[Forum Game] - World in Revolution: 1861 Mk. II

[jacob-Lundgren]

This treaty will help expand markets for the French people and promote the economies of both people and develop trade.

[X] Napoleon IV ~ Emperor of the French

The Suez is being reopened for commercial shipping but warships and military transports are still barred from the currently barred nations for now. It is still vital that Africa stay as is for 1 more year colonization wise.

 

[RedNomNoms]

THE UNITED KINGDOM
of Great Britain and Ireland​

Following a breakdown in negotiations with the Russian Republic, Her Majesty's Government announces a state of war exists between the United Kingdom and Her Majesty's Dominions and Protectorates and the Russian Republic. Furthermore, the United Kingdom shall be conducting an intervention within China in order to end the Russian monopoly on Chinese trade and to secure British trading rights. Let no nation believe that the United Kingdom's refusal to aggressively expand in Africa means that it is weak. We shall prosecute and find victory in this war.

For God, Queen, and Country.

~Official Message from Her Majesty's Government

 

[Thandros]

The Old Sokot Sultan Ahmadu Rufai has died. He will be replaced as Sultan by Abubeker Atiku na Raba whose personal piety is unquestionable and his more Pro-British Outlook is hoped will allow the Sokoto Sultanate to maneuver out of the Stormy Diplomatic waters it has recently found itself trapped in as a result of the recent events concerning the USA.

 

[Revan529]

​

His Most Imperial, Regal, Supreme, and Virtuous Majesty, Lord of all he Surveys, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Shahanshah of the Sublime and Eternal State of Persia, Jewel of the Orient declares that the Sublime State will stand ceaselessly by her ally, the United Kingdom, and will defend the sovereign lands of Persia from any incursion by Russian or pro-Russian forces.

To that end, the Army of the Sublime State is hereby mobilised; His Imperial Majesty calls upon all Persian men of age to prepare to protect his home and family! Those who do their duty to their family and their state shall be honoured!

~ His Most Imperial, Regal, Supreme, and Virtuous Majesty, Lord of all he Surveys, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Shahanshah of the Sublime and Eternal State of Persia, Jewel of the Orient

 

[KeldoniaSkylar]

From the Imperial Court​

The actions of the British Empire against China are pig-headed and irrational. China will maintain its own order without foreign intervention. As such all British nationals within China are hereby placed under an imperial ban, all their assets, real and otherwise, are to be seized for the good of the Chinese nation, and the people themselves expelled with only what they can personally carry. To the those who seek to work against the Europeans, may this serve as a reminder to the avarice and deceit of those who believe they rule the world we must stand strong against these barbarians and defend ourselves. To those currently in revolt, turn your attention to those that China is at war with and not those that wish trade and mutual prosperity.

 

[Ab Ovo]

The Dominion of Canada​

Canadians!

The Empire calls you! The very fabric of the world's stability and prosperity, the British Empire, is at threat from the barbarous Tartar savages! We must stand vigilant and alert for not only do they threaten the whole empire but also do they lurk across the Bering Strait to strike at Canadian soil and burn and rape and pillage as their forefathers did to the Anglo-Saxons of old. To them we must say: "NO!" and strike a blow for British civilisation! Let not your wives and daughters be violated by the Russian barbarian, but instead enlist to keep them safe. To this end, I declare that the Royal Canadian Army shall be mobilised to defend the Crown, the Dominion, and the Empire. Above all remain firm in the face of their evils and fight for the Union Jack and the Red Ensign!

-The Right Honourable, The Viscount Monck GCMG, PC;

Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada,
on behalf of Victoria, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Defender of the Faith

 

[Ranger900]

In response to the state of conflict between the Russian Republic and the United Kingdom, the Barakzai Empire declares that it is in a state of Full Mobilization and shall be prepared to fight for the glory of our new nation alongside our glorious allies throughout the world!​

 

[Mathrim]

Secretaria de Economia
Information folder for possible European investors

Investing in Mexico: the smart move


A great business opportunity

The Mexican economy has shown great successes over the last decade, and its growth potential is still huge. However there is still room for foreign investments, investments that promise great returns in the middle term.

The inside of one of the numerous new factories that were recently created.

