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Tinto Maps #23 - 18th of October 2024 - China

Hello, and welcome to another week of Tinto’s fun Maps. This week it will be a huge one, as we will take a look at the entirety of China. It is a really big area, but it didn’t make sense to split it into multiple parts to present it separately, so we are showing it all at once. So, without further ado, let’s get started.

Countries
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Colored impassables.png

Obviously the territory is dominated by Yuán, with Dali as its vassal. They appear big, strong, and scary, but they will have their own fair share of problems for sure. I will not go into detail into the countries that can be seen further south, as we will talk about Southeast Asia in a future Tinto Maps.

Societies of Pops
SoP.png

Quite a variety of peoples in Southwest China, as you will see later in the culture maps.

Dynasties
Dynasties.png

Here we finally have managed to catch the full name of the Borjigin dynasty in all its glory.

Locations
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Before you ask, there are around 1800 locations in China proper, not counting impassables and barring possible counting errors.

Provinces
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Areas
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Terrain
Topography.png
Climate.png
Vegetation.png

You will notice here that there are few locations assigned as "farmlands", that's because when we did this part of the map there was yet not a clear criteria on how we would be defining the farmlands and their placement here hasn't been reviewed yet.

Development
Development.png

As mentioned before, the harsh changes of development at the end of China proper is probably too strong right now and it’s something that will have to be reviewed, especially at the Liáodōng area.

Natural Harbors
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Cultures
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There is a lot of cultural variation in China, not only among the sinitic peoples (which have been divided according to their linguistical and dialectal differences) but also having many other types of non-sinitic peoples. The resulting pie chart for the cultures of the country is a wonder to see indeed. And even if Yuán itself is Mongolian, there are actually very few Mongolian people in the country, as only the ruling class would belong to it. That is one other source of further trouble for Yuán.

Religions
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Considering religion, there is also a lot of variation in the South West, and one thing you will notice is the clear lack of “Animism”. We have finally eliminated Animism as a religion from the game and have divided it into many multiple ones. Besides this, and some Muslim presence in some areas, there are other small pockets of religions that do not get to appear in the map, like Manichaeism, Nestorianism, Judaism and Zoroastrianism. And the elephant in the room is the Mahayana, that we have already mentioned that we have plans on dividing it, but more on it at the end.

Raw Materials
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A very resource rich region, which makes it understandable that China was able to basically be self-sufficient in terms of resources for long periods in history, and with many sources of highly appreciated resources like silk, tea, and even soybeans. Another interesting thing is the division on the preference of grain cultivation, with rice being more prominent in the south while the north tends to favor wheat and sturdy grains (millet, basically).

Markets
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Population
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Yes, there’s a lot of population in China, and with that many people and that many resources it obviously has a lot of potential. We have been following population census of 1351 and 1393, which allows us to have the most accurate values we can have.

Now, before closing off, let me turn back once again to the subject of religion, as it has already been pointed out that having a single Mahayana religion covering both China and Tibet (and parts of India) may not be the best both for accuracy and gameplay reasons, and we basically agree with it so we are planning on reworking a bit but it hasn’t been done in time for this Tinto Maps. However, as we are aware that you are not able to provide proper feedback unless we present you something, let me now share with you what are our plans with it. Please keep in mind that I will NOT go into details about their mechanics, and only talk about their distribution.

First of all, Tibetan Buddhism will be split and turned into its own religion. Although it “technically” is part of the Mahayana branch, it is true that its practices have distinguished it from Chinese Buddhism enough to represent it as its own religion, starting from the fact that they do not follow the same canon. The Mahayana that was present in India was already an outlier from start, so it will be made into its own religion.

That leaves out that the current “Mahayana” remaining in game will be Chinese Buddhism, that is, those following the Chinese Buddhist canon, and it will be present in China, Korea, and Vietnam. The question remains on what to call the religion, and several things have to be considered for that:

  1. The religion will already include blended into it Confucianism and Daoism besides Buddhism, so all three religions are included. That means it can’t be named either Confucianism or Daoism, as they have been bundled in. Buddhism was taken as the base name because, from the three, it was considered as the one mostly oriented towards the “religious” (Confucianism being more focused on administration and Daoism on rituals), and the most similar to what an organized religion would be outside of China.
    1. As a subpoint on that, and I can’t go into details for it yet, but there will also be options inside it to favor Buddhism over Confucianism or the opposite, so that is already covered too.
  2. As mentioned, it will be present not only in China but also in Korea and Vietnam (and any other country that may convert too, like for example Japan), so naming it something that’s too intrinsic to Chinese identity would not be ideal. That would mean that a term like Sānjiào, although good, would feel a bit out of place when playing for example as Korea (we know that the concept spread there too, but it was more prominent inside China and regardless having the name be directly in Chinese would be the main issue when playing outside China)

