We are done with the review of raw materials, unless we find in our internal playtests something related to good demands that is completely off and requires a further change to be made (something that is unlikely, TBH).
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Yeah I think a possible compromise without adding a new good would be to reduce the spice locations in Africa and change them to pepper, while representing Kola nuts by adding more medicaments.
I'm also wondering if there are advances that contribute to spice production? That could be something that African countries could lack at the start, making them unlikely to produce lots of pepper to export - and outsiders really shouldn't be able to establish a large presence in this region anyway, so they could only trade native production.
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@Pavía any chance to do some tests where the 'downstream only' aspect of river proximity is removed?
I think that might improve the riverine proximity impact on trade.
(and tbh downstream-upstream shouldn't matter. The exchange of goods and information has to go both ways)
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Why even bother adding a bunch of Central Africa? It has no settled countries, it has no societies of pops, it's presumably near-uncolonizable due to malaria and the huge size (thus presumably also large population) of the provinces. What does it add that's so interesting you took a second shot at adding it after it didn't work out the first time?
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Perhaps because they are considering adding more to the region? Perhaps the problems facing that region also occurred in other regions, allowing them to implement multiple fixes? Perhaps because they want a campaign in Africa to be more interesting (conquest & "colonization", iirc, are not Eurasia-exclusive features...)
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I like the adding of more central African provinces, and the extra corridor to the Congo region. Before it seemed like you could conguer the entire region of west Africa and then just bunker down by holding the handfull of choke points on the map.
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Highly subjective, but if you have a hard limit on the number of goods due to performance reasons, I would get rid of pottery and add one more spice for Africa.
We already have laquerware, porcelain and glass as luxurious 'pottery-like' goods, I think ordinary pottery can be easily abstracted and sacrificed to add much more flavour-wise important good. in case we have to choose one, ofc.
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Disappointing to see that my feedback on the state of natural harbours in West Africa was not taken into consideration. It makes no sense that 80% of locations in this region have a favourable harbour rating, especially when you compare it to Europe or other continents which distinctly show a separation between places with harbour suitability and places without. The current state of things suggests that West Africa has better harbour suitability on average than that of anywhere else in the world, which is categorically untrue. West Africa has the WORST harbour suitability on average of any region in the world, by far - with the exception being only a few distinct locations that had to be dug out by the Europeans using modern techniques (whether this was opening up a sandbar, or digging into the seafloor to allow for a deeper harbour). One only needs to look to find many geographical sources which attest to this. And I'll reiterate again, this should extend to situation with the rivers in this region as well: West Africa is notorious for its rivers which plunge rapidly near the coastline, making inland travel via ship from the coast very difficult. This geographical phenomenon defines much of this regions cultural development, and it would be incredibly frustrating if this is not represented in-game, especially when you have the tools to do it right there.
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GOLD
Bambuk, Bure, Akan, Lobi and Sirba Goldfields are represented and that is nice, but some seems to be slightly misplaced, no? Like Lobi Goldfield should run across the northwestern border of modern Ghana to Burkina Faso, but Bondoukou location is producing gold which lies too far south. Can't find any information that should produce gold either. I would replace it with another raw material there and have Loropéni north of Bouna produce gold instead. Bure looks fine, Bambuk also. I see Bono Manso produce gold (which I assume should belong to the wider Akan Goldfield?) but I wouldn't have gold be produced that far north. Perhaps swap to the location Hemang or Abengourou?
Worst imo is Sirba, that should lie in modern Burkina Faso-Niger border to the west of the Niger river. Instead it seems to be in Zuru, modern Nigeria? Quick search and I can't see it would have produced gold in this time period. I would suggest swap it also and have Namaro or Mansila produce gold instead (not perfect but much better).
SALT
You can also compare to the second map where coastal salt was produced in medieval West Africa along the Gulf of Guinea. I would recommend adding salt also to Katsina Ala in modern Nigeria. Daboya in modern Ghana also had a salt production it seems.
Second map source is https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10814-024-09201-w#Sec10 Fig. 6
Bambuk, Bure, Akan, Lobi and Sirba Goldfields are represented and that is nice, but some seems to be slightly misplaced, no? Like Lobi Goldfield should run across the northwestern border of modern Ghana to Burkina Faso, but Bondoukou location is producing gold which lies too far south. Can't find any information that should produce gold either. I would replace it with another raw material there and have Loropéni north of Bouna produce gold instead. Bure looks fine, Bambuk also. I see Bono Manso produce gold (which I assume should belong to the wider Akan Goldfield?) but I wouldn't have gold be produced that far north. Perhaps swap to the location Hemang or Abengourou?
