Talking Turkey – Summary of Book Two: The Path to Glory (Chapters 39-76)
As with the
Summary of Book One: The New Balkan War (Chapters 1-38), this summary of the second book is designed with a couple of things in mind:
- First, new or potential readers who are discouraged from starting to read the AAR because of its length.
- Second, dedicated readers who also read many other AARs and for whom some of the events here are now ‘distant history’, you can look here to recount key aspects and/or use it as a chapter reference guide if you want to look up some past event.
Now, of course I’d love you to read the whole work if you haven’t already. So if you might, then:
WARNING, SPOILERS AHEAD!
Otherwise, if looking through a summary means you might get into the AAR and bring yourself up to date quickly rather than not reading it at all, then please read on!
---xxx---
1. Between the 'Expansion Wars' - January to March 1938
Chapter 39. Following the conclusion of the New Balkan War, the Turkish Cabinet met on 10 January 1938 to consider the future path of the nation: they concluded that the Path would be to Glory, but that important choices had to be made to get there. And further expansion remained a priority. See this chapter for a more detailed review of the advice received and options eliminated as unfeasible, unduly risky or not cost-effective. The main options considered were either Hungary or Persia (Iran). As Hungary was already an Axis member and German intervention (then or later) was considered likely and its implications catastrophic, Iran was selected (Case Green from earlier considerations). Word spreads about the new ‘Mystery Play’ to be presented in Ankara soon by impresario Max Bialysock. BJ Guildenstern and Persephonee Fotheringay-Phipps get heavily involved in its promotion – with unforeseen consequences!
Persia’s NU is assessed at 74.9%. This means 6/7 of the available VPs would need to be seized to force a surrender: all bar Bandar e ‘Abbas in the south would need to be taken. Logistics, terrain and time are assessed as the biggest enemies: even without Romanian reinforcement and attacking on a narrow front, the battle-hardened Turkish Army, if massed in sufficient numbers, should easily outnumber and outperform the Persians.
Chapter 40. The rest of January 1938 was taken up with the massive redeployment of most of the Turkish Army to near the border with Iran for
Operation Chaldiran. This would prove a lengthy process. Command structures and leadership appointments were also reviewed. In the tech realm, research and officer training were given the highest priority. President Atatürk – now suffering increasingly from terminal cirrhosis of the liver – made one of his last major public appearances at a grand victory parade in Ankara on 16 January. Japan began to diplomatically influence Turkey away from the Comintern and towards the Axis. Little was it realised that this would be the beginning of a remarkably persistent and serious campaign of influence, which would have both inconvenient and at times disastrous consequences. Max Bialystock casts for the lead actor in his ‘Mystery Play’ – and 'LSD' (Lorenzo St. DuBois) is discovered! The Sino-Japanese war continues to go the way of the aggressor, while the Turkish Army orders its first (very primitive) tank brigade. Luca Brasi has disappeared.
Chapter 41. February 1938 brings bad weather conditions and extensive mud throughout the proposed
Chaldiran area of operations, delaying the commencement of the offensive, which relies on speed to overcome Iranian resistance. The preparation for the play progresses, with the director arriving from Broadway. Meanwhile, an elaborate and fraudulent plot by producer Bialystock and his accountant and now business partner – Leon Bloom – grows apace. Not realising this, BJ embezzles government funds to back the project, intending to repay them (less his expected profit) before anyone notices. A minor revolt in Croatia seems to be taking an inordinate amount of time for the local Turkish cavalry brigade commander to put down. The Sino-Japanese War looks to be reaching its endpoint as Japan seizes yet more Chinese cities. Persephonee continues to float ideas for a new name for the Greater Turkish Republic, to be proclaimed after the anticipated victory over Iran.
