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Tinto Maps #15 - 23rd of August 2024 - Horn of Africa

Hello, and welcome one more week to Tinto Maps! After a short break, we’re back to the duty of sharing more maps! Today the region we will look at is the Horn of Africa! So let’s take a look at it, without further ado:

Countries:
Countries.PNG

Here we have the countries around Nubia, Ethiopia, and Somalia. The first ones are organized around the ancient kingdoms of Makuria and Alodia, which control the Upper Nile region. In the second area, the Empire of Ethiopia stands as the main power, with some smaller countries around it. Finally, the two Islamic sultanates of Ifat and Ajuraan stand as the main powers in the Horn and Somalia. Finally, around the African Great Lakes, there is a country that can be considered a ‘settled’ one, Kitara.

Dynasties:
Dynasties.PNG

The dynasties of the Horn. There are some historical ones, while others are randomly generated. The most famous one is probably the Ethiopian House of Solomon, from where all their Negus come. The Walshma ruler over both Ifat and Ajuraan and we have some others, such as the Medri of Medri Bahri, the Umar of Mogadishu, the Banu Kanz of Makuria, or the Baranzi of Kitara.

Societies of Pops:
Pop-Based.PNG

A new map has popped up! Here you can see the countries that we consider as ‘Societies of Pops’, as they were presented in the last Tinto Talks. We have the famous Oromo people in the lands between Ethiopia, Ifat and Ajuraan; the Kunama, Gumuz, and Berta in the lands between Ethiopia; and Alodia, and the Zaghwa to the north of Wadai; there are a few more to the west, but I’ll share that picture in the Western Africa thread, as it’s more appropriate there. There are more Stateless Societies of this kind that we would like to add in the future, if it is possible due to our schedule.

Locations:
Locations.PNG

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Locations! You might notice that the density is quite unequal. Unfortunately, the archaeological findings for the period are scarce, specially out of the most known areas and a lack of urbanization in most of the territory has made the finding of proper non-anachronistic settlements quite a challenge. Keep this in mind when making suggestions. ;) It has been that dramatic in some areas that we had to use names of tribes and rivers, a bit contradicting our own rules, but the areas had to be represented as they were active parts in the development of the region.
One thing: a big chunk of the Arabian peninsula can be seen in today’s Tinto Maps; but, please, reserve the feedback for its future DD, when we’ll show all of the peninsula. Apart from that, you can see more detailed maps if you click on the spoiler button, as usual.


Provinces:
Provinces.png


Areas:
Areas.png


Terrain:
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The terrain types of the region are quite interesting and diverse. It is marked by the Rift Valley, which creates different biomes, such as the Ethiopian Highlands and Plateau, or the African Great Lakes. That also marks a divide between Arid, Tropical, and Oceanic climates. The vegetation of the region also ranges from desertic and sparse, to jungle forests. And one more note: you may also note that 'Marshes' have been renamed into 'Wetlands', as we could put some work into that suggestion the last week.

Natural Harbors:
Natural Harbors.png


Cultures:
Cultures.png

Another interesting map this week… You might notice that the lands of Ethiopia have a very mixed cultural situation. While more to the west and south, we are representing ‘tribal lands’ in a more homogeneous way, with kind of fixed boundaries to represent the different groupings. This doesn’t mean that there wouldn’t be a mixing of cultures, but this was one of the first areas to receive a minority's review and the scope was limited mostly to Ethiopia.

Religion:
Religion.png

Another interesting map! Miaphysite and Sunni are the more widespread religions in the region (while not all areas have their mixed populations, such as Nubia as you might notice, they eventually will as we cover more of the map in our sprints). Animism is completely placeholder, as usual, and you might see some pockets here and there (If you have specific suggestions, please do them). You may also notice a purple minority inside Ethiopia… That is representing the Beta Israel Judaism in the provinces of Semien, of course!

Raw Materials:
Raw Materials.png

The raw materials of this week! A big chunk of the region has livestock as its main raw material, while also having some agricultural goods as Wheat or Sturdy Grains here and there. The most unique good in the region is Coffee, which is cultivated in the Ethiopian highlands. And there are also some precious resources spread here and there, such as Gold, Ivory, Gems, and Incense.