Worst imo is Sirba, that should lie in modern Burkina Faso-Niger border to the west of the Niger river. Instead it seems to be in Zuru, modern Nigeria? Quick search and I can't see it would have produced gold in this time period. I would suggest swap it also and have Namaro or Mansila produce gold instead (not perfect but much better).
SALT
You can also compare to the second map where coastal salt was produced in medieval West Africa along the Gulf of Guinea. I would recommend adding salt also to Katsina Ala in modern Nigeria. Daboya in modern Ghana also had a salt production it seems.
Second map source is https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10814-024-09201-w#Sec10 Fig. 6
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Happy to see more of the community's feedback was taken into consideration with this one. The added locations are appreciated (even if I'll always be that guy pushing for more); and I think I noticed Elmina was discretely renamed to something more "indigenous", which is great and hopefully reflective of other changes I didn't notice right away. As this feedback seems to be still incomplete, it's hard to confidently give much more feedback on it, but I guess the door is also more open to give relevant inputs. With that in mind...
1. Yorubaland needs a major rework. To me at least, this is a top priority, since a well-done Yorubaland could be one of the more interesting parts of the map (a ton of vying city-states, a unifying religious core, perhaps in competition with the expansion of Islam in the North, a struggle to develop technologically to compete against unknown threats... @donbg has a very good overview which I'll quote below, but I'll add a few items.
2. I understand that the Sao are currently an SoP. This makes sense if one expects that they should get a "state" after unifying; however in our own history, the peoples of the region never formed a larger cohesive state, because they were organized into "city-states" / petty kingdoms. The antiquity of urbanism in the region (dating to before the common-era), combined with the fact that these states were already moderately well-developed when they did receive their first written testimonies, implies that such polities had existed for some time prior to their first written attestation. We can confirm this with archaeology: as the sites of Houlouf, Krenak, Deguesse, and many others were all moderately large towns and moderate cities during the 14th century. As such, I'd recommend they be included. Sources:
Oxforde: The Genesis of Chadic Polities
The Land of Houlouf: Genesis of a Chadic Polity, 1900 B.C.–A.D. 1800
(Here's also a nice map of the region)
3. On SoPs: if I'm understanding these correctly, these are essentially supposed to be groupings of people with high potential to form larger states, but who didn't (at least, by game-start), or otherwise high levels of stateless social organization worth representing on-map. Based on this, I think the following should be included as SoPs:
5. Others have already commented on this, so I won't harp on it, but West Africa should have more "animists".
So, all in all, though I'm tentatively happy with this feedback (compared to the previous one especially), I think there's still some stuff that could receive attention, and which I hope does. Excited to see what is implemented going forward!
1. Yorubaland needs a major rework. To me at least, this is a top priority, since a well-done Yorubaland could be one of the more interesting parts of the map (a ton of vying city-states, a unifying religious core, perhaps in competition with the expansion of Islam in the North, a struggle to develop technologically to compete against unknown threats... @donbg has a very good overview which I'll quote below, but I'll add a few items.
a. Yorubaland should be a major cloth producer (cotton primarily, minority of silk production). It and Nupe should also be a moderate glassware producer (representing bead manufacture).
b. Development should be upped for Yorubaland & Benin, at least for the major settlements.
c. (Will probably discuss this in a separate "Flavour" post): Ijebu should have Sungbo's Eredo, a massive earthwork surrounding basically the entire area.
d. Oyo province is too large. This could probably be applied to other regions too, but I genuinely think there could be some more granularity in this area.
One of the things that Project Caesar will end up probably having a hard time dealing with are a thing in West Africa that the literature calls ‘mini-states’. These are polities with incredibly small territorial size, who functionally may be very similar to states but do not have a size that can be feasibly shown on the map. As opposed to small village-based chiefdoms represented by SOP, many of these mini-states had political institutions, systems of tribute/taxation, public works and an administration that monopolised violence. SOPs are a poor choice to represent them, as such (especially since many of these ‘mini-states’ belonged to cultures who already have large kingdoms as well, making an SOP impossible).
For example, the Ekiti subgroup of Yoruba were split into sixteen kingdoms that are probably too small to have on the map. Yet, every one of these kingdoms had a monarchical institution and a level of political centralization.