A pro-business cadre

The Mexican government is willing to cooperate with private investors, and has passed many pro-business laws in order to facilitate investment and innovation. Its commitment to liberal policies favours the creation and the development of companies, in a way that is seldom seen in Europe.

Exportation sky-rocketed in the last 10 years thanks to the wise policies of the government

A dense network of companies

Many small-size businesses are based in Mexico, and joint investments with those, whose owners are familiar with the country, should be envisioned, so as to create profitable activities in Mexico.

There are few middle-sized businesses in Mexico: an opportunity to take.

An enormous amount of untapped resources

The Mexican soil is extremely rich and has long been exploited. However, with the progresses of Science and Technique, it is now possible to easily extract the many nonferrous metal present in Mexico. Many American investors have shown their interest in developing this sector, surely Europe doesn't wish to be left behind?

Mexico might have the world's richest soil.

A great commercial situation

Mexico exports goods to all of his neighbours, but also to Britain, as per the Convention of Mexico City, British traders are considered the same way Mexican ones are. On top of this, the Mexican commercial installations, and mostly those of Veracruz, rebuilt after a natural catastrophe, are among the most modern in the world. That makes exportation very easy in Mexico.

Veracruz has been rebuilt, and is now an incredibly modern port

Latin America's most developed infrastructure

Mexican infrastructure is extremely developed, and his on par with many European countries like Italy and superior to many other like Danubia or the Netherlands. It second in all of the Americas, after the United States. Simply put, you will only find better in the UK, the US, France and Germany. However businesses opportunities in these nations are much much less frequent than in Mexico.

A frequent scene in Mexico

Hard-working people

Mexico has been through difficult times, and its population knows it. They also know that they'll have to work to improve their lives and country, and aren't afraid to do. Mexican workers are extremely productive and respectful and establishing your activities with them ensures you to be succesful. Mexico is also a nation of immigrants, which makes it easy to find labour force.

Mexicans are aware of their rights, but also of their duties. They aren't afraid of work, a pleasant sight when compared to many European workers

Europe is in recession and this recession will only deepen with the troubles in the Far East and near Suez. War could erupt at any time, it clearly isn't a good environment for investment. On the other hand Mexico has many advantages, a few of them were presented here but the rest is left for you to discover.


Daring businessmen, come to Mexico and you won't come to regret it.
​

 

[Frymonmon]

Oh, How the Winds of Fortune Change.​

The sudden declaration of war upon the Republic of Russia by the United Kingdom left many shocked and appalled. The Governing Senate, upon hearing this news, simply could not believe that, after only sending a few diplomats to try and resolve their problems peacefully, that the message that the British Empire, their once rival, declared war upon them once again.

Swift action was taken in Russia, with the Russian Central Bank stopping all debt payments to the United Kingdom immediately. There were whispers that the Russians could simply default upon all the loans taken out by their government. The panic alone, combined with the general anger of the common man for such a war being hastily declared, lead to the new Gladstone government losing a large chunk of popular opinion. At home, bank runs quickly became common, as people feared the looming Russian default. The British Banking system, widely considered to be the centre of the world's finances, was put into a frenzy. Stock prices plunged, investment firms closed, and the country seemed to be starting a slow down. The recession that hit the rest of Europe now came to the United Kingdom, which began to shudder under their own fears.
[-17% Public Support to the United Kingdom. -3.29% Economic Growth to the United Kingdom.]

In response to this, the Russian Ministry of Defense quickly asked of the Senate to pass appropriation bills for the establishment of a proper army. As of now, the Russian Army consisted of only the Republican Guard, stationed in Moscow, and the Cossack forces, who were mustered into service and deployed, but the more pressing matter was the establishment of a proper army. Twelve military districts across the country are put into service, and the various schools and training centres, as well as reforms put into place over the former Romanov system, combined with the panic over the British, caused the recruitment to be undertaken with the most haste, similar to a mobalisation. While these men knew they were being put into the regular army, Russia was able to shock the world, and ever herself, at how fast these men were put into the field.
[+650,000 Regulars to Russia.]

