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Pax Romana

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I started working on this mod because I was always annoyed how undetailed Byzantine character history was. Crusader Kings 3 still misses some of the very basic things - for example, family ties between patriarchs Tarasius and Photius, two extremely important churchmen of the middle Byzantine period, or the existence of Thekla - sister of Michael III who would be able to challenge Basil I's rule in 867.

In addition, I also wanted to implement descent from antiquity for Byzantine characters, adding their alleged connections with the earlier emperors.

As my main source, I use two works by Christian Settipani - "Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs" and "Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale: mythe et réalité". I'm fully aware about speculativeness of his suggestions, but I'm completely fine with that. After the initial release, I may start to implement user suggestions if they are accompanied with reliable sources.

Apart from Byzantium, I plan to expand the families of eight and ninth century popes, i.e Nicholas I, Hadrian II and some others, because their family trees are even more underdeveloped.

There will be some other minor impovements, such as Byzantine province names for Sicily and parts of southern Italy.

Here I will occasionally post about the mod's development, showcasing the family trees I've added.
 
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One part that is pretty diffucult is to find dynasty names for some families - before tenth century many Byzantines didn't used surnames. I'm extremely sceptical about assigning them the random ones found in the namelists because they in fact belonged to real people, mostly mentioned on the seals.

Thus, I would be extremely grateful if someone manages to find anything suitable to be used as a dynasty for the following families:

Family of patriarchs Tarasius, Photius, Sisinnius II and Sergius II).

Family of Sergius, father of Plato of Sakkoudion.

Family of Philaretos of Amnia.

Family of Christopher

Family of Priscus (son-in-law of emperor Phocas)

Family of Philippicus (brother-in-law of emperor Maurice).

Family of popes Adrian I and Nicholas I.

Family of pope Stephen IV.

Family of pope Sergius II, Sergius III, Hadrian III, Stephen V and Boniface VI.

Family of pope Hadrian II.

Family of eight century Roman patrician Stephen.
 
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This will be very interesting to play when you are done. It is a shame how little work paradox puts into tracing family lines. For example, if you scroll back a little in the list of popes at the 1066 start date, you will see a "Spoletto" <- (probably misspelled by me) dynasty having placed several popes on the throne. Not only was the family not called "Spoletto",(they were called the Theophylacti) but most of the other family members who were not popes are represented as unlanded when they were in reality some of the most influential nobles in Rome!
 
This will be very interesting to play when you are done. It is a shame how little work paradox puts into tracing family lines. For example, if you scroll back a little in the list of popes at the 1066 start date, you will see a "Spoletto" <- (probably misspelled by me) dynasty having placed several popes on the throne. Not only was the family not called "Spoletto",(they were called the Theophylacti) but most of the other family members who were not popes are represented as unlanded when they were in reality some of the most influential nobles in Rome!
They are called "of Spoleto" because of their direct descent from Alberic I. But they were still referred as Theophylacti and never as Spoletians, so the marriage between Marozzia and Alberic should be matrilineal. And yeah, a lot of family members are definitely missing: for example Gregory III of Tusculum is reported to have five children, but neither them nor even his wife, Aemilia, are in the game.
 
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I've already added over 200 characters, but unfortunately I will not be able to actively work on the mod for while. Now I think its time for a first two development diaries, centered among Macedonian and Amorian dynasties.

№1: Macedonian dynasty.

Basil I's brothers Symbatios and Bardas, cousin Leo the Assyrian and nephew Basil are now included in the game. Other additions include Basil's mother Pankalo and his paternal grandfather Maiakes or Maiktes. These are possibly the Greek renditions of a name Hmayeak, which was extremely popular among the Mamikonians. Because of that, Settipani connects him to this family.

He also supports the theory, according to which Basil was a great-grandson of Leo V. With his interpretations, we can see that Basil's ancestors were noble, but they lost their fortunes after years in Bulgarian captivity. Constantine VII in his Vita Basilii claims that both Maiakes and Leo descended from the Arsacids, and Settipani tries to prove in his recontructions.

Leo V's father was Bardas, patrikios and strategos of Armeniakon who was killed in battle of Marcellae. His unnamed mother belonged to another branch of Mamikonian family. It started with Vartan, marzpan of Armenia who fled to Byzantium after his failed revolt and decided to stay there. His descendants frequently intermarried with the empire's highest nobility. Vartan's son Artabasdos was a husband of a niece of emperor Maurice, daughter of Philippikos and Gordia. Their son Bardanes married to a sister of empress Fausta, daughter of Arsacid Valentinus. Valentinus' mother was Placidia, and through her he descended from the Theodosian dynasty and the Roman gens Anicia, whose members were related to Augustus, Marcus Aurelius and many other famous figures.

Later family members are patrikioi Nikephoros and Bardanes, emperors Philippikos and Artabasdos, spatharios Constantine, aforementioned mother of Leo V and general Bardanes Tourkos. The latter's children include Bryennios, the founder of the eponymous family, Thekla, wife emperor Michael II, and Eirene, wife of Leo Skleros.

Eudokia, mistress of Michael III and wife of Basil I, belonged to a very old and prestigious family of Martinakioi. Its founder, Martinos, married to Maria, sister of emperor Heraclius. Their daughter Martina later became Heraclius' second wife. Her unnamed brother fathered Andrew, whose son Martinos was apo eparchon (former eparch). Other family members are kandidatos Theophylaktos, officer Anastasios, logothetes Inger, patrikioi Constantine and Martinos. Constantine, father of Theophano Martinakia, was made ruler of Cephalonia in 867 instead of a fictional Konstantios Martinakios. He is said to be a relative of the three emperors; Settipani identifies them as Amorians - Michael II, Theophilos and Michael III. Constantine's mother or grandmother belonged to their dynasty.

Famous chronicler Theophanes the Confessor is described as a maternal uncle of emperor Constantine VII. Theophanes was the son of Isaakios, father of the Aegean Islands, and brother of Maria, an addresee of a letter from Theodore Stoudites. Maria's son was Photeinos, whose great-granddaughter was empress Zoe Karbonopsina.

