The Republic of Venice: 1419 - 1456
The Italian Alliance
Venice in 1419 knew it had to grow to survive. Hemmed in on all sides by larger and potentially hostile neighbors, Venice needed to walk a tight rope in order secure its future. Austria, France, Spain and the Ottoman empire would all have gladly taken pieces of the Republic.
With this in mind, Venice signed a pact with Genoa, Modena and Sienna. They also feared foreign intervention into Italy, and preventing this became the primary goal of the alliance. Venice negotiated the cessation of the provinces of Ferrara, Romagna and Marche from the Pope, who could no longer administer them effectively. Genoa was to administer Rome itself.
In defense of Christendom
In return for these territories, the Alliance promised to defend Constantinople and the remainder of the Byzantine Empire from the Turk. A great fleet was assembled in the Arsenal to be commanded by P. Loredan. Over 100 Galleys were outfitted for war and crewed. A 20,000 man expeditionary force was embarked. The fleet sailed in 1420, as soon as the winter storms had subsided. Unfortunately, by the time the fleet arrived, Morea had already surrendered. There was nothing left to do but secure Constantinople itself. P. Loredan arrived he found the harbor barred to him. The paranoid Byzantine Emperor wanted none of Venices help. He feared his crown would be usurped if the Venetians were allowed in the city. Loredan knew he could not abandon the christian citizens of Constantinople to the Turk, so he settled in for a siege.
The Ottomans had a truce with Byzantium, and their army was busy in the East, campaigning against their Muslim brothers in Persia. So P. Loredan assumed he would be able to secure Constantinople before any Turkish response could be formed. In this estimate he was quite incorrect. The Turks withdrew 30,000 men from the east under Mehmed I - the Sultan wasn't about to allow the Republic to secure Constantinople for Christendom. However, the city was about to fall. Loredan expected the Byzantines to open their gates to their Christian brothers, and was quite surprised when the surrendered to the newly arrived Turks - apparently just to spite the Venetians. They soon realized their mistake, the Turks began slaughtering every Christian man in the city, and sold the women and children who survived the pillaging into slavery. Loredan could do nothing but watch as the last remnant of the Roman Empire died a grotesque death. He waited for a few days to allow any surviving Christians a means of escape, then embarked his army and returned to Venice. The fleet was put on alert in case of an Ottoman invasion, but this never materialized.
The Milanese treachery part I and the Republic's expansion.
Milan had steadfastly refused to join the Italian Alliance, and formed its own alliance with Mantua and Savoy. Milan was rumored to be accepting funds from France, and Savoy was known to be a satellite state of France. The kind of foreign intervention is exactly what the Italian Alliance was formed to prevent. War was unavoidable, and after a brief campaign Mantua was annexed by Modena. Milan and Savoy lost all their Italian territories as well. It greatly pained Venice to cause such suffering to fellow Italians, but it was unavoidable in this case.
Genoa, grateful for Venetian assistance and realizing the necessity of a unified Italy in the face of foreign meddling, accepted vassalization to Venice. Modena and Sienna quickly followed suit. Although it took a brief war to bring Tuscany to heel, the entire Italian peninsula was secured aside from Naples, proud Naples who had refused to join the Italian Alliance. Unfortunately for Naples, it was attacked and overrun by Castile while Venice was otherwise occupied. Naples lost everything except the city of Naples itself.
The Venetian East India Company
No one knows why they called it the
East India Company. There is only one India. True, it is to the East, but putting that in the name seemed to many a bit redundant. Only after the discovery of the West Indies did the name make sense. Did the founders of the VEIC have some divine assistance, giving them knowledge lands not to be discovered for another century? Certainly their decision to purchase access through Ottoman, White sheep and Persian lands. At great expense the investors armed 25,000 soldiers and sent them east. The foremost general of the time was assigned to lead the expedition, a frenchman by the name of Prat. This had the effect of greatly reducing the avaliable forces of the Venetian Republic in Europe, as well as stripping her of her best general. This would be greatly significant in the coming years, however, that is another topic.