The new Russian Army, being mustered into Service.​

The British too, seemed to have their own ideas of mobilisation. The Government took control of all shipyards in the United Kingdom, putting a complete halt to all ship construction, and demanded, at very low wages, that a massive fleet of ships be build, primarily for the transportation of soldiers. The amount of iron, engines, screw props, and drive shafts, along with the wood and general other materials needed, began to suck up the production in other countries. Free trade on the Rhine, however, caused the British to take many of these items from the Germans, who simply did not have enough to comply with their own demands, now allowing them to build any ships for the year. Likewise, the same was done to various other factories, bringing them into line to a full war-time economy. Thousands were hired and factories built to churn out massive weapons of war and death, ready to be deployed against any Russian that got in the way of Her Majesty's Army. While this was expected to cause an economic boom, it did nothing but repress the economic activity, and many felt that, despite this massive spending, that the remainder of the economy would begin to falter.
[-£84,626,390 to the United Kingdom. +50% Equipment to the United Kingdom. +170 Transports to the United Kingdom. United Kingdom enters a Recession.]

The British, seeking to flex their own muscles, scramble the Channel Fleet to begin operations inside the Russian Baltic coast. While the area was quiet shallow, the United Kingdom did have a few shallow-draft ironclads, which they began to make good use of. While the British had their orders to simply blockade the Baltic Fleet, many of the commanders, undaunted by any Russian guns, began to shell some of the smaller port towns, and ruthlessly sinking any ships flying the Russian flag. The situation became dire in March, as nearly all Russian trade in the Baltic was killed, losing nearly forty per cent of Russia's total trade value in the span of a few months because of the British blockade.

The British even managed to shell the port town of Kronshtadt, which had recently installed massive guns, but ineffective gunners and bad powder caused three of them to explode while trying to ward off the British ironclads. One gun, however, was able to score hits, blasting straight through two ironclads, sending them to the bottom of the bay, leaving the United Kingdom with only a single Baltic-capable ironclad. Coastal towers and other defenses were able to quickly stop the British from hit and run tactics, as the defense of the Russian shores became more profound.
[-2 Ironclads to the United Kingdom. -4 Screw Frigates to the United Kingdom.]

The British fleet kept constant movements inside the Baltic, something that the Russians quickly noticed. In Moscow, the plans were set, and the military leaders gave the go ahead. At night, under the cover of darkness, small crafts left some Russian ports, laying mines all along the routes frequently traveled by the British ships. The big Ironclads, which could not operate effectively, had to follow their own specific channels, which the Russians made special care to lay down with mines. What was known as "Bloody Sunday" soon came around. May 17th, 1874 would be enshrined in Russian history forever. The constant mine laying by the Russian Navy paid off. As the admirals and sailors steamed towards the Russian shore to begin their blockading efforts, huge streams of water streaked into the air, explosions went off left and right, sending the entire navy into disarray. Reports up and down the fleet said that they began to sink beneath the waves. The ironclads, having to operate in such narrow windows, attempted to begin turns, only to slam into more mines, causing the situation to become even worse. The remaining ships, however began to retreat from their positions, to go back to the North Sea where traffic could be handled from there. If that was not enough, the Russians had spent the past few months working with the Danubians, importing explosive torpedoes, recently showcased in France, and produced by the Škoda Factories, and began to slap them on smaller ships, known as Torpedo Boats. They began to arrive, making quick work of the remainder of the Blockading Fleet. Some ships had been able to escape and turn back to port, but the damage had been done. A massive celebration was called for in Moscow for this victory, freeing up the Russian Navy for operations in the Baltic and beyond. The damage to Russian shipping, however, was still quiet profound as most of it was destroyed, and the British still held a very large fleet waiting in the North Sea.
[-£4,450,650 to Russia. +25 Support Ships to Russia. -8 Ironclads to the United Kingdom. -20 Sailing Ships to the United Kingdom. -11 Screw Frigates to the United Kingdom.]