№2: Amorian dynasty.

From her father's side, empress Theodora is quite closely related to Basil I. Theodora's mother, Theoktiste Phlorina, was connected to family of saint Philaretos of Amnia due to onomastic reasons. Philaretos' son John married to Eirene, daughter of Gregory Monomachos and Anna, who was the sister of Plato of Sakkoudion and the aunt of Theodore Stoudites. Anna's mother Euphemia directly descended from the Roman family of Rufii. Rufius Synesius Hadrianus, who served as a Praefectus Urbi in the waning years of the Western Roman empire, was the nephew of an influential statesman, Gennadius Avienus. His grandson Hadrianus fled to Constantinople during the Gothic wars. Afterwards, the family was Hellenized, but its still maintained close ties with Italy. Hadrianus' great-grandson was a senator named Theodore Chilas, whose son was Plato, father of pope John VII. John's brother Theodore was grandfather of Euphemia.

The Mosele family was yet another branch of the Mamikonians. Its first member was patrikios Gregory Mousoulakios. His son was Alexios Mosele, who also bore the title of patrikios. Alexios I's grandsons were Alexios II and Theodosios. The latter fathered Eupraxios, strategos of Sicily under Basil I. Alexios II was made Caesar by Theophilos and served as a heir apparent before failing into disgrace. He was married to Theophilos' daughter Maria and, as Settipani observes, there is no absolutely reason to think that she was an infant at the time. He speculates that she bore him a daughter, but died because of complications due to very early pregnancy. This daughter, called Maria after her mother, is known from one seal, where she called a daughter of Caesar.

In Settipani's stemma, the earliest ancestor of the Doukai is tourmarches Andronikos, who supported Alexios I Mosele in 793. This might indicate that the two families maintained very good relations. As a result, Maria II was wed to Andronikos' great-grandson. Their son was Andronikos II, famous general and father of usurper Constantine Doukas. Constantine's imperial descent was probably the reason why he tried to claim the throne. In addition, it could explain Constantine's popularity, so immense that Basil the Copper Hand tried to assume his identity more than a decade later.

Some screenshots:
20230726230253_1.jpg
20230726230405_1.jpg
20230726230029_1.jpg
20230726225557_1.jpg
 
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I will be willing to help you with this project. I am not experienced with modding, but I enjoy going through genealogies, and I have the time to do so.
@Pax Romana
 
HI! Excellent project, I've been working on a similar thing for my own use for some time.

I can post my work which so far includes, Amorians(and a connection to Logothete), some Mamikonians, Photios' immediate family (his siblings, nephews etc), Heraclius' dynasty, Martinakoi, portions of the families of several earlier emperors, some historical families that were connected to them with marriage, families of some strategoi etc. Most of them are historical characters with here and there some fictional ones to fill the gaps (say like character A is known to be the grandson of character C but father of A is missing so a fictional B son of C) As well as my notes and sources that I've collected so far.

Edit: I've also added non Byzantine characters such as members of the Krum Dynasty (such as his sister and her husband, Krum's brothers etc.) and created from scratch the "Kavkhan family" based on known Kavkhans etc.



In fact, the very reason I came to the forums today was to open such a thread and post my work so far for anyone who is interested since I'd rather prefer my time to do research and add characters instead of trying to learn to mod myself.


I'll go ahead and start with sharing some of the sources I've used

"Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire" which includes many stemma and "Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online" are the two main sources I've used, you can access the latter by the link below:


For Photios' family I've found this


Which connect him through marriage to the families Mamikonian(If empress Theodora was indeed a Mamikonian), Baboutzikos, Katakalon, Amorian(both through Michael III's aunt and because the first Katakalon was a nephew of Michael II) and through descent on his mother's side Bagrat and Kamsarakan families.
 
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To give some examples

Amorians:

20230817155532_1.jpg



Going from top to bottom, the Michael at the very top is fictional to connect George below him to the Logothete dynasty.

George and Leon, a George is named as either the father or grandfather of Michael II and Leon is also suggested as the name of the father of Michael II so I've made Leon his father and George his grandfather. George is also named as either the cousin or uncle of Emperor Nicephoros (Logothete) so I've added a fictional member to the Logothete dynasty as a brother of this George to make George the uncle.

The second Leon is a copying mistake which I've only noticed now, I was going to name him Michael. He is a friend and close relative of emperor Michael II that was older than him so I've made him an uncle. Papias is another relative of Michael II, whose exact relation is unknown, he was the keykeeper during Michael II's imprisonment by Emperor Leo V and freed him. I chose to add him as a son of that unnamed relative to add as few fictional characters to fill the gaps as possible.

George, the son of Leon and brother of Michael is another fictional character to connect Michael II t Komes of the Theme of Opsikion, Katakylas, who was his nephew, his son and grandsons are Katakalons I've found that lived during that time.

Leontia is to represent Michael II's unnamed female relative, thought to be a sister, who married to "Elder Martinakes" a member of the Martinakoi who are descendants of Heraclius and his second wife(and niece) Martina and also include some descendants such as Empress Eudokia Ingerina and Empress Theophano Martinakia first wife of her son Emperor Leo the wise.

Helene the daughter of Michael II and the sister of Theophilos, she married to either the Khurramite rebel leader Nasr who took the name Theophobos after his conversion or his son that grew in Constantinople. Her children here are fictional to represent them having some descendants.

Michael III's children which I can't take the credit for adding them myself (these additions so far are made on a mod, kind of a personal submod you can say) but vaguely remember about suggesting.


Heraclius' Dynasty and Martinakoi:

20230817155931_1.jpg



Don't be overwhelmed, most of the people here are shown double because Heraclius' Dynasty had more than one marriage done among the family members itself and those go all the way down are members of the Martinakia family.