I wanted to make suggestions to represent some mini-states by enlarging the borders of the most relevant ones and also to make some further suggestions to Yorubaland so I made a shoddy map to illustrate it all. One of the criteria I used for showing a country on the map is the presence of a permanent political office at the center of the ‘mini-state’ like a monarchy. So the Ekiti get country tags wih their kingdoms but not the Yagba Yoruba, who had territorial polities but not a system of kingship. If the same principles are applied to West Africa as are applied to North America, then the number of tags here could be greatly expanded by including sub-tribes and clans that did not have very structured political offices like kings but otherwise had features of a political entity including leaders.
As seen, I did not touch Nri or the Hausa states. Nri could arguably be broken up into smaller political entities but I don't understand their history and political systems enough to comment further.
I've labelled all 'mini-states' with enlarged borders with (MS) beside their name.
YORUBA COUNTRIES
[
- Ile-Ife. Heart of Yoruba culture and economy. Rival with Owu. Regnal title is Ooni, dynasty may be called House of Oduduwa. Ruled by Ọbalùfọ̀n II at game start (Ọbalùfọ̀n Aláyémọrẹ II). Ife’s owned territories aside from the center of Ile-Ife are regions we know belonged to the Ife sphere but whose kingdoms I am not familiar with or had decentralised groups of people only living there (as is the case of Tada and Jebba).
- Owu: Rival with Ile-Ife and Oyo. Regnal title is Olowu. Dynasty are the descendents of the Oba Ajibosin "Asunkungbade”
- Oyo: Primus inter pares of the Ife religious circle. Rival with Owu. Regnal title is Alaafin. Dynasty name is House of Oranyan. Ruled by either Ajaka or Aganjusola.
- Ila Yara: Historically and culturally the most important and powerful Igbomina town, with a royal dynasty directly descended from Ife royalty - House of Ajagun-nla. Almost became a large kingdom in its own right prior to Oyo expansion. Regnal title is Orangun.
- Esie (MS): An Igbomina kingdom which already existed in the 1300s. Home to important archaeological discovery of stone statues. Regnal title is Elesie.
- Ijara (MS): An Igbomina kingdom.
- Omu-Aran (MS): The most important Igbomina kingdom nowadays. Regnal title is Olumu but the current ruling dynasty does not seem to be the same as the dynasty in 1300.
- Otun (MS): One of the most important Ekiti kingdoms. Regnal title Oore.
- Ijero (MS): One of the most important Ekiti kingdoms. Regnal title Ajero.
- Ado (MS): One of the most important Ekiti kingdoms. Regnal title Elewi.
- Efon (MS): Technically part of the Ekiti but not fully considered Ekiti at times. Regnal title Alaye.
- Ikole (MS): Another important Ekiti kingdom. Regnal title Elekole.
- Akure: A kingdom heavily influenced by Benin and sometimes considered Ekiti. Regnal title Deji.
- Ijesa: An important polity. Regnal title Owa.
- Ketu: Likely the Westernmost Yoruba polity that existed in the 1300s - though there are arguments to make Sabe also a state. Regnal title Alaketu.
- Orile Egba: A confederation of Egba towns.
- Ijebu: An important polity. Regnal title Awujale.
- Idoko: The Idoko were a pre-Ife civilization centered around Ijebu that was effectively ousted from its position by the Ife. It is known that there were remnants of them in Ondo and they survived after the expansion of Ondo. The Idoko are not part of the Ife cultural sphere, they have an older history.
- Owo: An important polity.
- Ode-Itsikiri: A city-state of the ‘Yorubaic’ Itsikiri people. Not sure whether to put it under the Ife’s sphere or not, so I have left it out for the time being.
]
Potentially Ondo could be added as a kingdom here but it’d be a predynastic MS- the actual kingdom was founded only circa 1500.
KINGDOMS AROUND BENIN
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Aviele (MS): The only kingdom among the Etsako people.
- Benin: Benin at this time was not the empire it would become but a smaller kingdom restricted to its capital and surrounding territory. Some historical literature would even argue it'd classify as a 'mini-state' at this point and should be smaller even. At the game's start, it was ruled by the Eweka dynasty with Ohen as its oba (king).
- Udo: Vassal of Benin. Split from the Igodomigodo kingdom during its collapse and was invaded by Benin before the start date but by all evidence it seems Benin did not manage to assert authority over it fully and Udo remained quite autonomous.
- Ugu: Split from the Igodomigodo kingdom.
- Okpe (MS): One of the three of the 24 Urhobo kingdoms that existed prior to the 15th century.
