Guillaume I le Bâtisseur (the Builder-King)
1201-1230
Duke of Valois and Aquitaine 1186-1201,
King of France, Britanny, Aquitaine, Burgundy and Jerusalem 1201-1230,
King of Navarra 1201-1203
Lived 1176-1230
Son of Robert, Duke of Valois and Fressenda Drengot (of the Sicilian Royal Court)
Married:
1) Etiennette Jimenez, cousin to the Kings of Castile
2) Maysant de Hauteville, sister to King Lancelin of Sicily
Brother of:
1) Aimeric
2) Almodis, married Alan Duke of Britanny
3) Eve
4) Emeline
Father of
1) Charles VI, who follows
2) Simon I, King of Navarra
3) Alice, Queen of Sweden (to Magnus IV)
4) Bertrand, Duke of Britanny
5) Emma, Countess of Salzburg
6) Eudes
Like the Poissy branch, the Valois branch of the Capetian dynasty was not deemed to rule one day over France: like the extinct branch, the Valois formed descent of one of the many bastards of Philippe I the Venerer. Guillaume himself, Duke of Valois and Aquitaine, aged 25 when he rose to the throne of France, was the great-great-grandson of Philippe I through his legitimated bastard Raoul d’Orléans, whose children went to the Holy Land to serve the short-lived Kingdom of Jérusalem, and then the interests of the dynasty in Southwestern France. Guillaume’s father, Robert, had been the heir presumptive to Louis VI, who died without any legitimate male heir.
When he arose to the throne, Guillaume I was viewed as a generous yet tough warrior, who had helped his cousin Louis to fight the rebellious barons in the last years of his reign: he would gain his nickname of the Builder-King by the end of the construction of the Royal Palace in Paris, who would be known as Palais de la Cité, built on the Cité Island in Paris, in 1202: even if the palace’s building had begun more than 25 years ago, the Palais de la Cité was definitely rattached to the reign of Guillaume I, along with all the castles Guillaume built throughout the country, in the royal demesne or the provinces he occupied, in Britanny (conquered from 1204 to 1205) or during the trouble times in the 1210s. Known as the Gulielmi Castles (from the Latin Name of King Guillaume), these strong castles dominated French landscapes throughout centuries. When his advisors told the King the castles he was busy spending so much to built them could be used by his rebellious vassals to resist him, Guillaume famously replied that “Thus, it will such an honor to the Crown to claim and destroy them…And to build them again”.
Along with these great works, Guillaume inaugurated the foreign and internal policies of the Valois dynasty, that would be known to historians as “Reductions”: French finances were crippled by the oversized royal demesne, which were far more too difficult to entertain and control, but also by the sporadic revolts of the Dukes and Counts of the Kingdom: in order to relinquish some of his titles and to have less territory to control, Guillaume I famously gave to his son Simon the Kingdom of Navarre in 1203, when he was only 4 years old, in order to finish the disengagement of France from the Iberic Peninsula (and maybe to respect the memory of her deceased wife, Etiennette, cousin to the King of Castile, who died before she was crowned; by the way, Simon, becoming Jimeno I of Navarra, would reign from 1203 to 1254).
In the same ways, the pious Guillaume vehemently denounced the heretic beliefs of Duke Rudolf of Flanders and launched an expedition to the British Isles, with the approval of new King Herbert, in 1208 to 1209, in order to expel the Muslim adventurers who had managed to take control of most of Wales and Eastern Ireland; but the freed provinces were given plain independence and not integrated to the Kingdom of France.
But as of Louis VI, the reign of Guillaume I, despite his great personal faith, was entached with bad relations with the Papacy: the election of the bishop of Gand to the Holy See under the name of Gregory X meant that half of Flanders, next to Paris, were going to a potential enemy; an invasion of both Flanders and the Papal States was decided, crushing the Papal forces in two years, and leaving Gregory X as a broken man in 1210, who would die two years later. The very same year, the Kingdom of France strengthened its presence in the Italian Peninsula, organizing the wedding of the powerful yet fragile Queen Regnant of Sicily, Valdrade de Hauteville, and Charles, eldest son and heir to Guillaume, thus uniting two of the most powerful dynasties in western Europe, and returning the Valois branch to its Italian roots, as Guillaume was the son of a Norman Sicilian noblewoman, and had married a second time with Valdrade’s aunt, Maysant.
From 1212 to 1220, the kingdom of France was deeply shaken by a series of revolts from various dukes who had various motives, from contesting the elevation of Guillaume to the throne (such as Rudolf of Flanders, who insulted the King at a tournament) to supporting the Papacy. The revolts were crushed, taken into the King’s patronage who in turn engaged great works in the devasted provinces (thus his nickname of the Builder-King), and were without any incident: only in 1217, during the siege of Bourges, where the King’s horse was killed. Seeing that Guillaume had felt, many Frenchmen believed he died, but his broken leg was quickly cured by a competent doctor and everything went for the better. The revolts ended in 1220 with the arbitration of Pope Alexander III, with whom Guillaume had a private audience and accepted to support the royal rule on the Church of France; the last rebels, Normandy, surrendered in 1221, and Duke Bertrand, one of Guillaume’ sons, received the turbulent duchy of Britanny after he was revealed as a bastard son.
In the 1220s, while the castles engaged by the Builder-King were achieved, the Kingdom of France entered a period of peace, considered by many historians as “the Frankish Golden Age”, where the rebels had been all defeated by the King, and religious peace guaranteed by the friendship between Guillaume and Pope Alexander III. The early XIIIth Century, and the century as a whole, would be remembered as the era of the development of universities throughout Europe, of both profane and religious arts. It was in this peaceful France, under the Valois branch, that were implemented the seeds of the future Renaissance: and it was in this peaceful France that Guillaume I died peacefully in his sleep, during a night of July, in 1230, aged only 54 but prematurely old. He would be remembered by many peasants as the “Good King Guillaume”, sometimes borrowing his glory to another Guillaume, better known as William the Conqueror, King of England; he continues to be remembered by his massive castles, scaterred throughout the country.
On the left, the Kingdom of France in 1201, on the beginning of Guillaume I's reign; on the right, on the end, in 1230. Royal demesne in is dark blue, French vassals in lighter blue.