A country description for Italy:
ITA_DESC;At the start of the 19th century Italy was a mere 'geographical expression.' However, thanks to the efforts of the Piedmontese statesman Cavour and the nationalist leaders Mazzini and Garibaldi, all that changed during the Risorgimento of 1859-70. With French help, Piedmont-Sardinia fought two wars against Austria to recapture provinces held by the Hapsburgs, while popular uprisings broke out in the other Italian principalities. In 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed, and in 1870 Italian troops occupied Rome and declared it the capital of a united country. However, several Italian-speaking provinces remained in Austrian hands, and this territory - 'Italia irredenta' - was regarded by many Italian patriots as unfinished business. For the moment, though, such nationalist aspirations were put on hold as Italy aligned herself with Bismarck's Germany in the Triple Alliance. Instead, Italian ambition was turned towards establishing a colonial empire. Some settlements were established in the horn of Africa, but Italy's humiliating defeat at Adowa in 1896 against Abyssinian tribesmen left her the laughing-stock of Europe. Burning for revenge, Italy next turned on the weakened Ottoman Empire, seizing the province of Libya and several Mediterranean islands from the Turks in 1911-12. On the domestic front, Italy is a divided country. The north is a modern industrial society, but plagued by the activities of revolutionary socialists. The south seems to belong to an earlier age, with primitive peasant agriculture, blood feuds and secret societies. Many solutions are offered for the turmoil: liberal reform, a Marxist reorganisation of society, or the adoption of an aggressive nationalist policy to direct peoples' attention outwards. As war clouds gather over Europe, though, the question is who will Italy support? Should she stand by the old alliance with Germany, or join the Entente powers to reclaim the lost Italian lands from Austria? Or perhaps Italy should steer her own independent course in the world?;;;;;;;;;;X,,,,,,,,,,,,,,