The Cost of Prestige
The Irish Army: Óglaigh na hÉireann
After a month at sea, 3 divisions of the Irish Expeditionary Army reached the shores of the Italian Peninsula near the city of Tuscany in the province of Grosseto. Under the command of the flamboyant General O’Donnell the forces almost immediately moved south to meet the advancing Southern Italians who had recently captured Rome without a shot being fired. O’Donnell an able administrator was a poor tactician and his gung-ho charge into unneeded battle would cost Ireland heavily.
On the strategic scale Sardinia Piedmont was in a delicate situation, Austria who in an attempt to thwart Italian unification declared war and had the initial advantage in numbers on the border. General Giuseppe Garibaldi favored defeating the stronger Austrians and therefore shifted almost all arms from Sicilian front to the Austrian one, with the help of a French army the front he hoped to stabilize the east but at the cost of an almost undefended southern one.
The Irish, although they promised Count Cavour an army, came as a complete surprise to the Italian who thought little of Ireland but was thankful nonetheless and instructed O’Donnell to hold the southern front as long as possible. The numbers Ireland brought would surely stem the advancing southerners long enough for the Sardinian reprisal but unfortunately the chain of command had its limits.
On the morning of the 14th of July O’Donnell engaged the whole of the Irish Expeditionary Army (28,943 effectives) against the smaller but technologically superior Sicilians under General Galantro (21,200 effectives). The sporadic hills outside of Rome proved a problematic terrain to attack, Galantro having consolidated his gains and men had an intimidating defensive line and no one knew it more then O’Donnell who on the previous night found the Sicilian’s position impossible to outflank but nonetheless ordered the attack to commence for he felt any offensive measures was a more practical way to defend the whole with of Italian Peninsula with a handful of Italians and Irish.
The opening stage of battle, the Fingal assualt can be seen
The initial stages of the battle could be said to foreshadowed the rest of it. Before dawn the Irish Fingal Regiment attempted to seize a ridge dominating the eastern flank of Galantro’s army, the charge uphill had exhausted most men and when met with gunfire most fled down hill in a panic, witnessing the cowardice, O’Donnell himself rode out to rally the panicked Irishmen only to be shot on top of his horse, a clear target for sharpshooters in surrounding hills. O’Donnell would leave the field alive and would catch fever for the remainder of the battle but nonetheless command his army. The troops continued to assualt forward and finally after an hour of intense melee the skirmish was over with the Fingal Regiment loosing 70% of its men with nothing to show save the scattered dead up and down the ridge which would never be truly theirs. The ridge would be bitterly known Carrantuohill after Ireland’s highest peak (although not nearly as tall) and would be the focus of the loosing battle. Both generals new the importance of the high ground especially since the Irish did not have proper artillery to dislodge the defenders from said high points, in retrospect it was inevitable that this battle unfolded as it did.
At the end of the battle some 3 days later O’Donnell retreat was orderly and timed, although Galatro probably didn't have the means to pursue it was nevertheless a caution after the near envelopment of the army the day before. The Irish Expeditionary Force was nearly at half its strength and although reinforcements would eventually arrive, Ireland’s chance at glory seemed over for the remainder of the war as news of the 15,000 casualties shook Ireland proper; no one wanted to risk any further action in what was now a fruitless war.
Regardless of the popular support another Irish expeditionary force was on its way and would soon arrive under General Tyrconnel who would relieve General O’Donnell and ironically launch an offensive of his own although the situation was different; Austria, having fought for months a two front war signed a peace after the disastrous defeat at Treviso and freed up massive amount of Sardinian and French troops now making their way down to meet Tyrconnel. Furthermore amphibious invasions along the coasts of Southern Italy had begun and defeat of the Two Sicilies was predicted by next spring season. Knowing as much as any other of his kingdoms fate, Galantro had acquired a sizable force for an offensive aimed at the very force he had so soundly defeated 3 months before, O’Donnell’s Irish.