Also these are some research paper that I could find though I lack the experience to derive much results from these-
(This has the location of nearly 36 Garhs)
(This has the location of nearly 36 Garhs)
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I compiled all the known locations of Garhs in Uttarakhand in this google earth project, which might be helpful in making locations for the region.
earth.google.com
Google Earth
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No, I'm just a student lol, though history has always been a hobby of mine.
I will try to make this into a map.I compiled all the known locations of Garhs in Uttarakhand in this google earth project, which might be helpful in making locations for the region.
Google Earth
Sorry, due to a family emergency I was busy for quite some time. Can any one point to me in a general direction on how I could make a map?
Wha
What I did was take a map off of David Rumsey's catalogue, traced it then added on to it with help from books. I used layers in paint.net.
I see the northern india particularly the Himalayas has not been discussed so i will try to describe about it particularly khas -malla kingdom or khas empire(_sinjali empire) which dominated the himlayas .
Khas Empire
The founder Nagaraja had established his authority over khari state (part of southern tibet guge) and the javeshwor region (eastern Nepal particulary the karnali region ) .After Nagaraj Javeshwor ,his descendent krachalla expands over kumaon in the east ,trishuli in the west and the ganges in the south. As per the stone inscription of baleshwor temple in 1223AD, Krachalla deva had ten Counceller's and feudatories among the recently conquered chand kings of kumaon.He sends his son Ashokchalla to kumaon-gadhwal area(Jalandhar state) to govern the region. After 1256AD ashokchalla becomes king and expands his kingdom east till ladakh.As per the stone inscription in gadwal in 1278AD ,he was called the king of 1,25,000 hills. After attacking and winning against the malla kingdom (Nepal mandal),they change their surname to malla (due to unknown reasons).In 1303 large immigration from Rajput flows into the khas kingdom. Aditya Malla attacks Nepal mandal (bhaktapur in 1321 and again on nuwakot and pharping ).In 1312 the Khas king, Ripumalla, visited Lumbini and had his own inscription carved on Ashoka's pillar. He then entered the Kathmandu Valley to worship publicly at Matsyendranath, Pashupatinath, and Swayambhunath.This can be speculated as the overlordship of khasas overlordship in Nepal.Thus it can be seen as khasas border to be expanded till the arun river. In 1328AD punya pal(husband of the princess Sakunmala) becomes the king adopting surname Malla.In 1333AD he attacks Nepal Mandal and collects taxes and ruled for 6 months and visits the hindu temples there.
The accession of punya pal causes dissatisfaction among the other royals and vassals since he was a son-in-law .This marks a trigger for the disintegration of the kingdom.
Post 1337
Prithvi Malla (1338-the youngest son is the heir apparent due to his brothers death. He is the last king of the peak khas kingdom. During his rain he looses control over khari state in tibet and Doti .Nirya Pal declares independence and styles as king of doti.This causes instability and rebellious thoughts among the feudatories Surya Malla,son of ripu malla becomes the new king 1358 .Abhaya malla ,the crown prince reconquers the doti kingdom .In 1377 Abhaya malla becomes king .He looses his control due to bom/Burma ministers .
FIGURE BELOW SHOWS PEAK KHAS EMPIRE IN light red ,the mallas in purple ,mustang in orange ,kiratis in mustard,tirhut in red .
Khas Empire
The founder Nagaraja had established his authority over khari state (part of southern tibet guge) and the javeshwor region (eastern Nepal particulary the karnali region ) .After Nagaraj Javeshwor ,his descendent krachalla expands over kumaon in the east ,trishuli in the west and the ganges in the south. As per the stone inscription of baleshwor temple in 1223AD, Krachalla deva had ten Counceller's and feudatories among the recently conquered chand kings of kumaon.He sends his son Ashokchalla to kumaon-gadhwal area(Jalandhar state) to govern the region. After 1256AD ashokchalla becomes king and expands his kingdom east till ladakh.As per the stone inscription in gadwal in 1278AD ,he was called the king of 1,25,000 hills. After attacking and winning against the malla kingdom (Nepal mandal),they change their surname to malla (due to unknown reasons).In 1303 large immigration from Rajput flows into the khas kingdom. Aditya Malla attacks Nepal mandal (bhaktapur in 1321 and again on nuwakot and pharping ).In 1312 the Khas king, Ripumalla, visited Lumbini and had his own inscription carved on Ashoka's pillar. He then entered the Kathmandu Valley to worship publicly at Matsyendranath, Pashupatinath, and Swayambhunath.This can be speculated as the overlordship of khasas overlordship in Nepal.Thus it can be seen as khasas border to be expanded till the arun river. In 1328AD punya pal(husband of the princess Sakunmala) becomes the king adopting surname Malla.In 1333AD he attacks Nepal Mandal and collects taxes and ruled for 6 months and visits the hindu temples there.
The accession of punya pal causes dissatisfaction among the other royals and vassals since he was a son-in-law .This marks a trigger for the disintegration of the kingdom.
Post 1337
Prithvi Malla (1338-the youngest son is the heir apparent due to his brothers death. He is the last king of the peak khas kingdom. During his rain he looses control over khari state in tibet and Doti .Nirya Pal declares independence and styles as king of doti.This causes instability and rebellious thoughts among the feudatories Surya Malla,son of ripu malla becomes the new king 1358 .Abhaya malla ,the crown prince reconquers the doti kingdom .In 1377 Abhaya malla becomes king .He looses his control due to bom/Burma ministers .
FIGURE BELOW SHOWS PEAK KHAS EMPIRE IN light red ,the mallas in purple ,mustang in orange ,kiratis in mustard,tirhut in red .