It would be rather time consuming to name them all so I'll just mention the fictional ones of Heraclius'



20230817155639_1.jpg



To the top is Consul Florius who is identified by some historians as Flavius Florentius. His son is Heraclius of Edessa, who is thought to be the possible ancestor of Heraclius the Elder. His son, Florius and grandson Gregoras are fictional to connect them to Heraclius the Elder. Florius' name I chose after Consul Florius and Gregoras I named after Gregoras, the brother of Heraclius the Elder. Florentius the brother of Heraclius is also a fictional character I've added because Martina is also suggested to be the daughter of an unnamed brother of Heraclius instead of his sister.

Martinakia family also has a few fictional ancestors to connect the gaps and since the exact member they descended from is not known, I've chosen to make them descendants of Theodosius. The reason for this is several sons of Martina were mutilated and castrated but Theodosius name is not included among them and he would most likely be spared from this as he couldn't have become emperor in the first place on account of him being deaf and mute and he's known to have a wife, Nike, who was the sister of Niketas the Persian.
 
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Some more which I'm working right now


Maximian's family, nothing much here, at least not much that I could find, his daughters Maximiana Theodora, Fausta and their children. Maximian's wife Eutropia, a woman of Syrian Greek origin, may have been married to Afranius Hannibalianus prior to her marriage to Maximian, if that is the case Maximiana Theodora could be Afranius Hannibalianus daughter and adopted by Maximian, I added her here as a daughter of Maximian.



20230818131405_1.jpg



Constantinus Dynasty which is just about complete. There maybe a character or two missing which I'll check later on(it's confusing with so many sharing similar or even same names) and I've just noticed I've made a small error, a character is the brother of what should be his father and his siblings are added as his children bbut other than that the family itself is complete including marriages done within the family. Some of the names were unknown so I chose to name them afteir relatives, for example Fausta the daughter of Constantine I chose to name after her mother. The character from a different dynasty is Licinius' son I'll add below


20230818140915_1.jpg



Licinianus, just two known members

20230818141459_1.jpg
 
Family of Justinian, almost complete. All that's left is some of the marriages I've yet to add and a member, Patriarch Germanus.

20230819150705_1.jpg


I'll just talk about the decisions I've made instead of going on all the family members.

Going from the left side, Dulcissimus is a fictional character I've made as a son of Iustus. Firstly, his name, Dulcissimus is Iustus' grandfather and Justin II's father. I've added a fictional line of descent from him to connect him to Giustiniani family which claim descent from a Justinian, a descendant of Justin II, who went to Istria in 7th century. His only recorded daughter Arabia married Baudarius but was already widowed when his father became emperor and she didn't have any children (it's possible she had a daughter named Firmina depending on the translation).

Helena is Justin II's nephew though I couldn't find a mention on whether it is through his sister Praejecta (she married to Areobindus, thought to be the grandson of Areobindus Dagalaifus Areobindus) or his brother Marcellus (he married to Juliana, daughter of Anastasius Paulus Probus Moschianus Probus Magnus ). I've added her as a daughter of Marcellus for the time being.

The whole right side with so many Germanuses are rather confusing but yes, almost all of them were named Germanus. There are several people whose named Germanus whose exact connection is unknown but are thought to be the members of the family due to their shared name which was rather common among the descendants of Justin I's brother.

Germanus the son of Justinian (brother of the Justin who is right next to Marcellus): Justinian had a son whose name was not known, I chose to name him Germanus and married him to Charito to represent the Germanus who married to Charito daughter of Tiberius II.

Justinian the son of Germanus above: He is Patrician Justinian, father of Patriarch Germanus(I haven't connected him yet) who must certainly be a member of the family judging from both their names but their exact connection I couldn't find, I've decided to add him as a son of a Germanus due to his son's name and as the grandson of a Justinian due to his name so this was the perfect place for him.

Passara, the sister of Germanus is the unnamed daughter of Justinian, I've named her after Passara, her grandmother.

Right next to Passara is Germanus who is thought to be the Patrician Germanus who had a wife named Leontia and is also identified with the Germanus whose daughter married Theodosius, son of Emperor Maurice.

Justina, the daughter of the Germanus above is the unnamed daughter who married to Theodosius.

Right next to Justina is a member of the Herakleidon dynasty, Ioannes Athalaricos, the bastard son of Heraclius who is thought to have born in Africa. Ioannes Athalaricos' mother is thought to be a daughter of Germanus( the brother of Justin, Justinian and Justina above) because of his name as that Germanus was born from his father Germanus' second marriage with Matasuentha from the Amal dynasty. While on the subject, I've not went to much detail in Herakleidon dynasty so maybe I should eventually return to it, Ioannes Athalaricos is also thought to be the father of Anastasia, the wife of Konstantin IV so I've added that there as well.

Matasuentha, the mother to Ioannes Athalaricos is the said daughter above whose name isn't known, I've named her Matasuentha after her grandmother.

Right next to Germanus, the father of Matasuentha is the unnamed daughter of Boraides I've named Vigilantia after Boraides' aunt and cousin.


Again, it is rather confusing with all the Germanuses whose exact connection to the family isn't known, there could be more of them since at least two of the Germanuses are thought to be the same as two other Germanuses or there could be fewer of them if say the Germanus husband of Charito is also the same Germanus who is mentioned to have a wife named Leontia and is the father in law of Theodosius.

There may be a change or two but apart from the additions, the dynasty tree is more or less the same with the stemma from the PLRE, down to the assumptions of which Germanuses are actually the same persons. I'm doubtful that I'll find any more information on the matter that would help me lower the numbers of Germanuses so I'll currently leave it as it is but I may decide to seperate some of the Germanuses if I think it'll be better.


I think this concludes my work on the major changes on the families of the emperors so far. There are a few other ones that are mostly minor things either because there's not much on the family or that I've just added a member or two while working on another family.

I've also some work on some other families (both from the Byzantine empire and out) but most of them are small compared to these with only thing comparable, perhaps even exceeding this one is a family tree of the Dulos that stretch back to Attila (and further on) and include some other descendants of Attila such as Mundus.
 
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To show the extent I try to go with my work, three families

Firstly, Dagalaifus' family.

