Chapter V: Surprises and a brave undertaking...
May & June 1915
By the time the Lusitania had been sunk and popular opinion was swinging against Germany, many people felt it was all too late. The United States looked only slightly more likely to join the war (which wasn't likely at all), the French had recently been forced back over the Maas river, and the everybody had the feeling that German army looked set to knock them out of Belgium entirely. In Russian Poland more men fought and died for little gain, although things remained fluid the impact on Russian people's morale was mounting, and an unstable political situation looked increasingly likely to boil over. To the south the Ottoman Empire was still holding out against Russian attacks, whilst extending their influence to threaten the Suez Canal. Most depressingly for the Entente, Serbia whose independence was the reason they had all gone to war, was clinging on for dear life in the face of the Austrian onslaught.
With extra troops brought down from the Italian border the Austrians had been able to curtail the activities of Slav partisans over the spring months. By arming supply convoys with heavy escorts the partisans were forced to concentrate their forces more and engage with fewer targets, and increasing patrols forced them higher and higher into the hills. The partisans were bolstered however by two regular Serb Army Divisions that remained behind the Austrian lines, one in the Belgrade region, and the other in Hungary. The rest of the Serbian Army was entrenched in the foothills of Macedonia and Montenegro, alongside that nation's own army. Under the command of Archduke Friedrich the Austrians gathered for a final offensive, the good terrain looked to stand the defenders in good stead, and they were expected to be able to hold out for months. But the fact was that they were utterly dwarfed by the Austrians, and there was no way they could hold out forever. Things did not look good for the Entente.
However, in face of the coming crisis the Entente had several tricks up their sleeves. The British Empire stepped up their recruitment campaigns across the globe, calling on patriotic subjects to join the British Expeditionary Force. The response was great, and divisions’ worth of new soldiers arrived to fight in France each month. Japan and Belgium similarly raised and committed more troops to the fight. France had a major boost in the form of 60,000 trained, 'elite' soldiers who formed the new Guard Divisions, formed into two corps of three divisions each, lavishly equipped with artillery and engineering sections. French artillery and equipment had also benefited greatly due to research carried out by the 'Modernisation Program', and the French Army was now considered the best in the world in terms of equipment. Most importantly though the Entente had one final ace, something that suggested the winds of fortune were about to change.
Germany's attack had stalled on the banks of the Maas river, stopped in their tracks by French, Belgian and British forces, utterly unable to bridge the formidable obstacle. Hasty deployment of troops north and initially high casualties had prevented the Germans' from putting their weight into the assault. The German High Command also felt that they could not commit sufficient troops to such an attack given that the situation in Russia was still in the balance. This bought France much needed breathing space, but was dwarfed in significance when compared with the next turn of events.
Italy and Greece formally joined the Entente on the 23rd of May, 1915, issuing a declaration of war against Germany, Austria and Turkey by telegram. In accordance with secret plans drawn up beforehand, elements of the French border garrison (some 60,000 soldiers) and the Italian army deployed rapidly to the Austrian border. With most of their forces concentrated against Russia and Serbia, the Austrian defences were light and it was expected that a rapid assault would be able to dislodge and drive back the Austrians.
To go in hand with this first axis of advance, France prepared to send six divisions on a risky expedition to aid Serbia and Montenegro. By the end of June Archduke Friedrich was preparing for his final push into the mountains of Montenegro, and it was feared that unless support was sent Austria would be able to thwart the Italian offensive. The aim was to keep Austria fighting on three fronts, under the pressure of which she would inevitably fall. Suddenly, the Entente's war prospects did not look so bad...
"Our natural sympathies are enlisted on the side of the Allies, because of the brutal German aggression against Belgium and because of the vandalism of the German troops."
Italian government's official explanation for going to war.
French soldiers on the Italian border on hearing the news.