A Russian Torpedo boat, before being sent out to Sea.​

This simple fact alone allowed the two newly-built Russian cruisers to be sent to sea. Slipping out quietly beyond the reach of any British guns, the General-Admiral and the Alexander Nevsky began operations in the North Atlantic, bringing a threat unknown to the British for the first time in their existence. Merchant shippers, long acting with impunity in the North Atlantic, suddenly had a very fast, menacing threat come after them. The two ships acted in tandem, destroying merchant shipping, always staying two steps ahead of the British Navy, which could never catch them. After a raiding operation off the Cornish Coast, the British, thinking that a ship approaching them was the devious Russian cruiser, began to fire upon them, sinking the ship, and all her passengers, beneath the waves. The British, however, had unknowingly sunk the personal craft of Émile Ollivier, the Prime Minister of France. He was on a trip to the United Kingdom, in order to convey some messages to Queen Victoria regarding the Emperor and the Empress, as well as new deals going forward. His messages never came as he, along with some of his closest advisers and friends, lay at the bottom of the Channel with their ship.
[-25 Prestige to the United Kingdom.]

Frenzied meeting in Kabul between Russian and Barakzai officials took place, even as the news from the Baltic came through. The Russians were able to bring attention to their success in defending their own shores to the Emir, who seemed quiet impressed. No word was ever relayed to London about this meeting, and all the former agreements seemed to be held into place. Mobilisation in the Empire began quickly, bringing them into fighting strength as Pashtun warriors, along with some of their Panjabi brethren, begin to help the newly arrived Indian soldiers, flying the British flag, acting as guides through the mountain passes. The Khyber Pass, the boundary between what was once Afghanistan and British India, was where a question was poised to the men. Fight for an Independent India, and join the Barakzai Army in their attempts to Liberate their homeland. Many of the soldiers, hailing from Bengal, had not interest in helping this Army fight to win an Independent India. At the same time, the unease between the two armies began to rise, a massive Russian "invasion" on the Barakzai Empire was undertaken. Not a single shot was fired. The Bengali Army, fearful of the Barakazi soldiers, which seemed to show nothing more than a few rouge generals, was suddenly stunned by a massive trumpet call. Coming down from the sides of the mountains, in what seemed like a moment frozen in time, were elements of the Russian and Barakazi Armies, side by side, as they slammed into the flanks of the waiting Indians. The Cossacks, known for their ruthlessness, slaughtered man after man as the largest ambush in history unfolded. The British, unable to see this bloodshed, rose the white flag, surrendering the entire army to the combined Russo-Barakazi forces.
[+23,503 Conscripts to Barakazi. -96,301 Colonial Troops to the United Kingdom. -2,503 Regulars to Russia.]

A panic set into the British, when news of this sudden betrayal hit them. The reserve force that was to help the Barakazi soldiers was quickly sent to the city of Delhi, to begin to prepare for the worst. While at first it was through it was nothing more than a simple stalemate would evolve here, the Russians were allowed to simply walk through the mountainous Central Asia region. Frantic calls to arms were heard throughout India, rushing to help defend Delhi, which was for sure to be the Russian's first target in India.
[+110,00 Colonial Troops to the United Kingdom.]

To Delhi, the Russians did go. Spearheaded by the Cossacks, who raided and pillaged as they went, along with the Pashtun warriors, whose commanders called them their heirs to those who sacked and raided India in the past. Their movements were masked by the fact the British began to construct a defense at Delhi, moving in the reserves and the remainder of the soldiers mustered into service in the past few months. A small band of soldiers joins the Barakazi forces, many of whom fought against the British just a short while ago. Joining them were remnants of the former Princely Armies, who still desired to destroy British control in India.
[+75,234 Regulars to Barakazi.]

The defense of Delhi was simple enough, keep enough men on the field to resist an invasion. The British, however, numbered only around two hundred and twenty thousand men, while the Russians and the Barakazis numbered well over half a million men. The first attacks came from the north, Cossacks began to slam into the flanks of the Delhi defenders, only before they were fought off by division of men that came from Scotland. This was the first time in the war that Russian men and British men looked face to face on the field of battle. In one Scottish soldier's memoirs, published after the war, he remarked, "They fight with such ferocity. I was simply doing my duty, help put down a rebellion. I did not know how to react when suddenly a massive Russian Army, the flag flying high on the hills outside of the city, came bearing down upon us. We were able to hold off the first wave, the second wave, the third wave, and the fourth wave. The fifth wave, we had to run. We simply ran. We never looked back. It was on that day, those simple moments, that I cared not for Queen and Country. I cared for survival. That is something I wish not upon my worst enemy."