20230819171818_1.jpg


Dagalaifus was a pagan of Germanic origin, he was Magister Equitum and also the consul of 366. There's no mention of his family besides an unknown great-granddaughter who married Areobindus. I'll change the names later on.


Family of Areobindus

20230819172413_1.jpg

Firstly, the name of the family, Ariovindus is one of the several spellings I've seen for the name. Areobindus was an Eastern Roman General of Gothic origin, he was the consul of 434 and became commander in chief of the East.

His son, Dagalaifus, consul of 461. He's most likely named after his ancestor Dagalaifus. Dagalaifus married Godisthea the daughter of Ardabur and granddaughter of AspTheir son, Areobindus Dagalaifus Areobindus who married to Anicia Juliana, the daughter of Western Roman Empire Olybrius.

20230819173343_1.jpg

Anicia Juliana and Areobindus Dagalaifus Areobindus had a son, Olybrius, this Olybrius married Irene, the niece of Emperor Anastasius through his brother Paulus, they only had daughters, one of them named Proba.

20230819173250_1.jpg


Dagalaifus, the brother of Olybrius here is thought to be Areobindus Dagalaifus Areobindus' son from a previous marriage so I've added him as a son to him and Areobindus his son here, is the general Areobindus who died in 546 and was the first husband of Praejecta(She later married John, the son of Anastasius' nephew Hypatus). He is thought to be a grandson of Areobindus Dagalaifus Areobindus and a son of this Dagalaifus

20230819173756_1.jpg



Family of Ardabur
20230819174608_1.jpg

Ardabur, magister militum and consul of 427 He was of Alanic origin.

His son, Ardabur Aspar consul of 434 and magister militum. He is said to be of Alanic-Gothic descent so his mother must've been a Goth but I couldn't find anything on her.

Ardabur Aspar had, from several marriages, at least 2 daughters whose names were unknown and 3 sons.

Ardabur, possibly his first son, married Anthousa, daughter of Flavius Sabinus Antiochus Damonicus

Patricius, also called Julius Patricius, either the second or third son. he married to Leontia Porphyrogenita, daughter of Emperor Leo but the marriage was later annulled.

Herminericus or Ermaneric was Ardabur Aspar's son with an Ostrogothic woman who was the sister of Theoderic Strabo and a daughter of Triarus(a member of Amal dynasty). Theoderic the Great is also said to be her nephew. Herminericus married to the daughter of a bastard son of Emperor Zeno.
 
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I think this will be my last post since no one seems to be interested, not even the OP

Some additions to Amal dynasty

Gesimund is a leader of Ostrogoths and named as a son of Hunimund.

Triarius was a Gothic nobleman who joined the Eastern Roman army. He may or may not have been a member of the Amal dynasty, I've seen sources claiming both, so I've added him as a son of Gesimund to make him a member of Amals while also keeping the relation to Theoderic the Great distant for a reason that will be revealed below.

Theodigotha is the unnamed wife of Aspar, she was either the sister of Triarius and therefore an aunt of Theoderic Strabo or a sister of Theoderic Strabo and a daughter of Triarius. I've made her a sister of Theoderic Strabo.

Theoderic Strabo was the son of Triarius, he was the leader of Thracian Goths and a rival of Theoderic "the Great".

Recitach was the son of Theoderic Strabo. Just like his father, Recitach was also in rivalry with Theoderic the Great, who is named as his cousin.

After Theoderic Strabo died Recitach ruled together with his two unnamed uncles for a short time but then ordered their deaths. I've named them Wultulf and Theodimund, names taken from the family tree.

Theoderic Strabo's wife was named Sigilda and she was either the sister of Ardabur or the sister of Thiudimir(father of Theoderic the great). I've made her a sister of Thiudimir because Recitach is cousin to Theoderic the Great.

20230829172114_1.jpg
 
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I think this will be my last post since no one seems to be interested, not even the OP

Some additions to Amal dynasty

Gesimund is a leader of Ostrogoths and named as a son of Hunimund.

Triarius was a Gothic nobleman who joined the Eastern Roman army. He may or may not have been a member of the Amal dynasty, I've seen sources claiming both, so I've added him as a son of Gesimund to make him a member of Amals while also keeping the relation to Theoderic the Great distant for a reason that will be revealed below.

Theodigotha is the unnamed wife of Aspar, she was either the sister of Triarius and therefore an aunt of Theoderic Strabo or a sister of Theoderic Strabo and a daughter of Triarius. I've made her a sister of Theoderic Strabo.

Theoderic Strabo was the son of Triarius, he was the leader of Thracian Goths and a rival of Theoderic "the Great".

Recitach was the son of Theoderic Strabo. Just like his father, Recitach was also in rivalry with Theoderic the Great, who is named as his cousin.

After Theoderic Strabo died Recitach ruled together with his two unnamed uncles for a short time but then ordered their deaths. I've named them Wultulf and Theodimund, names taken from the family tree.

Theoderic Strabo's wife was named Sigilda and she was either the sister of Ardabur or the sister of Thiudimir(father of Theoderic the great). I've made her a sister of Thiudimir because Recitach is cousin to Theoderic the Great.

View attachment 1017957
As I said, I was simply inactive for a time being, although I took time to read your posts. Now, since I again have full access to my code and literature, I can reply at last.

Here are several starting remarks.

1. It seems like Constantine the Great's line of descent died out long before the game start. However, the dynasty's blood possibly survived via empress Justina, who is believed to be a maternal granddaughter of Julius Constantius, Constantine's brother. Justina's direct descendant was Valentinus, whom I've already mentioned above.

I personally tend to be pretty minimalistic with family trees, i.e. I usually don't add characters without a long lasting posterity, unless they owned in-game titles or just were extremely notable by themselves.

2. In my current setup, Katakylas family descents from the eight-century consul Akylas (i.e Aquila). They also connected to the Amorians, but via the female line.