Chapter 42. The first half of March 1938 sees Bialystock’s play attracting great interest in advance of its premiere. Their many (unsuspecting and heavily oversubscribed) investors and the great and powerful of Turkey will be attending. Little do they know it is intended to be a terrible disaster and a write-off showing no profit, at which point Bialystock and Bloom will pocket all the investors’ money and make a rapid exit, stage right! The slow and (frankly) almost certainly insane commander of the Turkish 2nd Cavalry Brigade in Croatia receives an unexpected guest – an itinerant circus performer (!?) for lunch. You will need to read that chapter to find out what happens. The end result however is that the attack then goes in remarkably swiftly! Japanese influence infuriates the Interior (Security) Minister Kaya, to the detriment of his health. And on 9 March, Germany annexes Austria, bring them a shared border with Greater Turkey. A day later, Italy joins the Axis. And on 12 March, the ‘Mystery Play’ premieres in Ankara: you will have to tune in to the chapter to see how it goes and what the ramifications will be!
Chapter 43. Bialystock and Bloom deal with the consequences of Opening Night. There is violence, gunplay and an appearance by the
Polis! Oblivious to these developments, BJ and Perse are at work, presenting possible new names for the Turkish state. BJ is soon brought back to earth as news spreads of scandalous goings-on in connection with the play. There will be an audit of the Propaganda Department’s finances at the end of April – the matter of the missing money will need to be rectified by then. But how? On 24 March, Nationalist China surrenders to Japan and cedes them a swathe of coastal territory. Luca Brasi turns up in Prague, to report on threatening developments there concerning German claims on the Sudetenland. The landmark first fort of the
Calistar Line is complete in Istanbul. This will be the last line of defence in case of a massive Axis attack and the loss of the Balkans. Mud still prevents the commencement of the attack on Iran. And there are prison scenes and postcards following the fall-out from the failed play fraud.
2. War with Persia (Iran) – April to June 1938
Chapter 44. With muddy conditions predicted to last for some time yet, the decision is made that, with winter now over, the invasion of Iran should proceed regardless. The command chain is reorganised for the operation, with units selected for specific purposes (including the establishment of a second MTN division). BJ sweats out his financial predicament, while a court date (9 April) is set for Bialystock. The case proceeds poorly for Max – but a surprise appearance is made! BJ manages to cobble enough funds from a surprisingly large court-ordered refund and his personal savings to return the cash to the Departmental funds before the end of the month, hoping that is the end of it. And he will still accrue money from the play’s unexpected success, so might even end up turning a profit! The search for a new national name goes on – none of the suggestions so far have made the grade. The invasion of Iran commences on
18 April. Rapid advances are made, with no enemy units even being
sighted by 30 April! Where are they? Are they mobilising in depth for a staunch defence later, or are they just badly led by cowards?
The situation on the Persian front as at 2300 on 30 Apr 38.
Chapter 45. Tech espionage in France is ramped up in the hope of stealing a breakthrough. The audit of the Propaganda Department is conducted – still worried, BJ consults Leo Bloom for some slippery ‘defensive’ accounting advice, just in case his tracks aren’t as well covered as he thought. The campaign in Iran presses on, using two axes of advance: the main towards
Tehran, another heading south towards the Gulf. In the north, 2nd Corps units occupy
Tabriz [1 VP] on 6 May then sets up a defensive perimeter. The first sighting of an enemy unit is made by 1 Cav Div on 6 May. By 26 May it has pressed forward to occupy
Dezful just north of the key
Ahvaz oilfields
[and VP location] having encountered no opposition. In the centre, the main body presses forward, the advance guard 3 Cav Div meeting and probing their first enemy unit at
Ardabil on 9 May. The probe is called off the next day. Another probe on Ardabil, this time by 2 Mtn Div, is made on 14 May, but with similar results: there is no hope of victory in an unsupported attack. It will be bypassed for now. The main body of 1stt Corps advances on Tehran. A short battle is won by flanking forces to the south at
Abhar on 25 May, and they are ordered to keep moving south to occupy enemy VP locations in depth.
Campaign summary as at 30 May 38.
In other developments, the Secret Intelligence Technical Headquarters (S.I.T.H.), the ‘black' or 'wet' ops section of Turkey’s foreign intelligence apparatus, is introduced for the first time. The German pressure and tension in Czechoslovakia continues to mount throughout May. And BJ and his boss (Propaganda Chief Karaduman) are summoned to a meeting with their Minister, Calistar. Apparently, the audit report has been finalised. BJ is glad of the advice he sought earlier from Leo Bloom ... because Darth Kelebek is present and will ‘remove’ any guilty party!