These brave explorers trekked east, past Baghdad, past Isfahan and past the Indus river. Unfortunately, this is where the goodwill the VEIC investors had bought ran out. The Sultanate of Delhi controlled the entire length of the river and was unwilling to allow the expedition to cross. Prat wasn't about to turn back, so he convinced the Persian Shah to join him in an invasion of Delhi. Venetian troops were superior the ragtag army the Sultan of Delhi could muster and resistance was quickly ended. But Venetian soldiers could not be replaced, and many were lost to hunger, disease and other causes. But Prat was unwavering. The entire Sultanate was captured and garrisoned by the VEIC expedition. Yet Prat knew it would be unprofitable to maintain his lordship over the area - the natives were too numerous and too hostile. So he began a policy of pillaging and looting until the Persians could take over the war. Once relieved by the Persians Prat moved the remainder of his expedition south - 12,000 men, a mere half of his original number.
However, in the south they found what the had left Europe seeking - exploitable land around the coasts of India. Trading posts were quickly established around India, and a colony founded in Bombay. Bombay would become the stepping-stone to the remainder of India. Despite all odds, Prat had lead the expedition to a successful conclusion.
The Franco-Venetian War
Prat's expedition hadn't been gone more than two months when the French, sensing Venetian weakness, sought to expand their control over the Swiss Confederacy - and the Alpine passes controlling trade from Italy to the rest of Europe. Venice was concerned about this, but did not have the manpower to do anything about it. Almost all of Italy's combat veterans had signed on to the VEIC expedition in hopes of plunder and profit. At this time Austria suggested an alliance to repulse the French, but the Senate wavered. Could Venice afford to antagonize the poweful French? Was Austrian rule of Switzerland any better than French? No they said, let the Germans and French fight amongst themselves - Italy will stay out of this war. Then France attacked Savoy. Despite this renewed French aggression the Venetian Senate again refused Austrian overtures. They were too afraid of France to act in the best interests of the Italian Alliance. And so Austria prepared for a war with France by itself, in defense of the Swiss. Venice promised some monetary aid, but none was sent.
Then a messanger arrived from Naples. He said the city had been invested by a French army and would soon fall. And yet the Venetian senate wavered. Perhaps Naples should be left to its fate. After all, they refused to join the Italian Alliance even after the mauling Castile had given them. Perhaps this is what they deserved? But Genoa would have none of it. The Genoan senate informed Venice that it would invade France the following month. Venice was thus drawn into a war it did not want to fight, but once again Venice again armed itself for war. 25,000 Cavalry were commisioned, and 20,000 Infantry. Meanwhile, Venetian diplomats begged the Austrians to help, and ever just they agreed. While the new troops were armed and trained, the standing army was sent south to relieve Naples. But alas they were too late - Naples had fallen and been annexed to the French Kingdom. The 12,000 French army was annihilated by the enraged Venetian army, and Naples liberated. The newly created army in northern italy trapped Richmont, the famed Constable of France, in Switzerland. France had been ejected from Italy, and preparations were made for an invasion of the Provence. Austria had also experienced success in northern France, having defeated and captured Jean d'Orléans, comte de Dunois, also known as the Bastard of Orléans. Genoa was also rampaging across southern France, pillaging with an army of over 30,000. France quickly capitulated to the demands - Naples to Venice and Alsasce to Austria. Italy was once again secured from foreign aggression.
The Milanese Treachery part II
Milan, envious of Venice's power and influence asked for Austrian overlordship. Because of the city and surrounding country's wealth the Austrians agreed. The Venetian senate, emboldened by their success against the French, demanded that the Austrians abandon the Milanese. The Austrians, believing the Venetians ungrateful for their assistance against France chafed at the demand. Eventually a compromise was agreed on - Austria would abandon Milan in return for 100 ducats from the Venetian treasury.
The future
The VEIC is finally solvent as the loot from the Delhi War and the new colonies begins to enter Venitian coffers, and new expeditions are planned. With Portuguese assistance, Venice also plans to expand its holdings in southern Africa. Venice looks forward to continued good relations with her neighbors and hopes to prosper with them in peace.