Civilians are extremely close, and possibly better.Great for the early game, but not nearly as efficient as actual research. (For best results, pair with Parliamentary System + Utopian Abundance + Seasonal Dormancy)
3 academies means ~14* research output per civilian for 6 CG (plus the small yields the monument). A e.g. biologist with all vanilla support buildings turns 3 CG and 0.5 gas into 11 research, which burns fewer resources in upkeep, but makes less per pop.
11 civilians produce the same research as 14 researchers while burning 25 more CG (and also making e.g. trade and unity, which we're not counting). So if you can make 24 CG with fewer than 3 pops (which should be roughly achievably by late game), the efficiency is higher, not lower.
Though you're paying a civic for the privilege (and researchers will probably be able to get e.g. Astral Siphons to get better throughput in physics, at least). You could likely get better efficiency from some other civic that boosted researchers, albeit by different means.
*counting the 0.5/0.5/0.5 output from UA as roughly equal to 0.5 base output (aka, assuming both civilian/researcher will effectively get a 3x multiplier from job output and job efficiency, combined).
Edit: redid math to account for lower UA research.
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