- Ughelli (MS): One of the three of the 24 Urhobo kingdoms that existed prior to the 15th century.
- Agbon (MS): One of the three of the 24 Urhobo kingdoms that existed prior to the 15th century.
- Agbar (MS): An Ika/Igbo kingdom.
- Uromi (MS?): An important Esan kingdom and town that is recorded waging war against Benin.
- Uzea (MS?): An important Esan kingdom that is recorded waging war against Benin..
- Ozore (MS): An Isoko kingdom
]
The town of Bonny may have already existed by 1337, as when Pereira described it in 1488, it already was a well-established settlement, likely over 100 years old.
Isoma-bou is an archaeologically confirmed settlement of the Ijaw people, which might have classified as a city-state of sorts.
NUPE, IGALA and OTHER KINGDOMS
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- Kyedye: Covered by my other post - a Nupe polity.
- Beni: A large Nupe confederacy, which would become the heart of the united Nupe kingdom.
- Igala: The dynastic Igala would only arise in the 15th century but there is sufficient archaeological and oral history evidence that there was a strong predynastic polity in existence by the 1300s. The thirteenth century is given as the date of formation of Igala by archaeological discoveries.
- Opanda: An Ebira kingdom. I
- Doma: An Alago kingdom. Regnal title Adoma.
- Keano: An Alago kingdom. Evidence for its existence in the 1300s isn’t as solid as Doma but still enough to represent it in my opinion.
- Kwararafa: A political confederation that arguably could be split up into smaller tags. It was either multiethnic or Junkun dominant or had a Hausa elite/ruler with a Jukun dominant population at this period, there are a lot of arguments for all three cases. Regardless of its ethnicity, archaeologically and some variable evidence in oral history seem to confirm that Kwararafa already existed in 1337.
]
TRADE GOODS PART 2
And now an addition to my trade goods suggestion I made earlier in this thread. One of the things I didn’t mention and forgot in my last post about trade goods was that Livestock is massively overrepresented in the forest belt. The main livestock raised was poultry, pigs and goats and they were not raised in gigantic quantities - meat had often to be supplemented throughout the forest belt by hunting. Livestock should be an export from the savannah/Sahel north to the south as was the case historically. The Yoruba were so unfamiliar with raising cattle that those in the frontier region who had cattle would often hire Fulani and Hausa to tend their cattle for them.
This trade good suggestions try to kinda follow the borders of my political map, hence why they are weird shaped. Don't see this as a definite attempt to represent the trade goods but a guide for suggestions and pointers.
[
- Made Cotton as prevalent as historically it was in Yorubaland (see my last post on the topic). Its already present in Nupe and Benin, so no need to add it there. Also added it to the west of Yorubaland, roughly around Aja territory to represent their own industry.
- Removed Livestock from a number of areas but put new Livestock in Nupe as they raised and exported livestock to the south.
- Added one location of Horse in Nupe. While the Nupe did import horses, they also managed to raise some in their territory. I’d suggest also adding a little bit of horses to the Hausa states- while the Hausa states did import horses, they also managed to raise some of theirs and export them to the south as well.
- I’ve used Fiber Crops to represent palm trees. The idea behind this is in its representation of the Raffia fiber but I’ve taken the opportunity and extended this also to oil palm trees, where palm oil is extracted from - as palm oil doesn’t really have a decent good to represent it. A Production Method should be added to West Africa converting Fiber Crop to Wine- this allows the representation of both Raffia Wine and Palm Wine in one good.
- Regions with palm trees: Igala was a major source of palm oil, Offa in Yorubaland was the heart of palm oil cultivation among the Yoruba.
- I’ve used Medicaments to represent kola nuts. Kola nuts, if represented by medicaments, should be much more prevalent in West Africa outside than current.
- Ijesa was famous for its production of kola nuts, I’ve spread put kola nuts in Igbo land and Benin to represent the prevalence there (the area to the south of Onitsha was a major source of kola nut so were some Esan tribes). I’ve also placed kola nuts in Nupe as they produced and exported kola nuts - Nupeko was a center of kola nuts so I tried to locate it there.
- Copper, Iron and Lead in areas archaeologically known to have mined them (see maps I’ve put in this thread).
- Removed Ivory from Oku Ila as I’m not familiar with lots of elephant hunting there and added it to Ondo/Idoko, who were in the region known as the Owena frontier. It was a center of elephant hunting and ivory extraction in Yorubaland.
- Added more Dyes.
- In Yorubaland, they represent the cultivation of indigo. Oyo’s textile industry was prized worldwide for its use of indigo.