So, for now, the current name we are considering for the religion is directly “Chinese Buddhism”, or even leaving it as “Mahayana”, understanding that the main current of Mahayana is the version following the Chinese canon anyway. But feel free to suggest any alternative naming if you feel that there may be a better option we haven’t thought of, as long as it takes into consideration the previous points. And of course, let us know your feedback on the proposed representation and distribution too.

And that’s it for today, after a bit longer closing than usual. Next week we’ll be back a bit further east, taking a look at Korea and Japan. Hope to see you there!
 
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@Linbot#6018 You have the admirable job of getting the info for all these Tusi :p

CountryTitle (Ruler Title)RulerHeirDynastyCultureReligion
Liang (Yunnan)Kingdom (Wang)TuoluBoluoBorjigidMongol-
Dali​
Maharaja (Maharaja)GuangGongDuanBaiMahayana
Bozhou​
Nanping​
Zhenzhou​
Rongshan​
Gaotang​
Baini​
Xinlong​
Kaili​
Sizhou​
Yanhe​
Pingtou​
Wuzhai​
Tongren​
Qiongshui​
Zhonglindong​
Guzhou​
Liping​
Hangzhou​
Xishanyang​
Yongshun​
Baojing​
Shuidong​
Pingyue​
Dizhai​
Xianning​
Puding​
Pingba​
Qingyuan​
Nandan​
Donglan​
Yongshun​
Xincheng​
Lai'an​
Anlong​
Shanglin​
Pu'an​
Yongning​
Tianzhou​
Duyang​
Anding​
Siming​
Shangsi​
Guangnan​
Luozuo​
Fuzhou​
Anning​
Guangxi​
Shizong​
Mile​
Qujing​
Luliang​
Malong​
Yizuo​
Luoxiong​
Mahu​
Leibo​
Beizheng​
Yongning​
Yuanjiang​
Niuwu​
Möng Ku​
Möng Wo​
Ningzhou​
Shiping​
Jianshui​
Aning​
Annan​
Nalou​
Ningyuanzhou​
Shezi​
Liangzhai​
Wuding​
Yao'an​
Xianlong​
Changzhou​
Yangjing​
Luoluosi​
Heqing​
Lijiang​
Gyalthang​
Rende​
Dongchuang​
Zhanyi​
Wusan​
Wumeng​
Zhenxiong​
Yunlian​
Gong​
Rong​
Chele​
Shuixi​
Duyun​
Lantu​
Pingding​
Zhen'an​
Taiping​
Pingchadong​
Youyang​
Dawang​
Tangya​
Zhonglu​
Shizhu​
Gaoluo​
Sangzhi​
Rongmei​
Tianping​


 


I've colour coded the Tusi that have vassals of their own for clarity. Everyone is still subject to Liang (Yunnan).

This is what it would look like visually:




Subjects of Liang should probably be limited to the Yunnan province of the time, since that's all they had official control over.
1I0244319-0.jpg


Tracing that onto to the map puts it about here:
Untitled147_20250530104732.jpg
 
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Subjects of Liang should probably be limited to the Yunnan province of the time, since that's all they had official control over.
View attachment 1309959

Tracing that onto to the map puts it about here:
View attachment 1309960

I was mostly going off of Basalawarmi being mentioned as the Viceroy of Guizhou, as well as of Yunnan. That could have happened later, though assigning Guizhou to the viceroy of Yunnan does make sense.
 
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Any ideas for dynasties/clans for the rest of the Jurchens?

CountryDynasty
Bugū-
HūlanNara
SibeGūwalgiya
HūrgaWanggiya
TowūnHešeri
WanlinHitara
OdoliGioro

I have some updates in this table. @Linbot#6018

One is about the location of Sibe. The other is on the Hulan.