3. According to some sources, Nikephoros I claimed descent from Ghassanid phylarch named Jabalah. Settipani assumes that the house of Gabalas was related to him because their surname is a Greek form of Jabalah. He makes them descendants of patrikios Eutychios, brother of Nikephoros I. For the next two centuries, the only attested member of this family was Anna Gabala, wife of Stephen Lekapenos. Theophanes Continuatus calls her a granddaughter of one Katakylas, who is thought to be Leo. This Leo married to a niece of patriarch Photius, daughter of his brother Sergius. The next known Gabalas was Constantine, topoteretes of Anatolikon under Michael VII. I made him a count of Selge for 1066 bookmark in place of Constantine Diogenes who actually died in 1032. Constantine's direct descendants include Leo and John, autonomous rulers of Rhodes in the first half of the thirteenth century.

4. AFAIK, after regaining the throne Justinian II broke the agreement with Tervel and refused to give his daughter's hand to him. I didn't managed to find any descendants of Justinian dynasty past Justinian II and his children. But interestingly that does not extend to Theodora - before marrying Justinian, she had an illegitimate daughter, who married to Anastasius, consul of 517. Valentinus, and through him many others, descended from this union.
 

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As I said, I was simply inactive for a time being, although I took time to read your posts. Now, since I again have full access to my code and literature, I can reply at last.
Sorry, I saw you being online a few times and because you haven't responded assumed you weren't interested.


2. I couldn't find anything on the origins of Katakylas family besides the first Katakylas I could find being Michael II's nephew and with no mention of relation through marriage, I made him a brother's son. It would obviously be better to start them with an earlier person if there's even the slightest hint of connection.

3. I've seen suggestions of Ghassanid origin for him but I couldn't find any names I've just connected him to Amorians through the few names I've found. Connection is made only through males as well since I couldn't find any female names and no mention of relation through marriage between the two families.

4. It is unsure whether marriage happened or not but Tervel supported him again a few years later, despite him trying to seize back the lands he gave to Tervel so I think it could be reason to assume that it did. By descendants of Dynasty do you mean only the line that descends from the emperors or the entire dynasty? The Germanuses are members of the dynasty that descend through a brother of Justin I. That brothers name is actually unknown but I've seen it assumed to be Germanus as well. There's also thought to be a connection to Anicia Julia on that side of the family but I'm in a rush and can't check the notes right now. Theodora had two sisters, one of them married to Anastasius as you said, the other( whose name is thought to be Comito) had a daughter, Sophia who became empress and is the mother of Justus and Arabia. I haven't added them yet because they aren't members of the Dynasty itself but related through marriage. As for the Giustiniani family, I've only come across it very recently, a day or two before posting it here, I couldn't find anything on them besides the claim of their descent at the time and haven't had much time to do research after that.

I'll be rarely available for a few weeks if not months after Monday and may not have much time until then either but I can post/message all the additions I've made so far. Because I was playing the game with the mod called TIP which also adds some historical characters, you may need to add that to see some of the changes. My research notes and the various sources for smaller things(main ones I've already posted) I can also send but that'll take some time as they need some serious tidying up and I don't know if I can spare time on them but many of my additions have smaller notes added on who they are, their relations etc. Two examples


Heraclius' family, this is added on top of TIP, the character "greek_new9" is a character added by that mod
herakleidon_new1= {
name = "Florius" # Former consul and the father of Heraclius of Edessa, he is identified by some historians as Flavius Florentius
dynasty = 1022137 # Herakleidon
religion = orthodox
culture = roman
400.1.1 = {
birth = "400.1.1"
}
455.1.1 = {
death = "455.1.1" # Died after 451
}
}

herakleidon_new2= {
name = "Heraclius" # Heraclius of Edessa, possible ancestor and namesake of Heraclius the elder
dynasty = 1022137 # Herakleidon
religion = orthodox
culture = roman
father = herakleidon_new1
420.1.1 = {
birth = "420.1.1"
}
474.1.1 = {
death = "474.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new3= {
name = "Florius" # Fictional
dynasty = 1022137 # Herakleidon
religion = orthodox
culture = roman
father = herakleidon_new2
460.1.1 = {
birth = "460.1.1"
}
500.1.1 = {
death = "500.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new4= {
name = "Gregoras" # Fictional
dynasty = 1022137 # Herakleidon
religion = orthodox
culture = roman
father = herakleidon_new3
500.1.1 = {
birth = "500.1.1"
}
550.1.1 = {
death = "550.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new5= {
name = "Gregoras" # Patrikios Gregoras, brother of Heraclius the Elder
dynasty = 1022137 # Herakleidon
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new4
545.1.1 = {
birth = "545.1.1"
}
612.1.1 = {
death = "612.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new6= {
name = "Niketas" # Cousin of Emperor Heraclius, son of Patrikios Gregoras
dynasty = 1022137
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new5
575.1.1 = {
birth = "575.1.1"
}
629.1.1 = {
death = "629.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new7= {
name = "Gregorius" # Gregory the Patrician, a relative of Emperor Heraclius, thought to be the son of Niketas
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new6
598.1.1 = {
birth = "598.1.1"
}
647.1.1 = {
death = "647.1.1" # died in battle of Sufutela
}
}

herakleidon_new8= {
name = "Fabia" # Gregory the Patrician's daughter whose name is unknown
female = yes
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new7
625.1.1 = {
birth = "625.1.1"
}
647.1.1 = {
death = "647.1.1" # was captured in battle of Sufutela, during the march to Egypt threw herself from her camel and died
}
}

herakleidon_new9= {
name = "Niketas" # Niketas the Patrician, possibly the son of Niketas
dynasty = 1022137
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new6
592.1.1 = {
birth = "592.1.1"
}
650.1.1 = {
death = "650.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new10= {
name = "Gregoria" # Daughter of Niketas and wife of Heraclius Constantine
female = yes
dynasty = 1022137
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new9
612.1.1 = {
birth = "612.1.1" # Constantine was 17 years old when they married and she was around the same age
}
630.1.1 = {
add_spouse = 70509 # They married in 629/630
}
652.1.1 = {
death = "652.1.1" # Died after 650
}
}