Chapter 46. 1st Corps’ reinforced advance guard heads south to
Esfahan [1 VP] while the rest of the Corps approaches the capital of
Tehran [2 VP]. On the diplomatic front, alignment is nearing the point at which the Comintern could be joined – but the Axis again intervenes to influence Turkey away from its objective. On 4 June, the attack on Tehran is launched by 1, 3, 5 and 7 Inf Divs, opposed by a single Persian infantry division. They are dug in, so some serious fighting is required. But the fight is won in less than two days and Persian casualties are very heavy. [127 Turkish, 761 Persian troops killed]. In the south, 1 Cav Div takes
Ahvaz (with its VP and massive oil and energy resources) on 11 June.
Tehran is occupied on 14 June. Persian surrender progress is now at over 76%.
Campaign summary as at 30 May 38.
A Cabinet meeting in Ankara on 16 June considers the new structure of the expanded Turkish dominions after the final planned war of expansion is completed in Iran. They will adopt a Soviet-style federated system, where Turkey (like Russia) reigns supreme, with the Turkish Cabinet also running the new entity. It is described as a kind of non-democratic ‘paternal state socialism with Turkish characteristics’. See the chapter for details of how all the areas will be designated, with 18 Republics (including Turkey) forming the whole. BJ presents the proposed new name for this supra-national government: the Union of Glorious National Republics. It is accepted: the long search for a new (and final) name for the expanded Turkish state has finally been resolved.
Chapter 47. 17 June finds, 1 Cav Div battles through mud – but not enemy units - in the south, aiming for the VP objective of
Busheshr, on the Persian Gulf. 1st Corps now concentrates on it drive to
Esfahan: with
Busheshr, its capture should end Persian resistance. An eight hour battle ensues in Kashan, with Turkey victorious [40 Turk, 210 Persian casualties]. Wehib Pasha’s 1 Cav Div occupies
Busheshr unopposed on 29 June, bringing Persian surrender progress to 95.4%:
Esfahan must still be capture – and 1st Corps is closing in on it from two different directions, but again they are hampered by terrain and weather. 30 June finds them still short of their final objective.
Campaign Summary as at 30 Jun 38.
3. The Gathering Storm – July 1938 to August 1939
Chapter 48. France and Turkey agree to settle the issue of the ‘Sanjak of Alexandretta’ (a.k.a. Hatay, Iskenderun) on 3 July via an electoral process. Which Turkey manipulates via military intervention to ensure a favourable outcome. In Persia,
Operation Chaldiran is in its final stages. A nine hour battle on 2 July results in 3 Inf and 3 Cav Divs defeating the Persian 1st Div [17 Turk, 276 Persian casualties]. On 5 July MAJGEN Toüdemür’s 3 Cav Div march into
Esfahan, ending the war. Victory in Persia Day is celebrated on
6 July, when Persia is formally annexed.
Other than a small garrison, the army is sent back to
Istanbul, awaiting further orders. In a landmark speech, Atatürk describes this day as a ‘new dawn for Turkey and a ray of hope for the world’ and, with Prime Minister and heir designate Ismet Inönü, announces the formation of the
Union of Glorious National Republics (the UGNR or Glorious Union).
In big news, despite Axis and Allied influence campaigns, Turkey draws close enough to the Soviet Union to be able to license build medium tanks (T-28s). This will bring a serious increase to Turkish armoured power. Licenses for two brigades are bought, to be built consecutively.
Chapter 49. In August 1938, German-engineered tensions over the Sudetenland situation continue to build. Recent Axis influence means Turkey can no longer purchase licenses from the Soviets – a good thing a second tank license was ‘stacked’ when the first was bought. A massive victory parade is held in
Ankara on 24 August, though Atatürk is too unwell to preside over the main event: Inönü takes the salute. The corps organisation of the Turkish Army is amended again, this time to match its task of manning the
Calistar Line. ‘Vito’ Ceylan is announced as Turkey’s new Ambassador to
Rome – taking Luca Brasi with him as ‘1st Secretary Cultural Affairs’, under a cover identity. We can infer their roles will not be purely diplomatic! Edward Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, finds himself isolated, with some sympathy but no meaningful security guarantees due to UK (Chamberlain’s) influence.