As detailed, the Russians and their Barakazi allies assaulted wave after wave, until the flag was risen by the city. If the British Army be allowed to evacuate, then the city would be handed over to the Russians. The deal was accepted, and fighting soon stooped, not before it became one of the bloodiest conflicts for both nations. Over the span of a few weeks, more soldiers died than did on the allied side of the Crimean War. The Russian Army crossed the Yamuna River in the middle of September, 1874. Many say that the river and the fields ran with the blood of many good and innocent men.
[-14,503 Conscripts to Barakazi. -83,540 Regulars to Barakazi. -94,652 Regulars to Russia. -164,201 Colonial Troops to the United Kingdom.]

The Russian Army, crossing the Yamuna River into Delhi.​

The Cossacks, with what seemed to be an approval by Moscow, began to rip anything and everything of value from the city and the countryside, sending back riches upon riches to Russia. Entire trainloads of gold were unloaded by the gleeful workers of the railroads, who would often slip one away from themselves. The damage done to this part of India seemed to be devastating, from the previous war to the Russians, the chances for a quick recovery seemed slim. The Russians quickly strung together a band, using British instruments, and played with jubilation the anthem "Grom pobedy, razdavaysya!", which meant "Let the thunder of victory sound!" At this moment, it seemed that the Russians were winning.
[+£95,148,193 to Russia. Delhi sacked, the rest of India where the Cossacks went doesn't look much better.]

The year, however, was not over, as dealings in Asia still ran high, and the reaction to the Russian Army marching in Delhi was not yet seen, as the news was still making its way back to London. It was however, able to reach Moscow first due to the intricate communication system they had established. It was said that the church bells cried out in support of the country, and that, as said by one official, that "The same spirit we have had in our fight against Napoleon has returned to Russia!"

 

[Ab Ovo]

At the news of the Afghan Betrayal, shock rippled throughout Canada. Commonly derided in some circles for the fierce Canadian loyalty to their Empire the effect of the disaster was harsh and immediate. Some Canadian MPs began calling for an invasion across the Bering Strait and the internment of Russian-Canadians as spies; and although such extremism never came to pass, Parliament did take one small measure of revenge. A Writ of Attainder was soon signed by The Viscount Monck, convicting the recently-exchanged Barakzai ambassador of Espionage and High Treason. He was executed at dawn the following day.

 

[Dadarian]

We are highly disturbed by the blatant and frankly barbaric violation of international law by the Canadian Dominion in executing the Barakzai Ambassador to Canada.

That is not an act of a proper, civilized country and shall be looked down upon with the utmost vigour.

Viva il Regno Italia

King Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia II of Italy​

​

​

 

[Revan529]

When news reached Tehran of the Afghan Treachery, the Shahanshah ordered the Barakazai ambassador to Persia to be seized and imprisoned until further notice; after five days of being repeatedly beaten and starved, he was brought to the Imperial Palace, whereupon he was charged with Treason, Espionage, Sedition, amongst other charges. After five minutes of deliberation (all the while the Ambassador was repeatedly subjected to various nobles throwing rotten fruit or rocks at him), the Shahanshah ordered all the Ambassador’s possessions be seized, his family and all his aides and hangers-on imprisoned, and for the man himself to be hanged, drawn, and quartered the following day.

Following his execution, what was left of his remains were tossed into a pig field, as a final insult.

Within a fortnight, a box arrived at the Barakazai's "palace," containing the tongue of the Ambassador, along with a brief letter, saying:

The Shahanshah, the Sublime State, and the Merciful Allah do not take kindly the traitors. Your betrayal shall stain a thousand generations and will undo your petty state.

 

[Ab Ovo]

The Dominion of Canada​

There is no denying that the Writ of Attainder issued for the Afghan ambassador was rather harsh; but the Canadian government refuses to look at the floor and mumble apologies. If need be the government will pay restitution to the private family of the ambassador but she cannot help but question the trustworthiness of any ambassador whose nation would commit the greatest betrayal in the annals of human civilisation.

The scale of Afghan treachery, this nation whose envoys broke bread at the table of Empire and pledged to stand with her in the defense of civilisation, this nation which had received arms and aid and nearly half their present territory as gifts from the British empire, this nation which leaves nearly 100,000 dead in India as a result of their actions against those whom they called friends, cannot be overstated. I suspect that signing that Writ has tarnished my soul and blackened my name in the books of Heaven above but I cannot bring myself to suffer the condemnation of other nations while men of England and St George lie dead on the fields of Pashtunistan slain by those in whom they placed their trust. If the Dominion apologies to anyone she apologises before God, our heavenly father, for being forced to take such actions.