- Near Benin, they represent camwood, which was exported by the Edo/Urghobe people.
- They could be added to other areas as well, such as Igala territory.
- Added lots of Salt to Ijaw lands to represent their massive salt industry.
- Fruit near Benin represents bananas. I assume this is what the fruits in Nupe also represent.
- Beeswaxis in a weird situation. Beeswax needs to be present in Nigeria as historically there was domestic production in the region, but not too present as the peoples in what is now Nigeria imported beeswax from the Middle East.
- Zazzau’s people have a history of honey extraction so they added it there.
- Added it to Benin because of its use of beeswax in surviving art works.
- Clay should definitely be more prevalent so I added it.
- Ife and its surroundings are known for the abundance of clay in the soil so added it there.
- Benin’s northern villages have a history of clay extraction and working so added it there.
- Shuffled around some crops. What PC classifies as 'legumes' were the main crop of the Igbo but wheat was present in Yorubaland and the Nupe cultivated African rice.
]
Sources:
[
All the other sources I provided in the past (see my other posts)
Kingdoms of the Yoruba
THE BENIN KINGDOM AND THE EDO-SPEAKING PEOPLES OF SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA
History of West Africa Volume One
Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000-1800
The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian History
African Kingdoms : An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations
THE MILITARY SYSTEM OF BENIN KINGDOM, c.1440 - 1897
A Sudanese kingdom; an ethnographical study of the Jukun-speaking peoples
Adamawa Past and Present
A History of Nigeria
]
2. I understand that the Sao are currently an SoP. This makes sense if one expects that they should get a "state" after unifying; however in our own history, the peoples of the region never formed a larger cohesive state, because they were organized into "city-states" / petty kingdoms. The antiquity of urbanism in the region (dating to before the common-era), combined with the fact that these states were already moderately well-developed when they did receive their first written testimonies, implies that such polities had existed for some time prior to their first written attestation. We can confirm this with archaeology: as the sites of Houlouf, Krenak, Deguesse, and many others were all moderately large towns and moderate cities during the 14th century. As such, I'd recommend they be included. Sources:
Oxforde: The Genesis of Chadic Polities
The Land of Houlouf: Genesis of a Chadic Polity, 1900 B.C.–A.D. 1800
(Here's also a nice map of the region)
3. On SoPs: if I'm understanding these correctly, these are essentially supposed to be groupings of people with high potential to form larger states, but who didn't (at least, by game-start), or otherwise high levels of stateless social organization worth representing on-map. Based on this, I think the following should be included as SoPs:
a. Fulanis (in regions where they are not minorities amongst settled peoples)
b. Toubou/Tedda (essentially the Eastern counterpart to the Tuareg)
c. Bubi people
e. Bamileke(?) - especially given the generic "Sub Saharan African" art seems to reference them...
4. Languages and cultures:a. I feel like this map is still far too... "flat" to represent the insane diversity of languages and cultures which exist in West Africa. Some regions should be abounding with minority pops, which aren't. I'm not sure if this also is a result of how SoP / Stateless regions work, but for example, Northern Benin Republic should have Tammari/Somba people.
b. Aja peoples (and associated kingdom of Ardra) are missing. Splitting off the Aja from the Fon, even if they are culturally made to be very similar, would help to further-justify the implementation of Ardra as an entity in West Africa!
c. No Sorko people? They don't have a Wiki article, but these fisher-folk were some of the most important folk along the Middle Niger for their control and influence over the river.
d. No Bozo People? (yes, unfortunate name for us anglophones). Again, these were a very important minority group along the Middle Niger, and perhaps the "founders" of some of the first large cities in the area (at least according to Roderick McIntosh).
e. "Nigerian language" may be worth splitting, This would help establish the divide between Yoruba peoples, who as I said probably should have more "flavour" anyway, and the other populations in Southern Nigeria.
f. (repeated from last week): "Sudanic" should almost certainly be split and Nubian restored. The Nubian languages are not only distinct, but representative of a long-standing heritage that I think warrants some token acknowledgement through game systems like the minor opinion bonuses one gets from language (iirc). This would also allow me to have a fun pan-Nubian campaign where I try to unite the Nubian Kingdoms, then the Nubians in the Nuba mountains/Kodorfan/Darfur.
g. May want to consider adding some minor Arab pops to the Lake Chad area.