The major source for my first post and the first issue is more detailed in my second post. Basically,
  • Sibe should be the location shown in the first post with capital in Zhalong.
  • According to Nara family, the family name of Sibe was Gūwalca, but we did not know the relationship between ancient Gūwalca and modern Gūwalgiya
  • Hulan was a result of Red Turban revolts, and its first monarch was Nacibulu of Nara family, who married the daughter of the Sibe King.
  • Xiyangha competed with Nacibulu family for the control of the whole Hulan region but was eventually defeated.
I feel skeptical about the current location of the Sibe State. The Sibes were neighbors of Hulan and had a marriage with the Hulan leader, while their capital was called Shuangyang. That's all we know about Sibe before the 15th century, basically from the account of Hulan people. By 1690, the Sibes had two major settlements, Qiqihar and Fuyu (Boduna), mainly along the Non valley. It is still much north of the modern Changchun and the Shuangyang in Changchun. I think they are located near modern Qiqihar, rather than Changchun.

View attachment 1309759
View attachment 1309760

First of all, where is the capital Shuangyang?
View attachment 1309763
The river Shuangyang before 1406 was not the one in Changchun. It was described as endorheic, located around the Sunggari and Hulan rivers, near the Mongolic Khitan people. Additionally, the Genealogy book of Suwan (Shuangyang) Guwaljiya states that they lived in Neihe (literally, "inner river"), referring to the Suwan River. While scholars who insist that the Shuangyang around Changchun will ignore the word Neihe or interpret it as "the basin", it makes more sense if we take the other Shuangyang in the north, across the locations of Zhalong and Sart (It is Talaha, and the star should be put in Zhalong, sorry for the mistake), an internal drainage system ending up in the Zhalong wetland. Furthermore, Zhaozhou was a clear Mongol stronghold, so in the 14th century, the Sibe could not easily reach Boduna under Mongol control. However, after 1406, more likely a large proportion of Suwan and the Sibe people joined their neighbor, Hulan Jurchen, migrated south to the current Changchun vicinity and name it after their hometown.

This change will solve three problems. One is why the Chinese did not record the Sibe people before the 17th century. Simply because the Sibe was beyond the reach. Second, the Sibes were said to have a close connection with Xianbei and Siberia, while the current location is far too south. Lastly, the Sibe should not be a large group from the perspective of the Mongols as they also failed to record the Sibe, while the current extent of the realm is too large. The sibes should be a place buffering Hulan from Mongols along the Non river instead of buffering Mongols from Liaodong. Besides some assumptions, the place names in the west of Willow Palisade are either Mongolic (Mongolian and Khitan) or Chinese, with very few from Manchu (Hulan people said Sibe could not understand Jurchen languages).

