The persistence of Tusi regimes was shaped more by geographical constraints than by cultural differences. The mountainous terrain of southwestern regions such as Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan made centralized governance and transportation exceptionally difficult prior to modern infrastructure. A similar pattern can be seen in Tibet and other parts of Southeast Asia. For example, historically, the Tibetan government exercised effective control only over areas surrounding Lhasa, while other Tibetan regions, despite sharing the same culture, were governed by local Tusi rulers.