Chapter 50. BJ suggests the distribution of a hit movie of derring-do (with a Turkish translation) to help boost civilian morale. The Czech situation continues to fester during early September, with British pressure on them to concede and on France not to make any binding security guarantee. On
9 September, the Munich Agreement is announced: “it is peace for our time”, according to Chamberlain. The Czechs are forced to concede and Germany occupies the Sudetenland fortifications. Fortification of the
Iskandar Line, designed to complement the
Calistar Line by defending the natural choke points of (LS, IC and resource-rich) southern Greece, is commenced.
Chapter 51. Maps for the proposed new Glorious National Republics in the Balkans and Persia are published (see the chapter for details of how these are set out – note they are political/narrative constructs and have no in-game effect or representation). The Turkish Army continues to take delivery of new brigades, many of them specialist in nature (including AT and a few AA to complement the ARTY already being added). These will be important in countering the expected German panzer threat should war come in the Balkans. Winston Churchill continues to make foreboding speeches – and Turkey (again, narrative only) continues to try to influence him favourably. Praise, whisky and cigars are the preferred currency for this! With the
Calistar Line now heavily garrisoned, additional forces start to be allocated to the
Iskandar Line in southern Greece. The idea is that it would divert Axis attention and cause them additional attrition if it can be held strongly enough, maintaining an additional jumping off point for an eventual counter-attack once the tide turns against Germany.
Chapter 52. Things remain relatively quiet over the winter, as November and December pass without the habitual international crises of the last year. Atatürk has defied doctors’ expectations and has survived for months longer than had been expected. In the Soviet Union, Stalin’s Great Purge appears to have come to an end, but the effects on their military have been dire. This is a worry for Turkey, who are relying on them for their future security. The Army and the defensive lines continue to build. Alignment to the Comintern has been stalled as regular Axis interventions keep the distance from joining above 100 (when we need to get it to 50 and it had been much closer just a few months previously).
Chapter 53. It is January 1939. A feature on Poland, its preparations for war and the redoubtable Marshal Rydz-Śmigły is provided. Atatürk comes under the care of a renowned liver specialist and undergoes experimental treatment for his medical condition, but increasingly hands most duties over to PM Inönü. BJ and Perse have their hands full with publicity for the launch of the Glorious Union. Hitler ramps up the intimidation of the Poles. With more new generals available, HQ 1st Army is created, with Inönü taking over as its commander, while Cakmak is promoted to command 1st Corps. This means Turkey now has all commands filled from corps to theatre HQs, to take advantage of the accrued benefits at each level. Atatürk arrives in Ankara to take part in the impending Foundation Day ceremonies for the Glorious Union, with heavy security arrangements put in place.
Chapter 54. Foundation Day for the Glorious Union arrives –
28 January 1939. Publicity, ceremony, parades and speeches all feature prominently. Inönü is sworn in as
Milli Şef (National Chief) of the Union of Glorious National Republics. But Interior Minister Kaya, ‘Capo’ Luca Brasi and Darth Kelebek are concerned about unspecified security threats (justifiably, as it turns out). While not discounting them, Inönü will not be put off by these threats to see Turkey cowed on its day of glory. Guards are doubled, but as it transpires, they have been looking in the wrong direction. For details, read the dramatic section in this chapter on the
Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Plot, which sought to ambush the inaugural Council of Premiers Meeting of the new UNGR. There is even a film clip of the attack! This attack had far-reaching implications and marks the beginning of the events which came to be known as the
Great Conspiracy.
Chapter 55. A special report is presented to Cabinet on the rise of modern Japan, in the context of their continuing interference in Turkish internal affairs. 29 January sees a range of important diplomatic meetings with visiting VIPs held following the Foundation Day celebrations. A special visitor has arrived from Britain: the influential backbench MP and ‘voice in the wilderness’ against Nazi aggression, Winston Churchill, has been persuaded to attend. So too does the US Secretary of State (and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) George C. Marshall and Soviet Foreign Minister Maksim Litvinov. Germany just sends their ambassador – who is offended by the state-sponsored satire of Hitler still doing the rounds in Turkey. Italy sends Count Ciano as Mussolini’s representative - he charms without offering substance. Meanwhile, Kaya continues to investigate the 28 January plot. A new operative, Volkan ‘Vinnie’ Mancini (Inönü’s ‘illegitimate nephew’), becomes the Milli Şef’s new personal security advisor. Vinnie has a ‘history’ with conspirator and fugitive ex-Premier of Albania, Josip ‘Joey’ Zasa. BJ and Perse keep busy churning out more propaganda in support of the new Glorious Union and the alignment towards the Comintern. And the shadowy and hard to photograph Soviet GRU operative SkitalecS3 puts in a
non-appearance.