Markets:
Markets.png

The main market centers of the region are Axum and Mogadishu, with ‘Adan/Aden being the main one controlling the access to the Red Sea. There are some weird calculations ongoing on the Somalian inner lands, that are already reported, and we’ll take a look at why is that happening.

Population:
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The population of the region! There are approximately 12.3M people in the Eastern African subcontinent; although take into account that it also comprises the regions of the Southern Great Lakes and the Swahili Coast, which we haven’t shown today, so we probably have to discount around 4M people from it (Swahili Coast accounts for 1.7M, and the Great Lakes for 4M, although that region is divided between today’s and next week’s Tinto Maps), for a total of around 8M.

That’s all for today! Speaking of next week’s Tinto Maps, it will be meaty, as it will cover Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa! See you!
 
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The Great Lakes region is... SPARSE. I understand of most of the kingdoms aren't historically attested in 1337, but I think historicity<Gameplay here. Otherwise, do you have mechanisms for more state societies to form, or does Kitara have nothing to do but colonial blob for 200 years and hope they can dredge up enough colonial migration to reach the Horn before the game ends?

To let you know, this is the criterion we've been using to assign people to the different tag categories:
You say non-tag cultures are "akin to EU4 natives". Are there any Tinto Talks plans on how Project Caesar "natives" work? The Colonization TT seemed to imply that Societies of Pops were the replacement for EU4 natives, but in this map we learn it is very much not the case, and most colonization (At least in Africa) will not deal with them. How do those natives work then?
There are wastelands to the north (Sahara) and west (the Congolian rainforests). We also have the only region of the world that is not yet mapped, the current lands of the Central African Republic, which we will most likely finish while addressing either the Western African or the Eastern African map review.
I think @FleetingRain was asking about the massive chunk of uncolonized and unsociety'd land between the settled tags and the actual wastelands.

Speaking of which, wastelands should be distinguished on the Tag and Society mapmodes too, not just on the Dynastic one!
 
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The Oromos followed a Monotheistic religion, not an Animist religion, and it was called Waaqeffanna. The god they follow is called Waaqa, whom they believe is loving, intelligent, and black.

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Currently, only 3% of Oromos follow this religion but before their Great Expansions, all Oromos followed this religion since ancient times.

The reason why only 3% of Oromos follow this religion is because during and after their Great Expansions into Northern Ethiopia, Kenya, and some parts of Somalia, they assimulated the religions that surrounded them. Currently, the Oromos that live near the Amharas are generally Orthodox Christians whilst the Oromos that live near Somalia are generally Muslim. In this map, you can see where the Oromos inhabit (all inside the white lines) and you can see how divided they are in religion.

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I would hope that there could be some events or some missions for the Oromos that depict their historical expansions and conquests northwards into Ethiopia, as it massively changed how we see Ethiopia today.

Here is a somewhat historically accurate map of how Ethiopia looked like during the 15th century.

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Now here is what it looks like today.

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What you can take out this map is that before the Oromo expansions, the Ethiopian region was very diverse but after the expansions took place, the Oromo successfully assimulated most of these ethnic groups into their dominant culture, although following the religion of the people they conquered.

Another important thing to note is when you are looking at the history of the Oromo, they were commonly called "Galla", which we do not know its origin but regardless, the term is considered offensive by Oromos today. Anyways, there's some interesting theories about the origin of the term like it was given to them by Prophet Muhammad and that the Oromos were lost "white" European guys from modern day France.

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The Oromo, once a regular nomadic, semi-pastoralist African ethnic group, would become the most dominant people in the Horn of Africa and a threat to the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia to their north and the Muslim sultanates to their right.

Screenshot 2023-11-05 150949.png

Source: The Cambridge History of Africa by Roland Oliver & John Fage


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Source: The Uncivilized Races of Men in All Countries of the World By John George Wood

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Source: Ethiopia By Paulos Milkias


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Source: The Standard History of the World by John Herbert Clifford


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Source: History of the World from the Earliest Period to the Present Time by Evert Augustus Duyckinck

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Source: Some Developments in Ethiopia During the Era of Mesafint by K Darkwah
 

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The provinces that are no Societis of pops neither Settled countries, have people? I assume yes, because has cultures and religion
Yes, only corridor locations are not populated.
 