View attachment 1309773View attachment 1309822

Hulun Chuanqi (扈伦传奇; the Legend of Hulun Family)
This story was intended as a family story succeeded by Nara family as their family was hated by Nurgaci and his Aisin Gioro family. The imperial version of this story (from Researches on Manchu Origins) is more legendary, typically Mongols forced Nacibulu to become their son-in-law and Nacibulu claimed his name as Nara, pointing the sun. The story scoped from the funding of Nara family to the Nurgaci's conquest of Hulun State; thus, I just put the beginning parts from this story.
  1. Origin of Hulun family:
    • Woluosun (倭罗孙; Ološon? = a kind of water-crossing rawhide trousers), remote descendent of Imperial Jin Dynasty, was the head of Nara Clan in Honile (洪尼勒; from Manchu Honio, lit. bucket) City along the Haixi River (Sunggari). Thus, the family was named Nara. In 1280, he revolted against the Kublai Khan and got defeated; later he retreated in the Hoifa valley, with his children surnamed Woluosun. However, his family was discovered and expelled by Mongols, and their people lost, until the rise of his grand-grandson, Nacibulu.
  2. Story of Nacibulu:
    • to escape from the search of Mongols, Nacibulu's father joined Sibes, and married a Sibe girl, who gave birth to Nacibulu and raised Nacibulu in the Hoifa valley after losing her husband. When Nacibulu grew up, he left home to find the city Honi(le) with two guards.
    • After leaving home, he joined a fighting contest and won the princess of Sibe King (Gūwalca family). Gūwalca was a renown family in Jin Dynasty, awarded with the fiefdom Sibe, and served the Mongols in Yun Dynasty. When it came to the end of Yuan Dynasty, the once prosperous state went into decline with mere 100+ li (60-70km) territory and a broken castle, with Dorgi Suwan Bira (lit. inner Suwan River). Nacibulu joined Sibe and revived the state with his military talent.
    • Yuan summoned the aids from Sibe to suppress the Red Turbans, but Nacibulu led the army the other way, attempting to restore the Jin Dynasty with this force. However, Sibe people were not willing to help Nacibulu and tried to catch him. Nacibulu managed to ran away and got rescued by the guards of Jiwailang (吉外郎) by claiming his name Nara Nacibulu of Honile, while the Sibe general was rejected from entrance because he could not speak Jurchen.
    • Nacibulu became a power figure in Haixi region. Although he leaned to Ming Dynasty, the Mongols wanted to ally with Nacibulu but got rejected. The Mongols with help of Sibe conquered and carshed the Jiwailang city, and Nacibulu ran to nowhere, suprising to find the city of Honile. He became the lord of Honile and asked his family back from the split state of Sibe. In the end, he gave his throne to his son Duolahuqi (多拉胡奇) and lived with his mother in the Hoifa valley.
  3. Stories after Nacibulu:
    • Under the regime of Duolahuqi, Hulun became powerful, reaching Tumen in the east, Dongliao River in the south, Korchin Steppe in the West, and Non River in the North. He was elected Šanyan Duoerheji (多尔和济; ?Doro Hoji? merit son-in-law? ) over the whole Haixi region. However, Ming Dynasty was not willing to see a powerful Jurchen state, and gave the title of Wuzhe Wei within the territory of Duolahuqi to Xiyangha and Jianzhou Wei to another family, which suppressed the expansion of Hulun state.
    • Weji State, a matrilineal state in the east, was discontent with Hulun expansion. The princess Banzhe (班哲), daughter of Weji queen, Nagema (纳格玛), invaded Hulun in the name of Abka Hehe (lit. heaven goddess). Duoerheji did not want to fight with Jurchen and got married with Banzhe by accident.
View attachment 1309980
View attachment 1309981

Addition: Renaming the Hulan region

View attachment 1309988
Overall of Hulan Privince: The province fell into struggle between Tashan Wei (塔山卫; Nara family, Jin-associated groups ) and Wuzhe Wei (兀者卫; Weji people, "barbarians"). Although Nara family eventually won the war against Wuzhe Wei, they failed to resist Mongol invasion and relocated themselves to the south, around Kaiyuan, known as Haixi Jurchen since the mid-Ming Dynasty. Notably, Suilengge is from Mongolian, while Byan was from Nanai.
  • Bayan Susu -> Bayan (susu). Literally rich village in Nanai, where the Ming established Buyan Wei(卜颜卫).
  • Morenda (木兰达) was renamed to avoid duplication with Muren and originally meant "Great River" from Mongolian Muren and Manchu da, where the Ming established Mulanhe Wei(木兰河卫).
  • Hulan (呼兰) was initially known as Julgei (possible name the Zhalu Wei 刺鲁卫), renamed after the founding of Hulan city in the 17th century.
  • Hvlan, the alt. spelling of Hulan, renamed to Tieli after the historical Tieli Mohe or Ejimi for Azhemi Wei (阿者迷卫) in Ming Dynasty.
  • Ougen -> Suilengge (绥楞额) originates from Suilengge Alin, borrowed from Mongolian, and was under Hūlan Guard jurisdiction (呼拉温卫) during the Ming.
  • Hailun (海伦) comes from the Manchu "Otter River" (Hailun Bira)
Overall of Huyur Privince: The province was initially Huyur Circuit (蒲峪路) covering the whole Huyur basin, formerly Wanggiyan stronghold and key fortress between Jin Dynasty and Mongolic people. Rich in corps and fish, this lowland, watery region might be one of the northmost farming regions in China at that era. This Tumen suffered from a disastrous rebel, with merely more than 100 Jurchen households left in the end. Many families was relocated to the Zhaozhou in the south for service. The region also had a significant Sibe and Mongolian population.
  • Yilata -> Nemeri (讷谟尔), where the Ming established Namuhe Guard (纳木河卫).
  • Nemeri -> Uyun Holdonggi Alin(乌云和尔冬吉阿林), also known in Manchu as Uyun Holdonggi Alin, meaning "Nine Smoky Mountains", a famous volcano in China. Last eruption in 1720.
  • Dalaiketun -> Huyur (蒲峪路), meaning "swamp" in Jurchen, where the Ming established Fuyu Guard (福余卫), under Uriankhai. Although this Wei is considered Mongolian, their leader was from Jurchen. Possibly mixed races in this area.
  • Zhalong -> Suwayan (率河/苏温) derives from Manchu Suwan Bira, where the Ming set up Suwen Guard (苏温河卫). Zhalong was from the Manchu word, Jalan, "Cormorant", for a Qing institution.
  • Baibaibulag (巴拜布拉克/拜泉) comes from the Mongolian baibai bulaG, meaning "baby spring", clearly influenced by Fuyu Wei.
  • Sart -> Sartu (萨尔图) is derived from the Mongolian saratu, meaning "with a moon", and also fell under the Ming Fuyu Guard (福余卫).
  • Talaha -> Bayanchagan (巴颜查干) was formerly the seat of the Drbed Mongol banner.
 