Josip ‘Joey’ Zasa is showing unusual boldness for a comparatively low-level operator. He must have some powerful backers pulling the strings and giving him assistance.
Chapter 56. Joey Zasa turns up in his ‘compound’ in Albania, determined to keep up his tacit rebellion against the central authority of Ankara. A major new infrastructure project is undertaken to improve transport links to the south, from Ankara. Premier Osvaldo Altobello visits Atatürk in Istanbul and they discuss Turkey’s proposed takeover over of the Italian Vatican-owned
Società Generale Immobiliare. There is an initial report on the crashed seaplane used for the January 28 plot: any physical evidence will take some time to analyse. A bothersome partisan rebellion in the former Yugoslavia takes some time to quell. In Rome, dark and shadowy forces muster to frustrate Turkish plans to finalise the
Immobiliare acquisition, with the Pope’s ill health being cited as an excuse. Vinnie, at a S.I.T.H. meeting, decides to take advantage of Inönü’s absence on a tour to Iran to plan a bit of freelancing in Albania. Kaya and Darth Kelebek decide to support him – he wishes to run this operation in person.
Volkan ‘Vinnie’ Mancini, the illegitimate son of Inönü’s brother, has become his new Personal Security Advisor. Vinnie is an up-and-coming S.I.T.H. member.
Chapter 57. Don Licio Lucchesi, who seems to be behind Turkey’s troubles with the
Immobiliare deal, bides his time in Rome while his plans mature, as the old Pope Pius XI (a backer of the deal) dies of natural causes. Luca Brasi is given a special clandestine mission by Vito Ceylan. Inönü tours Iran, while the rebellion in Yugoslavia drags on – 2 Mtn Div had to be summoned to put paid to it. Joey Zasa is getting more brazen – he sponsors and attends a street festival in his Albanian home town of Tirane. It seems quite a crowd is in attendance (to see what happens, you’ll need to read the chapter). Vinnie returns to Ankara to meet his uncle to explain his recent ‘vacation’ to Albania. More useful evidence is found from the crash site – pointing to direct Japanese involvement! Perhaps not surprising given their prolonged campaign of political interference in Turkish politics. Germany is also implicated, while Luca Brasi uncovers links between the Italian government and the Sicilian Mafia in the provision of the seaplane for the January 28 Plot. This means the Axis as a whole seems to be involved in league with Mafia figures in this
Great Conspiracy against Turkey, its leaders and its commercial interests. A new Pope is elected in Rome – but his views and approach to dealing with Turkey may put him in danger. On
26 March, Hitler engineers the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia, annexing the Czech state and leaving Slovakia nominally independent as a ‘puppet’.
Chapter 58. April fool’s Day 1939 sees Darth Kelebek trusting his instincts in Atatürk’s Istanbul palace: he senses ‘a disturbance in the force’! In doing so, he discovers a foul plot within the continuing
Great Conspiracy and takes a ride to ‘deliver some baklava’. Virgil ‘The Turk’ Sollozzo, a suspected Mafia kingpin based in Istanbul, is suspected of being behind it. But who is behind
him?
Virgil 'The Turk' Sollozzo.
The death of Atatürk on
2 April after his long battle with illness sees Turkey and its Glorious Union in mourning. And Inönü elevated to the pinnacle of power as President of Turkey, with Celal Bayar replacing him as Prime Minister - but
not as Milli Şef of the Glorious Union, which title Inönü retains.