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Will Tinto Feedback always take months or are these oddities? It's gonna take a few years to finish the map at the current rate.
Most map reviews have gone pretty fast, some more require extra time. We're confident enough that it won't take years, but months to finish the map review.
 
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Never heard of Biito, I guess it's a mix similar to Tutsis?
Sorry I’m wrong, Biito or Babiito is the Luo-Bantu dynasty of Bunyoro, successor of Kitara. I’m not terribly knowledgeable about Rwanda, really interested tho. The origins of Buganda are fuzzy, I need to look into it more. It looks like Buganda should be there if we’re to go by oral traditions https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_Kintu

You might find the sources here useful https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buganda
 
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A bit of feedback on the Sudan part! I’ve been studying it culturally in the past — caveat: not that much before XIX century though.

  • In terms of culture groups, it strikes the absence of Fur people (they might be minorities and not represented in the map?). However, I’ve been unable to find out when the Fur migrated into what is now Darfur. In any case, having areas called ‘North Darfur’ and ‘South Darfur’ when there are no Fur represented may be misleading. But I can’t think of any alternative historical name.
  • Having a “Sudanese Arabs” groups is a bit problematic (contemporarily also very political). So, for the ones more to the West (current Darfur, Chad region, southern Libya, including the Sahara), they should receive their tribal confederation name, which are the Baggara (assumed to be a mix of Arab tribes from the Arab peninsula and some Arabized Sahelian people). Absolutely nomadic, cattle and camel herders covering the Saharan route up to current South Sudan. They would make sense as a 'society of pops'. They never owned land until the Sultan of Darfur gave some to some subtribes in 18th or 19th century.
  • For the Arabs you have depicted east of the Nile, they should be separated from those on the West (in current ongoing civil war in Sudan, the Army is formed by Riverine Arabs and other non-Arab groups and the opposign side, RSF, is mostly Rizeighat, a Baggara Arab tribe). So we would have the Ja’alin tribe, whose folklore say they are descendent from the Abbasids in the 12th century from Hejaz, but they tend to be Arabized Nubians. A second prominent tribe are the Shaigiya, also claiming origin from Hejaz but also Arabized Nubians.
  • In sum for Arabs, you could have the 3 groups as separate cultural groups instead of “Sudanese Arabs”: Baggara in the west of current Sudan, Ja’alin and Shaigiya in the east side. Baggara could be ‘society of pops’ like you have to the Zaghawa or Tuareg, the other two not because they were more settled on the riverlands.

Edit: another prominent cultural group at least in the last 2 centuries are the Masalit people... They live in the area you categorized as North Darfur, but I'm unable for now to trace when they migrated.
An edit on my post: as I understand you may not want to spam the culture setting with multiple Arab tribes, at least you could have Nilotic Arabs (which would include the Ja'alin and Shaigiya tribes) and the Baggara (the nomadic Sahelian Arabs). This is just to avoid the misleading "Sudanese Arabs" as single culture.
 
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Approximately how many Km2 are equivalent to
100 pixels? IIRC, that was the lower limit (as a general rule) for locations, right?
It varies due to map distortion. The further you get from from the equator, the less land per pixel. For point of reference, modern day Germany is 357,600 square kilometers and modern day Ethiopia is 1,112,000 square kilometers.
 
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A bit of feedback on the Sudan part! I’ve been studying it culturally in the past — caveat: not that much before XIX century though.