I can only pray it never has to happen again,

-The Right Honourable, The Viscount Monck GCMG, PC;

Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada,
on behalf of Victoria, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Defender of the Faith

 

[Boris ze Spider]

​

The actions that have occurred during the war between the Russian Republic and the British Empire and her dominions are both disgraceful and shameful. They consider themselves civilized nations, great power anointed by God to lead the world to prosperity and freedom. However, they have shown themselves to be nothing more than irritable barbarians, intent on ravaging any lands they may have the chance to stumble upon. the Russian Republic has clearly demonstrated that they are no different than their predecessors, intent on destruction instead of creation. They have plundered the great city of Delhi, a city of people who have no other wish than to live a peaceful and happy life. But the Russian Republic has brought nothing but terror upon these people, raping the women, murdering the children and looting on levels never before seen. And this is only in Delhi, as only God knows what horrors occurred in the countryside, where the people are even more defenseless. Even her allies are completely deprived of morals. The Barakazai Empire, birthed by mother Britain herself, bit the hand that fed her and totally betrayed her former friend and ally. This truly exposes the Barakazai for what they are: treacherous dogs.

However, the Russian Republic's enemies are no saints either. The British Empire plunged the continent into war not for money, but rather for greed. There was no border conflict, no loss of life. The only thing that was being lost by the British Empire was money. Furthermore, the reaction by her allies are quite horrendous within themselves. The execution of the Barakazai ambassador by both the Persian and to a greater degree, the Canadian governments is disgusting. We are especially disturbed by the Canadians, given their reputation for civility. It is for this reason that the Confederate States of America will be recalling their delegates to the Dominion of Canada, in order to preserve their safety. We hope this conflict will reach a quick resolution, and that more children shall not find themselves fatherless.

 

[Dadarian]

The Italian Ambassador to the Dominion of Canada and the Kingdom of Persia shall be withdrawn back to Italy for their own safety until further notice.

Viva il Regno Italia

King Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia II of Italy​

​

​

 

[Ab Ovo]

In an overheard conversation between Governor-General Monck and Prime Minister MacDonald:

"Honestly, do they think we do things like that every day? Exceptional circumstances of betrayal..."

 

[von_Rundstedt]

How can you convict an official of another nation for high treason?

 

[jacob-Lundgren]

How can you convict an official of another nation for high treason?

OOC: Take him prisoner and stage a kangaroo court. Then find a good rope.

 

[Afaslizo]

Declaration of Neutrality​

People of America,

war has erupted in Europe and Asia and I think you will agree that it comes forth with a rather uncivilized note. There is no reason of the United States to involve herself in that sorry affair and we will continue to concentrate us on our own affairs. We will leave it to the masterful diplomacies of the French and German Empires who are certainly not prone to insult or anger any nation in their behaviour or bully smaller ones around and surely never annex souverain states to solve that trouble. I am sure it will be done with the usual tact and totally not overbearing arrogance. We can of course not expect them to join into the war and make that sorry affair any bigger. They will show reason and lead Europe through diplomacy to peace.

May God bless the United States of America

Horatio Seymour, 18th President of the United States of America

 

[Stormbringer]

For his exemplary performance during the Indian campaign Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov is promoted to the rank of General of the Cavalry and is awarded the title of Count. For his services to the country he is to be awarded the Order of Saint George of the second degree upon his return to Moscow.

Regarding the news from Canada and Persia Chancellor Gorchakov would like to know whether Queen Victoria really endorses the barbarity that is being committed in her name. She, after all, is the one who receives and approves all diplomatic credentials presented by the ambassadors to her realm, and thus is the one who guarantees their safety while in her dominions. There truly is little hope of peace in the world if diplomatic representatives of the sovereigns cannot travel safely from one country to another.

For his part the Chancellor would reiterate his commitment to protecting the safety of all foreign envoys in Russia, but such a reiteration is clearly unnecessary in civilized countries. A promise of safety was given to all envoys upon arrival in Russia and that promise is clearly sufficient.