Intelligence Head Ögel’s espionage operation in France finally comes up with some very useful findings – stolen doctrine on conducting mechanised offensives. In an ominous sign, France mobilises – but at least they are actively preparing for the inevitable. As the month progresses, more headway is made in the conspiracy investigation, including both tracing links back through Mafia personalities and investigation of suspicious seaplane movements in nearby non-Turkish ports. It confirms the depth and seriousness of the plotting, though not all the details. For that, Inönü calls on his nephew to perform a service for him …
Chapter 59. BJ Guildenstern is tasked with providing some propaganda to support the Comintern alignment campaign, which is being derailed by Japanese information operations. One of his Turkish staffers comes up with a well-meaning attempt to ‘make Marx popular’! In
Podgorica (capital of the Montenegro Glorious National Republic), Vinnie has a meeting with Don Osvaldo Altobello, Premier of Montenegro, who brings an interesting guest for him to meet. The new defensive
Iskandar Line takes shape in southern Greece. In Rome, Vito Ceylan takes advice from a Sicilian Mafia insider, Don Lionele Thommasino on a range of matters, from the
Great Conspiracy to the
Immobiliare deal, the Vatican Bank and the new Pope, with whom Ceylan has an audience. The main points and players in the Great Conspiracy are at last coming into focus – but what to do about it? An attempt to retaliate against rampant Japanese interference with a Turkish espionage campaign in Japan gets off to a bad start. Altobello mentions to an old Sicilian contact that he ‘has a stone in his shoe’ and wants some help removing it. Inönü contemplates a state tour of the Balkans – including
Premier Osvaldo Altobello and ‘Mosca of Montelepre’. Altobello requires some assistance with his footwear.
Chapter 60. June 1939 sees financial scandal brewing in Rome over the Vatican Bank, and the new Pope is not as easy to fool or as quick to tolerate murky dealings and corruption as his predecessor. This puts him in personal danger. The brief espionage expedition in Japan comes to a disastrous end, a whole network of ten agents liquidated in a matter of days. This will cripple the ‘traditional’ arm of the foreign intelligence service for the foreseeable future, bring the ‘wet ops’ agents of S.I.T.H. into greater prominence. Turkey receives its first license-built medium armoured brigade, ordered before Japanese interference sent Comintern alignment almost all the wat back to where it began! Vinnie reports to Inönü on his recent trip – and the news is sobering, the danger clear and present. Germany steps up pressure on Poland over Danzig and ‘the Corridor’, while Poland continues to resist the intimidation. They have the example of Czechoslovakia to consider, plus security guarantees from the Allies and what they believe to be a strong army.
Inönü’s tour of the Balkans sees him in
Sarajevo on the 25th anniversary of the assassination or Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand, which sparked the Great War! There are rumours of assassination plots – surely this is tempting fate too much, but Inönü will not be cowed. The
Cession of Hatay is enforced on
29 June. That evening, Inönü and his party take in a night at the theatre, for a special performance of the hit satirical musical
“Springtime for Hitler”. What could possibly go wrong? Well, you will need to read the chapter to find out! The same goes for momentous – and bloody – events in
Rome and the Vatican that all happen while the performance in
Sarajevo plays itself out.
Altobello enjoys some baklava at the theatre in Sarajevo.
Chapter 61. Following a peak in events surrounding the
Great Conspiracy in June, things quieten down. But this does not mean every loose end has been resolved – which includes Sollozzo, about whom more will be heard in the future. Both sides have wounds and the focus is on recovery – while geostrategic events in Europe begin to overshadow all else. Cennet, Vinnie’s lover and ward of the President, decides to join the S.I.T.H. herself – she is determined to become a fierce warrior for the Motherland. Turkey’s production focus is heavily (though not exclusively) on infrastructure of different types for now, especially the two fortified lines being constructed for the defence of the Motherland. Another inconvenient nationalist uprising in former Yugoslavia runs riot before it can be contained. In the UK, Oswald Mosely, boss of the British Union of fascist, is up to his old rabble-rousing tricks.
Mosley is at it again: Fascist running dog, demagogue and black-skivvy-wearing teapot-imitator!
Japanese influence now sees Turkey considerably more closely aligned to the Axis as the Comintern! This prompts some to question the previous decision and re-examine a possible switch to alignment with the Axis, which Cabinet will consider at a forthcoming meeting. Perse brings out her now-famous easel to pitch some new (well, Soviet rip-off) propaganda to emphasise the role of the peasantry and agricultural production to fuel Turkey’s journey along the
Path to Glory.