  • In terms of culture groups, it strikes the absence of Fur people (they might be minorities and not represented in the map?). However, I’ve been unable to find out when the Fur migrated into what is now Darfur. In any case, having areas called ‘North Darfur’ and ‘South Darfur’ when there are no Fur represented may be misleading. But I can’t think of any alternative historical name.
  • Having a “Sudanese Arabs” groups is a bit problematic (contemporarily also very political). So, for the ones more to the West (current Darfur, Chad region, southern Libya, including the Sahara), they should receive their tribal confederation name, which are the Baggara (assumed to be a mix of Arab tribes from the Arab peninsula and some Arabized Sahelian people). Absolutely nomadic, cattle and camel herders covering the Saharan route up to current South Sudan. They would make sense as a 'society of pops'. They never owned land until the Sultan of Darfur gave some to some subtribes in 18th or 19th century.
  • For the Arabs you have depicted east of the Nile, they should be separated from those on the West (in current ongoing civil war in Sudan, the Army is formed by Riverine Arabs and other non-Arab groups and the opposign side, RSF, is mostly Rizeighat, a Baggara Arab tribe). So we would have the Ja’alin tribe, whose folklore say they are descendent from the Abbasids in the 12th century from Hejaz, but they tend to be Arabized Nubians. A second prominent tribe are the Shaigiya, also claiming origin from Hejaz but also Arabized Nubians.
  • In sum for Arabs, you could have the 3 groups as separate cultural groups instead of “Sudanese Arabs”: Baggara in the west of current Sudan, Ja’alin and Shaigiya in the east side. Baggara could be ‘society of pops’ like you have to the Zaghawa or Tuareg, the other two not because they were more settled on the riverlands.

Edit: another prominent cultural group at least in the last 2 centuries are the Masalit people... They live in the area you categorized as North Darfur, but I'm unable for now to trace when they migrated.
Ok, the Fur were first mentioned in 1664 (here). While it does not mean they were not there in 1337, they may have not even been that relevant. That said, changing the name of the areas may be wise: North Darfur could be called Jebel Marra (that's where Daju had the center of power and it is the most prominent mountain in Darfur) and South Darfur could be Nyala, its most relevant city.
 
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Two questions; why are only some of the tribes/cultures society of pops; and (this doesn’t relate to the tinto maps but I forgot to ask this in previous dev diaries) are you able to merge colonies? For example organizing the New England colonies into the dominion of New England, or uniting colonies in rebellion to form like the US
 
Will Tinto Feedback always take months or are these oddities? It's gonna take a few years to finish the map at the current rate.
They've said *many* *many* *many* times that the Poland map is taking extra long because they had so much feedback to review & so many improvements to make. The Iberian, French, and Italian reviews took very little time.
 
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Unfortunately, the archaeological findings for the period are scarce, specially out of the most known areas and a lack of urbanization in most of the territory has made the finding of proper non-anachronistic settlements quite a challenge. Keep this in mind when making suggestions.
I'm not entirely sure why are you so wary of anachronistic toponyms, considering that what we've seen so far of the Pontic Steppe region is chock-full of them.
It's also really hard to be certain of when certain African settlements were founded, so it might be safe to assume they are very ancient. For instance: the city of Jumba, the capital of South Sudan isn't represented on the map, supposedly because the modern city was founded in 1922, but before that there was a village also named Jumba that has existed since time immemorial.
 
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Are Ethiopian Jews the same as European ones? Or they are different Judaism religions?

Ethiopian Jews are the some of the only Jews in the world that practice a non-Talmudic form of Judaism. There are several of theories that try to answer why this is the case but a historical belief is that they originate from ancient Israel and left Israel for modern day Ethiopia during the reign of King Solomon.

In the Old Testament of the Bible, 1 Kings 10 recounts a story where the Queen of Sheba, an Ethiopian queen, had an affair with King Solomon and produced a son, whose name was Menelilk. The Queen of Sheba was to return to her kingdom with her new born baby and King Solomon gave her 1,000 men to go with her to protect her during her journey. Those 1,000 men were to be what we call Beta Israel or Ethiopian Jews. They would still practice a non-Talmudic form of Judaism as Judaism hadn't "produced" the Talmud yet. The Ethiopian Jews for centuries believed that they were the last Jews and stories about Jerusalem's greatness had been passed down for generations and generations.

And by the way that new born baby Menelik was to be the first member of the Solomonic Dynasty which would last until the 1970s after the Ethiopian revolution.
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