herakleidon_new11= {
name = "Epiphania" # Mother of Emperor Heraclius, she may have been a descendant of Pompeius and Anastasia
female = yes
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
553.1.1 = {
birth = "553.1.1"
}
572.1.1 = {
add_spouse = greek_new9
}
617.1.1 = {
death = "617.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new12= {
name = "Theodorus" # Curopalates Theodore, brother of Emperor Heraclius
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = greek_new9
mother = herakleidon_new11
578.1.1 = {
birth = "578.1.1"
}
636.1.1 = {
death = "636.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new13= {
name = "Theodorus" # Son of Theodore the Curopalates
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new12
598.1.1 = {
birth = "598.1.1"
}
640.1.1 = {
death = "640.1.1" # He survived his mutilation after his failed coup in 637
}
}

herakleidon_new14= {
name = "Gregoris" # Son of Theodore the Curopalates, hostage in court of Muawiya as part of a treaty
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new12
602.1.1 = {
birth = "602.1.1"
}
653.1.1 = {
death = "653.1.1" # died in 651 or 653
}
}

herakleidon_new15= {
name = "Florentius" # Heraklius second wife Martina may have been the daughter of an unmentioned brother instead of his sister Maria
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = greek_new9
mother = herakleidon_new11
581.1.1 = {
birth = "581.1.1"
}
645.1.1 = {
death = "645.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new16= {
name = "Flavius" # Fictional
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new15 #
604.1.1 = {
birth = "604.1.1"
}
660.1.1 = {
death = "660.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new17= {
name = "Rogas" # Father of Fabia Eudokia, he was a land owner in Exarchate of Africa
religion = orthodox
culture = roman
550.1.1 = {
birth = "550.1.1"
}
610.1.1 = {
death = "610.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new18= {
name = "Fabia Eudokia" # First wife of Emperor Heraclius
female = yes
religion = orthodox
culture = roman
father = herakleidon_new17
580.1.1 = {
birth = "580.1.1"
}
610.1.1 = {
add_spouse = 145071
}
612.8.13 = {
death = "612.8.13"
}
}

herakleidon_new19= {
name = "Eudoxia Epiphania" # Heraclius daughter from Fabia Eudokia
female = yes
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 145071
mother = herakleidon_new18
611.7.7 = {
birth = "611.7.7"
}
637.1.1 = {
death = "637.1.1" # Died before 4 January 639
}
}

herakleidon_new20= {
name = "Ioannes Athalaricus" # bastard son of Heraclius and possibly the father of Anastasia, Konstantin IV's wife.
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = lombard
father = 145071
mother =justinian_new14
608.1.1 = {
birth = "608.1.1" # Sent as a hostage to Avars in 622, was probably born in Africa
}
665.1.1 = {
death = "665.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new21= {
name = "Anastasia" # Wife of Konstantin IV, possibly daughter of Ioannes Athalaricus
female = yes
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new20
647.1.1 = {
birth = "647.1.1" # Born around 650
}
665.1.1 = {
add_spouse =
}
715.1.1 = {
death = "715.1.1" # died after 711
}
}

herakleidon_new22= {
name = "Maria" # Mother of Empress Martina, sister of Heraclius
female = yes
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = greek_new9
mother = herakleidon_new11
576.1.1 = {
birth = "576.1.1" #
}
592.1.1 = {
add_spouse = herakleidon_new23
}
607.1.1 = {
add_spouse = herakleidon_new25
}
625.1.1 = {
death = "625.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new23= {
name = "Martinus" # Empress Martina's father
religion = orthodox
culture = roman
570.1.1 = {
birth = "570.1.1"
}
592.1.1 = {
add_spouse = herakleidon_new22
}
604.1.1 = {
death = "604.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new24= {
name = "Martina" # Second wife and niece of Heraclius
female = yes
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new23
mother = herakleidon_new22
595.1.1 = {
birth = "595.1.1"
}
613.1.1 = {
add_spouse = 145071
}
645.1.1 = {
death = "645.1.1" # died after 641
}
}

herakleidon_new25= {
name = "Eutropius" # Second husband of Maria
religion = orthodox
culture = roman
575.1.1 = {
birth = "575.1.1"
}
607.1.1 = {
add_spouse = herakleidon_new22
}
630.1.1 = {
death = "630.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new26= {
name = "Stephanus" # Martina's son with her second husband
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = herakleidon_new25
mother = herakleidon_new22
610.1.1 = {
birth = "610.1.1" # Sent as a hostage to Avars in 622
}
660.1.1 = {
death = "660.1.1" # Unknown
}
}

herakleidon_new27= {
name = "Flavius" # Fabius, first son of the couple, he had a paralyzed Neck
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 145071
mother = herakleidon_new24
613.9.10 = {
birth = "613.9.10"
}
623.1.1 = {
death = "623.1.1" # Died young
}
}

herakleidon_new28= {
name = "Theodosius" # Second son of the couple, he was deaf and mute. He married Nike, sister of Niketas the Persian
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 145071
mother = herakleidon_new24
614.9.10 = {
birth = "614.9.10"
}
640.1.1 = {
add_spouse = mihran_new5
}
690.1.1 = {
death = "690.1.1" # Unknown, he was spared mutilation because he was deaf and mute
}
}

herakleidon_new29= {
name = "Konstantin" # Declared caesar in 615, died young
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 145071
mother = herakleidon_new24
615.9.10 = {
birth = "615.9.10"
}
621.1.1 = {
death = "621.1.1" # died young
}
}

herakleidon_new30= {
name = "Martina" # Could be the same person as Anastasia
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 145071
mother = herakleidon_new24
622.1.1 = {
birth = "622.1.1"
}
680.1.1 = {
death = "680.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new31= {
name = "David Tiberius" #
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 145071
mother = herakleidon_new24
630.11.7 = {
birth = "630.11.7"
}
690.1.1 = {
death = "690.1.1" # survived his mutilation in 641
}
}

