The only Linux distro officially supported for our launcher and games is Ubuntu. So we may or may not be able to help you with this problem.
Run the ./Victoria3 executable for a terminal command line,. What output do you get there, when it fails?
Please attach here your Documents/Paradox Interactive/Victoria3/pdx_settings.json .
From your Documents/Paradox Interactive/Victoria3/logs/ folder, attach here system.log , error.log , exceptions.log
Also in Steam please click on Steam-Help-System Info, and paste everything there into a text file and attach that here.