modernized. By state subsidies and investitions, tractors, fertilizers and modern methods of farming will be introduced on rular areas of Poland. Also fertilizer factory will be opened in Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, to feed agriculture with those fertilizers. The program will last 10 years with budget of 5mln dollars for it per year.
To fullfill needs of housing for our newly incoming citizens, the government via private developers will start program of social housing for homeless and immigrants. Budget for those construction will be 5mld dollars per year and the program will last 10 years too. As last investition, additional budgetal subsidies, with amount of 20mln dollars per year, will be directed into industry for general expansion and modernisation of industrial factories in Poland.
Article four - serfdom abolishment and land reform.
The Sejm also passed a bill for introducing abolishment of serfdom and land reform. It will be introduced by making general census of arable land and size of rular farming communities and dividing arable land with one łan mniejszy (16,71ha) given for each farmers family.
Serfdom will be changed into normal paid labour for noble, as those changes will be followed with form of debt gained one-time by family in local landlords families by getting those land and serfdom abolishment. The half of farmers' revenue earned in that kind of labor will be payed upon that debt.
The land value will be included in debt part too.
Article five - Kingdom of Poland's budget for year 1862.
Additionally, we present here official budget of Kingdom of Poland for year 1862 too:
1. Incomes: 600mln.
2. Normal expenditures: 449,10mln.
3. Army budget: 20mln.
4. Investitions budget (including PKP and transport reform, agriculture investment and housing building program): 20mln.
5. Administration improvement: 25mln.
6. Subsidies for other sectors of industry (general modernisation): 20mln.
7. Newspaper's budget: 1mln
8. Total expenditures: 535,10mln.
9. Balance: +64,90mln, from which:
a) paying down debt: 50mln.
b) direct budgetal reserve 14,90mln.
10. Total balance: +14,90mln.
From foreign ground:
Treaty of Warsaw was signed this month by Poland, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden-Norway and the United Kingdom, formally solving dispute caused by our independence.
In exchange of signatories recognition of our country, we granted Prussian and Austrian citizens living in Poland Polish citizenship and representation in Sejm from next cadency of Sejm. Additional points include forbidment of using Polish Armed Forces against neither Austria nor Prussia and forbidding them from offensive usage. Additionally, each power will receive embassy in Warsaw, guarded by 750 soldiers from country owning embassy and security guarantee from Polish Armed Forces too.
That is all for today. We wish Poland's successes in next years and decades.
The Treaty of Malmö
In the interest of furthering the unity and cooperation of the Nations of Scandinavia a treaty has been suggested to be signed in the city of Malmö. The content is as following:
1. A unified Nordic Council (Nordiska Rådet/Nordisk Råd) with representatives from each of the three kingdoms of Sweden, Norway and Denmark. It will take an advisory role to the countries, mainly concerning with events concerning Scandinavia as a whole. The Council will not supercede the parliaments of any of the kingdoms. There will be 33 representatives from each of the kingdoms to be elected by their own national parliaments. The Council is obligated to not to support or sponsor any radical movements that may seek to overthrow any of the governments of the member states.
2. A full customs union where there will be no tariffs for trade between the nations and free travel for citizens of the lands of Scandinavia in any of its three kingdoms. Furthermore any citizen of one of the nations who settle in the lands of another will be granted citizenship in said country.
3. A united language institute that will ensure that the kinship of the Scandinavian languages is preserved and bolstered through cooperation in linguistic academia. The institute will be placed in Copenhagen and consist of respected academics from across Scandinavia whose task it is to maintain the languages of Scandinavia.
4. A unified military command structure with generals from all the nations so as to better be able coordinate the defense of Scandinavia should it be attacked by outside forces. Its headquarters will be placed in Stockholm and accompanying it will be a Scandinavian Military Academy, designed to train prospective commanders on how to lead.
Signed by:
King Karl XV of Sweden and IV of Norway [X]
King Frederik VII of Denmark [X]
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The Treaty of Kiel:
- Parties are the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Denmark and the Duchy of Holstein
- All Parties agree to the recognised Holstein-Denmark border as per the legal treaties at the time
- Austria finances the Kiel Canal across Holstein in conjunction with Denmark and Holstein, for all 3 nations to get the right of travel through the canal
- A special committee of the 3 nations is built in regards to the border settlement and the Kiel Canal construction to be convened regularly
- The Kiel Canal will be conjointly leased by all 3 nations discussed in the committee
- Austria guarantees both Holstein and Denmark in a defensive manner.
- Austria, Holstein and Denmark all agree to solving disputes between the 3 members in the aforementioned special committee peacefully and without wars
- Denmark is to be compensated for the loss of tolls for the canal, an amount to be discussed in the committee
- Austria will encourage investment in the Kingdom of Denmark and the Duchy of Holstein, in return gaining Most Favoured Nation trade status in both countries and gaining the first right of refusal to the Duchy of Holstein resources
- Austria gains the second right of refusal to Danish resources
- Austrian troops can protect either of the 2 smaller powers, if their monarch agrees formally to austrian presence
- Tariffs between all 3 countries are to be reduced to 5%
- Holstein and Denmark are invited to join the Vienna Economic Union if they so choose and to peg their currency at a ratio to the Austrian Crown if they so desire
- Denmark having expressed worry will be exempted from Clause 13 as it so has desired
- Austria gets a small lease on part of Nuuk Port, Greenland to build ships in return for paying the danish government a set amount to be discussed between the 2 nations
- This treaty is enforced by all 3 signatories and to be observed by the international community as a whole to enforce against a violation of the treaty
Signatories:
Austrian Empire,
Observers:
-Emperor of the Austrian Empire, Francis Joseph I Von Habsburg