There seems to be something of an agreement on culture, so I'll put some guidelines here. There are two cardinal rules:
Would the locals accept the country's rule?
Make sure it's balanced: the bigger a culture zone, and the richer its provinces, the stronger your justification has to be as to why a county should get that culture.
On to specifics:
A country should have/gain a culture if:
1. It's the culture of the dominant ethnic group in the administration of the country: this will usually be the primary culture. An exception to this is if the country operates in a very different way to where its rulers originally came from, so that their rule would not be accepted 'back home'. Eg Granada gets Moorish culture, but the TO does not get German in 1419, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem doesn't get French, Italian etc.
2. The country is an obvious successor to an earlier power of the culture, and its style of administration, customs etc are similar enough that the people of the culture would feel it was their own kind of government. Eg Burgundy and Brittany may get French if we feel their governments are essentially French in character, as they are French successor states. Granada gets Arabic thanks to its strong North African heritage.
3. The country is the natural authority over a large part of the relevant culture zone and the people accept this. Note that 'natural authority' doesn't mean it actually controls such a large area, just that it's in a position of leadership. Eg Hungary gets Slovak, and Finland gets Russian if it takes over Russia during the Crusade. Byzantium has a leadership position among the Orthodox Slavs, so it gets Slavonic.
4. The people of the culture, or at least enough of them to administer the region easily, are enthusiastic supporters of the country. Eg Scotland gets Norwegian at some point even if it loses most of Norway. Scotland and Brittany may or may not get Anglosaxon depending on how keen you think the English are on the Gaelic powers.
5. The country has made great efforts to bring the relevant region under control, and this has been successful. This is a weaker reason, and you must justify it by making it somewhat difficult to obtain cultures this way, and only when control of a reasonable part of the culture zone has been established. Eg the TO may get Russian, but only if they completely crush the Russians and don't give them any hope of independence.
A country should pretty much NEVER lose its primary culture, unless the old regime has completely disintegrated, and even then I would be very reluctant to make converted pagans, colonies etc turn 'wrong culture'. Subject to that, a country should lose a culture if:
1. The people of that culture revolt en masse against the country.
2. The people of the culture only had tenuous loyalty in the first place, and now the government is making little or no effort to keep them on board. This will often happen automatically if a country overextends itself, eg if Byzantium tries to assimilate both Turks and Italians. National cultures obtained by reason 5. above should also be easier to lose than other national cultures.
3. The country loses its position of leadership over the culture, and its claims to rule there are now seen as anachronistic. Eg the TO loses Polish if it gets crushed in the Civil War.
4. The country betrays or fails to help its enthusiastic supporters and this permanently alienates them. Eg Scotland gives up Norway without a fight, or Genoa goes to war with Byzantium.
5. The country and the culture drift apart in their views to such an extent that the country's rule is no longer acceptable. Eg Hungary alienates the (Catholic) Slavs if it goes Reformed.
A province changes culture if:
1. The ethnic makeup of the province has changed significantly, and the culture change reflects this. This could be due to immigration, emigration, ethnic cleansing etc. Eg Hungary get 'Istria is Slavonised', and Byzantium may be able to support ethnic cleansing in Armenia.
2. The locals have been assimilated to the new culture, to the point where they identify more with people of that new culture than they do with people who used to have the same culture as them. This 'assimilation' phenomenon will be especially strong with certain countries, such as Jerusalem and Burgundy, which have an inclusive and loosely-defined primary culture.
3. The locals have become fiercely loyal to a particular country, and will not be happy with rule by any other country, but in doing so their loyalties are completely different from other provinces of the same culture. Eg Novgorod may turn 'Hanseatic', but we could never justify giving the Hansa Russian culture.
Would the locals accept the country's rule?
Make sure it's balanced: the bigger a culture zone, and the richer its provinces, the stronger your justification has to be as to why a county should get that culture.
On to specifics:
A country should have/gain a culture if:
1. It's the culture of the dominant ethnic group in the administration of the country: this will usually be the primary culture. An exception to this is if the country operates in a very different way to where its rulers originally came from, so that their rule would not be accepted 'back home'. Eg Granada gets Moorish culture, but the TO does not get German in 1419, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem doesn't get French, Italian etc.
2. The country is an obvious successor to an earlier power of the culture, and its style of administration, customs etc are similar enough that the people of the culture would feel it was their own kind of government. Eg Burgundy and Brittany may get French if we feel their governments are essentially French in character, as they are French successor states. Granada gets Arabic thanks to its strong North African heritage.
3. The country is the natural authority over a large part of the relevant culture zone and the people accept this. Note that 'natural authority' doesn't mean it actually controls such a large area, just that it's in a position of leadership. Eg Hungary gets Slovak, and Finland gets Russian if it takes over Russia during the Crusade. Byzantium has a leadership position among the Orthodox Slavs, so it gets Slavonic.
4. The people of the culture, or at least enough of them to administer the region easily, are enthusiastic supporters of the country. Eg Scotland gets Norwegian at some point even if it loses most of Norway. Scotland and Brittany may or may not get Anglosaxon depending on how keen you think the English are on the Gaelic powers.
5. The country has made great efforts to bring the relevant region under control, and this has been successful. This is a weaker reason, and you must justify it by making it somewhat difficult to obtain cultures this way, and only when control of a reasonable part of the culture zone has been established. Eg the TO may get Russian, but only if they completely crush the Russians and don't give them any hope of independence.
A country should pretty much NEVER lose its primary culture, unless the old regime has completely disintegrated, and even then I would be very reluctant to make converted pagans, colonies etc turn 'wrong culture'. Subject to that, a country should lose a culture if:
1. The people of that culture revolt en masse against the country.
2. The people of the culture only had tenuous loyalty in the first place, and now the government is making little or no effort to keep them on board. This will often happen automatically if a country overextends itself, eg if Byzantium tries to assimilate both Turks and Italians. National cultures obtained by reason 5. above should also be easier to lose than other national cultures.
3. The country loses its position of leadership over the culture, and its claims to rule there are now seen as anachronistic. Eg the TO loses Polish if it gets crushed in the Civil War.
4. The country betrays or fails to help its enthusiastic supporters and this permanently alienates them. Eg Scotland gives up Norway without a fight, or Genoa goes to war with Byzantium.
5. The country and the culture drift apart in their views to such an extent that the country's rule is no longer acceptable. Eg Hungary alienates the (Catholic) Slavs if it goes Reformed.
A province changes culture if:
1. The ethnic makeup of the province has changed significantly, and the culture change reflects this. This could be due to immigration, emigration, ethnic cleansing etc. Eg Hungary get 'Istria is Slavonised', and Byzantium may be able to support ethnic cleansing in Armenia.
2. The locals have been assimilated to the new culture, to the point where they identify more with people of that new culture than they do with people who used to have the same culture as them. This 'assimilation' phenomenon will be especially strong with certain countries, such as Jerusalem and Burgundy, which have an inclusive and loosely-defined primary culture.
3. The locals have become fiercely loyal to a particular country, and will not be happy with rule by any other country, but in doing so their loyalties are completely different from other provinces of the same culture. Eg Novgorod may turn 'Hanseatic', but we could never justify giving the Hansa Russian culture.
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