5. Others have already commented on this, so I won't harp on it, but West Africa should have more "animists".
So, all in all, though I'm tentatively happy with this feedback (compared to the previous one especially), I think there's still some stuff that could receive attention, and which I hope does. Excited to see what is implemented going forward!
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Nothing I've seen suggests that Ife was an empire at this time. It was potential the hegemon of Yorubaland but that area wasn't so much ruled under Ife as it was viewed as the cultural, economic, and religious heart of the region. Think Rome or Tiwanaku
I think Oyo is also better understood as principality at this time, only becoming a kingdom at or around the Nupe occupation of Oyo-Ile
Agreed, I hope they break up Mali in future updates
We did, but if nobody says anything it will look like we're fine with what we already have
Southern Nigeria's earthworks should probably be a buildable great works or fortifications from an advance given the famous walls at Edo and less famous ones around the region
As for the post itself when can we expect to see the result of those WIP items? Also should people reshare feedback for the lightly changed regions here or is it better left under the original TM post? I don't think it would take too long to collect everything but it might be annoying to see it all twice
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doesnt market access go both up stream and downstream but downstream is better@Pavía any chance to do some tests where the 'downstream only' aspect of river proximity is removed?
I think that might improve the riverine proximity impact on trade.
(and tbh downstream-upstream shouldn't matter. The exchange of goods and information has to go both ways)
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Will tags like Tunjur being added to the map? The culture seem to be there already, but I couldnt find anything, suggesting that the Tunjur kingdom ceased to exist when the Daju took over parts of their territory. The English Wikipedia says that it got established by 1400, but it doesnt really make sense, because there were rulers even before it. At least based on Arabic sources.
It is said that, Ahmad el-Maqur a.k.a.“the wise man”. Married the local chiefs daughter and started a new dynasty.
After him, around 1140 AD, ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Auon (in Arabic: عبد الله بن عون) ruled, and established Tunjur's capital at a place called Uri. He died at the age of 45, so somewhat around March. 1165.
After ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Auon it becomes unclear who the chieftan was. The next known rulers are:
Omar Kissifurogé, who was of Daju origin
he got succeeded by Shau Dorsid. Tho there is a lot of speculation, if it was his actual name, or just an unbrella term for all Tunjur rulers.
He had a half-brother called Daali. Shau Dorsid lost in a power struggle against Daali, and fled the capital Uri around 1504 AD. -> Daali became the first ruler of Darfur.
Shau Dorsid most likely kept ruling the Tunjur in its still independent western region.
So by 1337, Tunjur should still be around, somewhat south/west of Daju. So technically there can be a territorical connection betweem Kanem Bornu, Tunjur, and further east over Daju, to East Africa.
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/مدينة_أروى
https://www.sudarchrs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/SARS_SN15_McGregor_opt.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjur_kingdom
It is said that, Ahmad el-Maqur a.k.a.“the wise man”. Married the local chiefs daughter and started a new dynasty.
After him, around 1140 AD, ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Auon (in Arabic: عبد الله بن عون) ruled, and established Tunjur's capital at a place called Uri. He died at the age of 45, so somewhat around March. 1165.
After ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Auon it becomes unclear who the chieftan was. The next known rulers are:
Omar Kissifurogé, who was of Daju origin
he got succeeded by Shau Dorsid. Tho there is a lot of speculation, if it was his actual name, or just an unbrella term for all Tunjur rulers.
He had a half-brother called Daali. Shau Dorsid lost in a power struggle against Daali, and fled the capital Uri around 1504 AD. -> Daali became the first ruler of Darfur.
Shau Dorsid most likely kept ruling the Tunjur in its still independent western region.
So by 1337, Tunjur should still be around, somewhat south/west of Daju. So technically there can be a territorical connection betweem Kanem Bornu, Tunjur, and further east over Daju, to East Africa.
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/مدينة_أروى
https://www.sudarchrs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/SARS_SN15_McGregor_opt.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjur_kingdom
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Oh yeah, forgot about that nuance. In any case, it doesn't seem to do much atm
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That is the traditional historical account but some more contemporary sources - example Yoruba: A New History - argues that Ife received tribute from its satellites. Ife was politically dominant over the Yoruba city-states. We know also of Ife waging war to secure regions against foreign incursions, having a (likely civilian) military they used to uphold their commercial supremacy and their struggle against the Owu, who tried to challenge their authority. Not imperialistic, of course.
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That and Mande. Mande should probably be an entire family instead of a single language, with how long ago the proto-language is believed to have been spoken.
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I looked at the old version of West Africa and noticed that the new map is much dimmer.