I was mostly going off of Basalawarmi being mentioned as the Viceroy of Guizhou, as well as of Yunnan. That could have happened later, though assigning Guizhou to the viceroy of Yunnan does make sense.

Seems like an error? I can only find that mentioned on Wikipedia, and even that same article mentions that the Ming commander attacked him from Guiyang
 
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The Chinese cultures are, to some extent, shattered, but:
a) Some are over-shattered in the previous version, e.g. Cantonese. Maybe distinguish them in "dialects" is a better idea?
b) Besides, using classification based on stereotypes is not respectful to certain ethnics, namely, Fulao.
c) Those should be shattered by a same criterion, e.g., lingual distinction / sense of belonging / something, without which it leads to over-shattered ones like Cantonese (in my opinion) and over-generalized ones like Hakka and Gan.
Just personal ideas, with respect and no biases.
Besides, i also found that before British came to Hong Kong, the main group here was Hakka, anyway.
 
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a) Some are over-shattered in the previous version, e.g. Cantonese. Maybe distinguish them in "dialects" is a better idea?
Dialects are based on cultures. There is no way to have a distinct dialect in game without having at least one distinct culture.

c) Those should be shattered by a same criterion, e.g., lingual distinction / sense of belonging / something, without which it leads to over-shattered ones like Cantonese (in my opinion) and over-generalized ones like Hakka and Gan.
Do you have suggestions for fusing certain Cantonese cultures, or splitting Hakka and Gan?
 
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Dialects are based on cultures. There is no way to have a distinct dialect in game without having at least one distinct culture.
That is fairly correct, I don't want to see culture and language splitted. But there are groups who speak the same dialect have different cultures based on non-cultural reasons, e.g. political, does that mean it should be another culture for that? If so, what about "Formosan"?
Do you have suggestions for fusing certain Cantonese cultures, or splitting Hakka and Gan?
I'm not expert in this, but one friend of mine from china said so. As I said before, if there is a common criterion for Cantonese, Hokkien, Wu, and all, then apply it. btw Hakka people in different provinces have different style of architecture, in Fujian it's tulou. Though it's the result of weather / relations with locals etc., but if that is tied with some cultural meaning, maybe it can be referred to.
 
1748803482307.png

If merges are the case, I have some suggestions:
  1. Merge Wu, Yue, and Xuanzhou as Wu; they are intelligible. Representing Yanzhou as a blend of Wu and Hui.
  2. Merge Fuzhou and Fuqing, also intelligible. Representing Putian as a blend of Fuzhou and Minnan.
  3. Make the Dongjiang a blend Yuehai and Kejia in Guangdong. Also, add some Minbei minorities in Fujian Kejia
  4. It's acceptable to merge Cantonese dialects, except for the Goulou dialects, because they are ancient and have diverged too far from modern standard Cantonese.
That is fairly correct, I don't want to see culture and language splitted. But there are groups who speak the same dialect have different cultures based on non-cultural reasons, e.g. political, does that mean it should be another culture for that? If so, what about "Formosan"?