herakleidon_new32= {
name = "Anastasia" # Could be the same person as Martina
female = yes
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 145071
mother = herakleidon_new24
632.1.1 = {
birth = "632.1.1"
}
700.1.1 = {
death = "700.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new33= {
name = "Febronia" # Most likely became a nun
female = yes
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 145071
mother = herakleidon_new24
638.1.1 = {
birth = "638.1.1"
}
712.1.1 = {
death = "712.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new34= {
name = "Martinus" # Martinus was probably the youngest son who got castrated
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 145071
mother = herakleidon_new24
633.1.1 = {
birth = "633.1.1"
}
642.1.1 = {
death = "642.1.1" # He was probably the youngest son that got castrated and died shortly after
}
}

herakleidon_new35= {
name = "Manyanh" # Supposed wife of Yazdgrad III
female = yes
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 70509
mother = herakleidon_new10
633.1.1 = {
birth = "633.1.1"
}
680.1.1 = {
death = "680.1.1"
}
}

herakleidon_new36= {
name = "Theodosius" #
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 70509
mother = herakleidon_new10
635.1.1 = {
birth = "635.1.1" # Born after Constans II
}
660.1.1 = {
death = "660.1.1" # executed by Constans in 659/660
}
}

herakleidon_new37= {
name = "Heraclius" #
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 70508
mother = arsacid_new2 # Fausta daughter of Valentinus
650.1.1 = {
birth = "650.1.1" # Second Son
}
690.1.1 = {
death = "690.1.1" # survived his mutilation in 681
}
}

herakleidon_new38= {
name = "Tiberius" #
dynasty = 1022137 #
religion = orthodox
culture = greek
father = 70508
mother = arsacid_new2 # Fausta daughter of Valentinus
652.1.1 = {
birth = "652.1.1" # Youngest Son
}
690.1.1 = {
death = "690.1.1" # survived his mutilation in 681
}
}

herakleidon_new39 = {
name = "Anastasia" #
female = yes
dynasty = 1022137
religion = "iconoclast"
culture = "greek"
father = 70506
689.1.1 = {
birth = "669.1.1"
}
704.1.1 = {
add_spouse = 159120
}
711.11.24 = {
death = "711.11.24"
}
}
Having posted Heraklius dynasty


Amals, this is purely my additions.
amal_new0 = {
name = "Gesimund" # Possible son of Hunimund
dynasty = 9617 #Amal
religion = arianism
culture = german #
father = 168762 #
348.1.1 = {
birth = "348.1.1" # unknown
}
415.1.1 = {
death = "415.1.1" # unknown
}
}

amal_new1 = {
name = "Triarius" # Theoderic Strabo's father, he was related to Valamir and of Amal Dynasty
dynasty = 9617 #Amal
religion = arianism
culture = german #
father = amal_new0 # To connect him to the Amal Dynasty
400.1.1 = {
birth = "400.1.1" # unknown
}
455.1.1 = {
death = "455.1.1" # Thought to have died in 450s
}
}

amal_new2 = {
name = "Wultulf" # Theoderic Strabo had two unnamed brothers
dynasty = 9617 #Amal
religion = arianism
culture = german #
father = amal_new1
425.1.1 = {
birth = "425.1.1" # unknown
}
483.1.1 = {
death = "483.1.1" # Recitacus killed his uncles after Theoderic Strabo's death
}
}

amal_new3 = {
name = "Theodimund" # Theoderic Strabo had two unnamed brothers
dynasty = 9617 #Amal
religion = arianism
culture = german #
father = amal_new1
429.1.1 = {
birth = "429.1.1" #
}
483.1.1 = {
death = "483.1.1" #
}
}

amal_new4 = {
name = "Theodigotha" # Theoderic Strabo's unnamed sister, married to Aspar
female = yes
dynasty = 9617
religion = "arianism"
culture = "german"
father = amal_new1
420.1.1 = {
birth = yes
}
443.1.1 = {
add_spouse = ardabur2
}
480.1.1 = {
death = yes
}
}

amal_new5 = {
name = "Theodericus Strabo" # Leader of the Thracian Goths
dynasty = 9617 #Amal
religion = arianism
culture = german #
father = amal_new1 #
433.1.1 = {
birth = "433.1.1" # unknown
}
461.1.1 = {
add_spouse = amal_new6 # unknown
}
481.1.1 = {
death = "481.1.1" # Died 480/481
}
}

amal_new6 = {
name = "Sigilda" # Theoderic Strabo's wife, possibly a sister of Theodemir or Aspar
female = yes
dynasty = 9617
religion = "arianism"
culture = "german"
father = 168769
445.1.1 = {
birth = yes
}
461.1.1 = {
add_spouse = amal_new5
}
490.1.1 = {
death = yes # She buried her husband so still alive after 481
}
}



amal_new7 = {
name = "Recitach" # Recitacus, Theoderic Strabo's son, he is a cousin of Theoderic the Great and of Hermenericus
dynasty = 9617 #Amal
religion = arianism
culture = german #
father = amal_new5 #Theodoric Strabo
mother = amal_new6 #Sigilda
462.1.1 = {
birth = "462.1.1" # unknown
}
484.1.1 = {
death = "484.1.1" # killed by Theoderic the Great
}
}
 
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Having posted Heraclius' dynasty above, a note on Martinakius family: it is unsure whether if Martina was the daughter of Heraclius' sister whose name is thought to be Maria and a husband named Martinus or an unmentioned brother of Heraclius, the former seems to be more accepted and more probable with what we know.

Maria, Heraclius' sister indeed had a son but it was not with her first husband Martinus. PLRE states that she married for a second time with a man named Eutropius and she had a son named Stephanius. Only mention of him is him being given over to the Avars(IIRC along with Ioannes Athalaricus the bastard son of Heraclius and another Ioannes, the bastard son of Patrician Bonus) as a hostage and Maria paid a ransom to get her son.

No mention of an Andrew here and descendants of Stephanius taking the name Martinakius wouldn't make sense with him being the son of Eutropius and not Martinus. However I did find mention of an Andreas somewhere else(can't find now), Eudokia's mother is mentioned as the 5th generation descendant of an Andreas Martinakius and 8th generation descendant of Heraclius and Martina.
 
