and they are unlocked by scanning anomalies. I believe its the ones with the eye symbol. The Paradox sponsor is supposed to get more of them.Hello! As to my understanding, you can research all the regular technologies, but the order they appear will change each playthrough. As for the breakthrough technologies, they are randomized and you will not really have access to all of them in each playthrough. If I remember correctly, I saw a video in which one of the devs said about 1/3 or 1/4 of the breakthrough technologies will be accessible each time you start a new game.
Cheers!