I'm not expert in this, but one friend of mine from china said so. As I said before, if there is a common criterion for Cantonese, Hokkien, Wu, and all, then apply it. btw Hakka people in different provinces have different style of architecture, in Fujian it's tulou. Though it's the result of weather / relations with locals etc., but if that is tied with some cultural meaning, maybe it can be referred to.
I think paradox now makes blended languages a single one instead of describing how mixed they are or how the environment influenced them. "Formosan" could be a good illustration for this methodology. For Wu languages, I don't think there will be a clear distinction between Wu and Jianghuai, or Wu and Min, as there will be many outliers and a continuum. For example, many Chuzhou Wu dialects lost their voiced sound, though this feature was considered the most important and served as the most common criterion to distinguish Jianghuai and Wu. But they do think they are speaking Wu instead of others. Goulou and Dongjiang are also quite tricky in terms of distinguishing between Cantonese and other dialects.
Dialects are based on cultures. There is no way to have a distinct dialect in game without having at least one distinct culture.


Do you have suggestions for fusing certain Cantonese cultures, or splitting Hakka and Gan?
Maps of Hakka and Gan.

1748807992612.png


1748808253268.png
 
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View attachment 1310833
If merges are the case, I have some suggestions:
  1. Merge Wu, Yue, and Xuanzhou as Wu; they are intelligible. Representing Yanzhou as a blend of Wu and Hui.
  2. Merge Fuzhou and Fuqing, also intelligible. Representing Putian as a blend of Fuzhou and Minnan.
  3. Make the Dongjiang a blend Yuehai and Kejia in Guangdong. Also, add some Minbei minorities in Fujian Kejia
  4. It's acceptable to merge Cantonese dialects, except for the Goulou dialects, because they are ancient and have diverged too far from modern standard Cantonese.

I think paradox now makes blended languages a single one instead of describing how mixed they are or how the environment influenced them. "Formosan" could be a good illustration for this methodology. For Wu languages, I don't think there will be a clear distinction between Wu and Jianghuai, or Wu and Min, as there will be many outliers and a continuum. For example, many Chuzhou Wu dialects lost their voiced sound, though this feature was considered the most important and served as the most common criterion to distinguish Jianghuai and Wu. But they do think they are speaking Wu instead of others. Goulou and Dongjiang are also quite tricky in terms of distinguishing between Cantonese and other dialects.

Maps of Hakka and Gan.

View attachment 1310845

View attachment 1310846
Found this map of Gan dialects on wikipedia. Probably a bit too granular compared to the merges you were suggesting. Also I assume these are all modern maps and I have no clue if the map would look different in 1337.
1748809723036.png
 
Found this map of Gan dialects on wikipedia. Probably a bit too granular compared to the merges you were suggesting. Also I assume these are all modern maps and I have no clue if the map would look different in 1337.
View attachment 1310853
Linguistically speaking, Gan and Hakka were in a family as early as 1337 (many Hakka historians did not believe that) https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00095941v1/document

As far as I know, Huaiyue, Daye, Dongkou, and Leiyang weren't there until the official migration movement in the 15th century.
 
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For Wu languages, I don't think there will be a clear distinction between Wu and Jianghuai,
I have no firm evidence but i think that is bias from some Southern Jiangsu people who regard Northern Jiangsu (including Nantong) as "poor and agricultural", so they think there should be another culture for that guys. What a pity. And I'm just glad to see that there isn't a "Quanzhounese" because some narrow nationalist in Quanzhou hate Amoy / Fuchow very much.
 
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Maybe Zhanjiang spoke Leizhou in Yuan, it's weird to had the Zhanjijang municipality spoke the same language as Hepu in ancient times since part of Wuchuan, Lianjiang spoke Leizhou at that time too
 

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I have no firm evidence but i think that is bias from some Southern Jiangsu people who regard Northern Jiangsu (including Nantong) as "poor and agricultural", so they think there should be another culture for that guys. What a pity. And I'm just glad to see that there isn't a "Quanzhounese" because some narrow nationalist in Quanzhou hate Amoy / Fuchow very much.
This is a modern prejudgment.

There was a book illustrating how the modernization of Shanghai shaped the identity of Subei people. https://m.thepaper.cn/detail/30016111 https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt211qx9h
 
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This is a modern prejudgment.
Ja, I know. what i mean is that some people project contemporary ideas into ancestors' minds, believing that they thought the same, regardless of the modern shifts in economy and politics which are more crucial, and put that preoccupation into ancient culture classification to continue to blind modern people.
This book resource is awesome, thanks for ur reply.
 
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Formosan culture and language

Since many of the Han cultures have been divided based on dialect or language, I decided to make a quick summary of how the Formosan cultures and languages could be implemented into the game. I don't think a comprehensive post was ever made on the topic.