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3. According to some sources, Nikephoros I claimed descent from Ghassanid phylarch named Jabalah. Settipani assumes that the house of Gabalas was related to him because their surname is a Greek form of Jabalah. He makes them descendants of patrikios Eutychios, brother of Nikephoros I.

I just stumbled upon this link of the Ghassanid family tree, it's worth checking out but I am skeptical of its authenticity
royalghassan.org/family-tree
 
Haven't read these through, but both of them have a family tree for the Amals available to view and it includes more Amals

 
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One part that is pretty diffucult is to find dynasty names for some families - before tenth century many Byzantines didn't used surnames. I'm extremely sceptical about assigning them the random ones found in the namelists because they in fact belonged to real people, mostly mentioned on the seals.

Thus, I would be extremely grateful if someone manages to find anything suitable to be used as a dynasty for the following families:

Family of patriarchs Tarasius, Photius, Sisinnius II and Sergius II).

Family of Sergius, father of Plato of Sakkoudion.

Family of Philaretos of Amnia.

Family of Christopher

Family of Priscus (son-in-law of emperor Phocas)

Family of Philippicus (brother-in-law of emperor Maurice).

Family of popes Adrian I and Nicholas I.

Family of pope Stephen IV.

Family of pope Sergius II, Sergius III, Hadrian III, Stephen V and Boniface VI.

Family of pope Hadrian II.

Family of eight century Roman patrician Stephen.

This one I forgot to reply, there's an easy -and historical- solution to this. many "families" use the name of their ancestor even when the said ancestor actually belonged to a family. Since you've been working on them I'll give Mamikonians as an example, there are a host of Mamikonian descendants doing this I've just woke up so can't think of much but one such is Kourdik who is the son of the last holder of Bagrevand, Grigor Mamikonian. Mouseles are also thought to be the descendants of the Mamikonians so the families with no name could get the name of their earliest known members. Another possible example would be the Bryennios family, the earliest known Bryennios is Theoktistos Bryennios who would've been born just a generation or so after Bardanes Tourkos' son who is named Bryenes or Bryennios so he may very well have been his son.

Tthe origins of a person such as the place a person's family is from or even the place they are born in despite his family not being from there. The most prominent example I can think of right now is the Dalassenos family who is named after Dalassa or modern day Talas but there are many other examples with plenty of Antiochites, Kastamonites etc. The practice is so common sometimes there are several unrelated families all bearing the same name because of their origin.

Epithets, nicknames etc of a person can also become a family name, the name Kontostephanos comes from Stephen, a Domestic of the Schools serving during Basil II's time, he was nicknamed "Kontostephanos" (Short Stephen) due to his height.

 
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Two main Sources of this post:


Couldn't find or even hope to remember several other sources which added only small tidbits of information.


Photios' family and some related families. For the time being I've named his family Tarasios.

Note, I've not added all the known information so far, his father's ancestry goes way back. Ages and death/alive status is also subject to change.

In my first post is a good source on Photios' family, both his parents ancestry and some relations.


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His father, Sergios. There's some confusion on Sergios with possibly several persons sharing the name both within Photios' family and those who aren't from his family. This is how I chose to interpret it based on the family tree that was constructed in the source and what's written there but it is possible to reach different conclusions on the known information and change the tree accordingly.


Photios had at least 4 brothers who made it to adulthood Tarasios (Photios is probably the eldest and Tarasios the second born) and was a patrician, Constantine a protospatharios, Theodoros who was given no rank and was possibly clergy and Sergios who is also a protospoatharios. He is also known to have 3 siblings(whose genders weren't mentioned) who died in youth/childhood due to accidents.

Photios had several nieces and nephews through Tarasios, we don't know all of their names. Of his children here Sergios, Enkraetia and Eirine are there to represent this unknown number of nieces and nephews. Leo Ptaolemes is an actual person who was Photios' relative and thought to be a nephew. Nikolas Mystikos became Patriarch in 901, and he is also thought to be a nephew of Photios so I've added them both under Tarasios who is known to have had several sons and daughters. One of his daughters died in childbirth.

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Leon Katakalon who was married to a relative of Photios, since Photios himself had no children it must've been a niece and it is thought to be one of Tarasios' daughters.

Sergios was possibly born shortly after his father's death. Sergios was most likely the Sergios who is married to a sister of Empress Theodora whose name was most likely Eirene. As said above, there's some confusion here with Sergios also being Photios' father and this "Eirene" being also thought to be married to an uncle of Photios named Sergios. Photios his son here is fictional to represent them having a child as they most likely had children and also me going on with the assumption that Photios the renegade Byzantine naval commander who served the Emirate of Crete may have been related to the Patriarch due to his name.


Theodora's other sisters:

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Maria, called Kalomaria (Maria the Beautiful, yeah haven't added the trait) Married to Photios' maternal uncle Arsaber. They had two sons, Stephen and Bardas, both having the title Magistros.
I've also seen it claimed that Bardas and Stephen are the sons of Eirene(sister of Theodora) and Sergios (brother of Photios)

Bardas married the daughter (whose name wasn't mentioned and chosen randomly here) of Konstantine Kontomytes and assumed the name of his father in law. The couple had a son. I'm unsure if the son was also named Bardas or I've made a mistake here, can't find it on my notes.

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Sophia married to Konstantinos Baboutzikos, who is one of the 42 martrys of Amorium. The two children here are fictional.

Theodora also had an older brother Bardas and a younger one, Petronas. Petronas died in 865 and he had a son named Marianos. Bardas was murdered in april 866 on the orders of his nephew, Emperor Michael. Bardas had two sons, possibly from two different marriages. First son's name is unknown, second son is named Antigonos.

I've seen some contradictory information regarding the second son, Bardas either made his second son marry his own lover (similar to Michael III making Basil marry Eudokia Ingerina) or became a lover of his daughter in law after his son died. So the son may or may not have been alive in 867. He also had a daughter, Irene, who was married to Symbatios the Armenian, one of Basil's conspirators.
 
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