Chapter One Hundred and Eleven: Uderzenie na Północ (Strike to the North)
(19-31 August 1947)
Polish troops from 104 DPR (a reserve division) fight in the streets of Novgorod, 20 August 1947. [MS Copilot]
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Eastern Front: Northern Sector
Polish units led the thrust north to Novgorod from 19-20 August 1947, but their advance guard – a by now disorganised reserve division with very little supplies – encountered a recently arrived Soviet infantry division when they arrived on 20 August. A quick cross-river attack was attempted, but it stood a low chance of success.
It was called off early the following morning and 104 DPR, at that time well in advance of the main advance, waited for reinforcements to arrive.
More troops had closed up on Novgorod by the 22st but it was only another reserve division and, despite putting in a more determined assault, it too had clearly failed by that evening and was called off.
But to the west, the bold Allies thrust from Petrograd had advanced again. The thinly held corridor had almost joined up with the Allied forces advancing from the south, where a battle was under way east of Pskov to cut off a long thin pocket containing 12 Soviet divisions.
Though seemingly lightly held and vulnerable to counter-attack, the long salient was closed off by the end of 24 August. While Polish troops in the area continued to consolidate and tried to reorganise and resupply, the Allies had closed up to Novgorod and were attacking, though again with little progress being made.
But this battle was eventually reinforced by Polish and other Allied troops and a victory was won on the evening of 26 August, and by the morning of the 27th the Allies were heavily reinforcing the Petrograd Salient.
Despite the earlier victory, the Soviets had managed to get another division into Novgorod before it could be occupied, requiring another attack on 29 August. This time, five French, Polish and German divisions made the assault and enemy resistance looked to be wilting.
Indeed, another victory was soon won and the Germans were the first to arrive at midday on the 30th – and subjected to an immediate fierce counter-attack as they waited for their colleagues to back them up.
But to the west, the Allies had poured enormous strength into their long salient, shutting off the trapped Soviet forces to their west in a vice-like grip.
As the month ended, it seemed as many as 14 Soviet divisions had been trapped, out of supply and with little apparent hope for rescue. Pskov had fallen some time before and the pocket was already being compressed.
Novgorod had held and been reinforced. The next objective would be to create another pocket, this time by a further drive north towards Volkhov.
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Eastern Front: Central Sector
The Poles continued to conserve their effort in the Central Sector, with so many other Allied divisions in play, supply at a premium and the R&R program for 1st Army still under way. However, there was still active fighting in places and on 21 August General Marian Kukiel, commander 5th Army, got a little to close to it. He was wounded by artillery fire and would require a period of convalescence but retained command of the ‘Reserve’ army.
Although in a less aggressive mode, this did not mean the Poles were inactive and on 22 August a general advance to the front was ordered for many of the still-recovering (and poorly supplied) divisions as a general push north continued.
Another small milestone was achieved with the occupation of Ivanovo on 23 August by a Franco-German force.
While the general Allied advance continued for the rest of the month, no major battles involving the Poles were fought.
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Eastern Front: Southern Sector
There was heavier action in the Southern sector in the last part of August as the Allies, with more direct Polish support in this area, sought to keep pushing east across the Volga after having secured Saratov and Volgograd. The Soviets suffered a heavy defeat north-east of Volgograd and another to its south-east on 20 August.
But an initial attempt to take Engels was defeated with heavy (mainly French) casualties on the afternoon of the 22nd.
More widely across the whole Eastern Front, supply at this time had perhaps improved a little but remained low at the front, with heavy fighting all along the Southern and Caucasus sectors. This also explained the decreased Polish tempo in the Central sector.
The earlier surrender of the Georgian SSR had now been followed up by the strong occupation of the Polish Occupation Zone by some 8th Army and many more Allied divisions. On 24 June, the Poles made a drive north across the mountains towards Nalchik.
As the month ended, a heavy round of fighting (mainly led by the Allies) had been renewed in the Northern and Central sectors as the months progress had pushed the Soviets further towards surrender.
As the month ended, the Allies maintained air superiority over most of the Eastern Front. In the Central Russian and Western Steppe Air Zones, the Polish Air Force had held the upper hand and losses remained sustainable.
Middle East, Iran & Central Asia
On 21 August, even as the Soviets mounted a determined attack west of Kerman, the Poles spotted an opportunity for an attack of their own just to the south. It would succeed exactly two days later, while reinforcements would allow the province above to be held.
In Iraq and Kurdistan, the Allies were making ground as they pushed huge numbers of men into the line (at the expense of supply maintenance). It seemed they would use human waves to overwhelm the enemy.
As the month drew to a close a new Polish attack sought to close the narrowing gap to southern Iraq, where the Allies were now attacking east in force.
Iran remained quite active, with the enemy still mounting a number of attacks that were bleeding their own troops more than the Allies. Combat was more sporadic on the Black Sea-Persian Gulf line.
Across all sectors of the Eastern Front and Middle East, steady broad-front advances had been since the start of the month.
South East Asia
There was no further significant change in South East Asia, with Singapore and Java in stalemate and the Allies hanging on in North Borneo.
Australia & PNG
It was a different story in Australia, where in the west 2 Pz Div was still retreating by the night of 23 August and LF Div 2 was already under attack in its fall-back position and was again ordered to retreat.
Then disaster struck late on the morning of 27 August. 2 Pz Div was still short of completing their inordinately long retreat when the US advance guard overtook them: by the time they arrived, it was too late and they were forced to surrender without a fight. Over 9,000 men were forced into captivity.
LF Div 2 had better luck, with the Australian 1st Div holding off the Americans long enough to complete their next retreat on 31 August with new orders to redeploy to Perth in the face of overwhelming US numbers in the west.
But in Northern Queensland the Allies were reinforcing the line: the US still had superior numbers but their supply was tenuous and the Allies becoming well dug in.
The front was static in PNG, where the Japanese seemed to have reduced their numbers a little to ‘stalemate level’.
The Americas
As it had been for a long while now, the fronts were static in both Canada (where again, the Allies kept all their reserves off the front line) and Yucatan. Nothing significant changed from 21 to 31 August.
Domestic Affairs
Thanks to production, lend lease and the comparative decrease in Polish op tempo, a small surplus of infantry equipment had been achieved by 21 August. The trend line for the rebuilding of that stockpile was sharply positive across the last month.
Also of note, the deficit in light tanks had been reduced from 800 to 742.
Two days later, the final iteration of research in fuel refining was completed, with attention turned next to improving the effectiveness of logistics companies.
More construction effort was switched to infrastructure development in Krakow as the month drew to a close, as the new military factory in Lublin neared completion.
By the end of the month, infantry gear was even further in surplus, but there were now severe shortages in both artillery and AT guns, support equipment remained a problem and light tank numbers no better. A small deficit had also opened up in heavy infantry support tanks.
The monthly casualty analysis brought up some interesting points. First, it was confirmed that the loss off 2 Pz Div EF was attributed to Germany, not Poland. More generally, while battles involving Poland over the month saw 61,200 casualties, Polish losses for the month were only around 26,000. This reflected the increasing reliance on ‘piggy-backing’ on Allied attacks, which minimised Polish casualties. Reserve manpower was roughly steady at around 130,000 men.
On all fronts, the USR had lost around 380,000 troops – and a second minor 4thInt member in Georgia. Global losses for the respective sides of the war were almost even, but territorial gains in Russia meant the war was now assessed to be 20% in the Allies’ favour. The general conclusion drawn was that on balance, despite a few peripheral Allied losses, mainly in South East Asia, the balance of the war had continued to slowly shift in their favour.