Formosan languages are very distinct from eachother and usually not mutually intelligible. For the most part "Formosan" is a convenient geographical grouping, and the languages do not share many common features besides their very ancient origins.

I will not be including dialects here, as it's already difficult to fit half of the languages into locations.

Formosan languages_20250602164637.jpg
Formosan languages_20250602164653.jpg
Formosan languages_20250602164643.jpg
Major languages (adjusted to locations)Minor languages (too small to fit into a location)"True" language distribution (traced, useful for placing minorities)

There are 3 options for language groupings:
1280px-Formosan_languages.png
1280px-Formosan_languages_2005.png
Formosan_languages_Sagart_2021.png
Blust (1999)Li (2008)Sagart (2004, 2021)
Descriptions of the different groupings can be found here. Due to the differing interpretations, a simple "Formosan" group for all the cultures may be best.

It should also be noted that my maps are only based on the original maps I saw on Wikipedia (included in this post). They are useful as a general source as they both map out the historical distribution of the languages while also distinguishing between the varieties which are generally considered to be languages (in large text) and those generally considered to be dialects (in smaller text).

The maps will not be perfect, and some more general reading can be done here. The differences are mostly just scholarly disagreements over whether one language should be considered a dialect or not, but there are 2 more important issues, those being whether Hoanya should be split into Lloa and Arikun (since some scholars believe that "Hoanya" was just a derogatory term and not a single group), and which culture should be assigned to the Kulun location (the historical inhabitants are not known for sure, it could be Kulun, Luiyang, or simply grouped with Kalagan).



By the same logic, some groups such as Yi and Zhuang could be split, as they both consist of multiple mutually unintelligble languages, but I will leave that topic out of this post.
 
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Formosan culture and language

Since many of the Han cultures have been divided based on dialect or language, I decided to make a quick summary of how the Formosan cultures and languages could be implemented into the game. I don't think a comprehensive post was ever made on the topic.

Formosan languages are very distinct from eachother and usually not mutually intelligible. For the most part "Formosan" is a convenient geographical grouping, and the languages do not share many common features besides their very ancient origins.

I will not be including dialects here, as it's already difficult to fit half of the languages into locations.

View attachment 1311430View attachment 1311431View attachment 1311432
Major languages (adjusted to locations)Minor languages (too small to fit into a location)"True" language distribution (traced, useful for placing minorities)

There are 3 options for language groupings:
Descriptions of the different groupings can be found here. Due to the differing interpretations, a simple "Formosan" group for all the cultures may be best.

It should also be noted that my maps are only based on the original maps I saw on Wikipedia (included in this post). They are useful as a general source as they both map out the historical distribution of the languages while also distinguishing between the varieties which are generally considered to be languages (in large text) and those generally considered to be dialects (in smaller text).

The maps will not be perfect, and some more general reading can be done here. The differences are mostly just scholarly disagreements over whether one language should be considered a dialect or not, but there are 2 more important issues, those being whether Hoanya should be split into Lloa and Arikun (since some scholars believe that "Hoanya" was just a derogatory term and not a single group), and which culture should be assigned to the Kulun location (the historical inhabitants are not known for sure, it could be Kulun, Luiyang, or simply grouped with Kalagan).



By the same logic, some groups such as Yi and Zhuang could be split, as they both consist of multiple mutually unintelligble languages, but I will leave that topic out of this post.
Do you know why the island was so diverse linguistically?
 
Do you know why the island was so diverse linguistically?

Generally, you could say that it's because the island is mountainous and that there were no major migrations into the island for thousands of years, so there was a lot of time for the languages to diverge and the physical barriers sped it up by not allowing for any easy communication between groups.
Take the difference in language diversity between the USA and Europe as another example, Europe had thousands of years to develop different languages while the USA emerged out of more recent migrations and exists at a time where communication between places is much easier.
 
Generally, you could say that it's because the island is mountainous and that there were no major migrations into the island for thousands of years, so there was a lot of time for the languages to diverge and the physical barriers sped it up by not allowing for any easy communication between groups.
Take the difference in language diversity between the USA and Europe as another example, Europe had thousands of years to develop different languages while the USA emerged out of more recent migrations and exists at a time where communication between places is much easier.
mhh I guess, like I know Austronesian migrations started there, but I find weird the island didn't seen any further homogeneization eventor how the western plain is also quite fractured.
 
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