Attachments
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Hello! I am back! Finally finished the book "Garhwal ka Itihaas". After my last post, there was not much content that could be incorporated in the game, so not much information this time. (I could not make the map as I am stupid, please somebody else do it. paint.net refuses to load for me and many more reasons.)
For the time being here are some pictures that were included in the book. All of these are black and white though.
Map of Garhwal during the reign of Ajay Pal.
State amblem of Garhwal
Another map of Garhwal.
For the time being here are some pictures that were included in the book. All of these are black and white though.
Map of Garhwal during the reign of Ajay Pal.
State amblem of Garhwal
Another map of Garhwal.
Prior to Ajaypal there is very little record about the Garhwal region ,in fact the name of Garhwal is also accredited to ajay pal . .From the inscriptions of the khas malla kings ,there is a mention of crown prince ashokchalla governing over the Jalandhar state(kumaon-gadhwal) as per the royal order.The khasas were still influential and started loosing control over vassals during the reign of Abhaya malla i.e around 1391AD.There is also mention of abhyaya malla subduing Doti after a rebellion .So i think it is safe to assume that Garhwal was also a feudatory of khasas in 1337AD.
The katyuri who ruled over Garhwal ,kumaon and western Nepal also were khasas .I also think that the ajay pal were also khasas.
Is there anything related to these in the book?
Edit:changed the date it was supposed to be 1337 not 1357ad
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Yes there is. Although I would disagree with you here on the timeline. After the fall of Katyuris. which we can definitely assume to be Khasas, Chands took power in the Kumaon region and the Garhwal region, where most of these Garhs were established by Katyuris, became independent. In the book, there is the mention of Ashokchalla but it seems that although he did conquer the region, atleast up top Gopeshwar where his "edict" on the Trishul is but also quickly lost control of the region too.
Pasting one of my previous comment here-
Brief Political History of Garhwal
- Skipping throug a large section of history, fall of the ancient Kuninda kingdom, establishment of three kingdoms, their decline, rise of Kartikeypura dynasty, their replacement by the Katyuri dynasty and their subsequent fall.
- By the 11th to 12th century, Garhwal was a relatively prosperous region but disunited, divided into 52 petty Garhs/forts.
- Constant raiding went on. The Tibetans would raid the "kingdoms" on thier borders who would in place raid the Garhs south to them. A Garhpati did not have enough power to punish the raiders from another kingdom and could not punish his own people for raiding. Over time, this lead to a growing distrust and animosity among these people.
- One thing to be kept in mind is there was not much common between these people. A person from Garhtang Garh and Dasholi Garh would definitely not have considered each other to be belonging to the same people.
- Among these was a garh names Chandpur, relatively south in the Garhwal region.
Chandpur Garh is situated at the top of a hill in Chandpur Pargana, there were secret tunnels, methods to raise water from the river in case of a siege and many such classic features one could hope to find in an average Garh.
This particular Garh was relatively more powerful than its neighbours and held a religious significance as its kings were called the "King of Badrinath". This seemed to have spared them from a lot of raiding and also helped the Garh establish and maintain
alliances.
- Panwar/Pamar/Pal clan was established here after Kanak Pal inherited this kingdom from his father-in-law, Bhanupratap, in 688 CE.
- Most of the kings between Kanak Pal and the 37th ruler of this dynasty, Ajay Pal are shrouded in mystery and we only have their names and the years they ruled.
- Now, having established a bit of a background, we arrive in the year 1337. Chandpur Garh has consolidated a bit. The no. of independent Garhs is 49! So not a whole lot of improvement. Just 7 years earlier, Anant Pall II has been coronated the king. Not much is known about him except for that he produced a eally great heir, Raja Ajay Pal the Great.
Raja Ajay Pal the Great
Raja Ajay Pal, in my opinion, is one of the greates kings that the world, and by extension Garhwal, have ever seen. Said to have been brave and knowledgable in philosophy/religion and diplomacy from a young age. Just as he ascended the throne in 1358, the Kumaonis (who were in fact united) besieged the border province of Badhan. The king attempted to relieve the siege but was defeated. The king is then said to have meditated on top of a mountain where Shiva appeared in front of him, transformed to his giant form with the king sitting on his shoulder. As Shiva continued to grow and grow, at one point even the brave king got scared and asked to be put back. Shiva then said to him that wherever till his gaze reached would be conquered by him. Bolstered by this, king attacked the Kumaonis once again, this time defeating them and chasing them back to Champawat and in the resulting peace managed to annex a few bits of Kumaon as well.
This was a big deal and would definitely have boosted his confidence as well. From this point onward, Ajay Pal would attack, conquer and assimilate a handful of Garhs each year, juggling alliances and giving Jagirs and important positions to the conquered clans to pacify them.
Well i was supposed to write 1337ad not 1357 ad. What specifically do you disagree about the timeline besides the one i corrected? Most of the history of the himalayas are limited. The eastern and northern border of khasas can be easily verified by crossing with Tibetan and Malla (then Nepal mandala) sources. But i couldn't find much regarding how long the western region lasted under their rule .There is record of loosing the khari Pradesh(ngari regions) and the gradual disintegration of kingdom.Khasas were pretty strong especially in 1337 under punya malla .Can you cite the source that claim they had quickly lost the control of the region?
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In 1337, Garhwal was not yet united and was divided into nearly 48 petty fiefdoms. Please take a look at my previous comments as I have posted quite a few details on there.
The source that I am using is "Garhwal ka Itihaas" by Pt. Harikrishna Raturi. Although please keep in mind the dates in the book for the early rulers are off by a few centuries as the book was written before even the independence of India and new scholarship has given us new dates.