Turkey is now more closely aligned to the Axis (distance 178.53) than to the Comintern!
Chapter 62. Europe slips closer towards war in August, as Turkey builds its defences. The renamed
International Immobiliare Group, now Turkish-owned, opens its new corporate HQ in Zurich. On
6 August, the world is shocked by the announcement of the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
Two days later, Germany mobilises – actually later than France and Poland, who have been mobilised for some time already. That same day –
10 August – the Turkish Cabinet meets to consider its future factional direction. After a surprisingly robust debate, the decision is made to ‘stay the course’ with the Comintern and maintain opposition to the Fascists, rejecting Axis attempts to persuade and cajole. Comprehensive reporting is received from Turkey’s Embassy in Rome: it is clear the Italians believe Hitler is intent on war with Poland – and wants it to be limited, rather than general. The Soviets appear happy enough for the Western capitalists (in which they include Germany) to fight each other to a standstill while they remain out of it. It
seems like wise counsel …. The month ends with tension between Germany and Poland over the former’s demands on the ‘Polish Corridor’ reaching fever pitch.
4. The Second Great War Begins – September 1939 – May 1940
Chapter 63. In Turkey, the new
Ankara-Adana railway is completed on 31 August. Last minute shuttle diplomacy between the UK and Germany continues to forestall war, but it is hopeless. Germany conducts a false flag operation to contrive a
casus belli, with war declared and Poland invaded on
1 September. France and Britain in turn declare war on Germany and Slovakia joins its master in declaring war on Poland. For now, the conflict is restricted to those five countries.
The Franco-German border remains quiet, although Belgium has now mobilised, while remaining neutral. But the early days of fighting show that Germany’s declaration of a ‘Blitzkrieg’ on the Poles is no idle threat, with large inroads being made.
Poland: situation as at midnight 6 September 1939.
Chapter 64. The Turkish Cabinet meets to consider the implications of the opening days of Germany’s war on Poland. Foremost is a need to increase Turkey’s woefully low manpower reserves – more men must be found for military service from the expanded Glorious Union. Otherwise, infrastructure preparations and unit construction continue to gear Turkey up for the anticipated conflict, though that may still be months or even years away. The focus remains on defence and an anticipated surrender of most of the Balkans in the event of a concerted Axis attack. The Germans press on towards Warsaw, defeating and in some cases encircling large numbers of Polish units, but they fight on bravely. But without active allied support and left isolated by the Nazi-Soviet Pact, their cause looks increasingly doomed. Australia joins the Allies on 11 September. Italy begins mobilising on 13 September, but remains out of the war. In better news, all this bellicose aggression from Germany has had an amazing effect on Turkey’s alignment: the distance from the Comintern has plummeted by around 70 from about 220 before the war and after the peak of the Japanese propaganda campaign to only 150 by 13 September. After two weeks of war, Germany has made deep inroads into Poland, but their surrender progress is still only about 20%. Though this will change rapidly if
Warsaw falls.
Chapter 65. Poland fights on, but the third week of the war sees things go from grim to desperate. In the US, Charles Lindbergh makes a nationwide radio broadcast in favour of American isolationism. He will hammer at this theme repeatedly in coming months. New Zealand joins the Allies on 14 September. In Poland, the ‘Corridor’ is lost and units in the north exposed to being cut off.
Danzig itself finally falls on 18 September and German panzers are spotted on the outskirts of
Warsaw for the first time. While by 20 September Polish troops desperately try to extract themselves from envelopment in the
‘Torun-Grudziadz Pocket’, (north-west of
Warsaw) there seems to be no solid defensive line for them to retreat to. The key VP city of
Lodz fights on valiantly but is now surrounded. In southern Poland, the situation is a little better, with the soon-to-be-legendary
‘Mazowiecka’ Cavalry Division defying an attack by the 9th Pz Div in the
Battle of Turka.
Poland: situation as at midnight 13 September 1939.
Chapter 66. On 21 September, the Poles are still trying to rescue their troops from encirclement from what has now become the
‘Grudziadz-Brodnica Pocket’. Meanwhile,
Warsaw itself was not yet under attack. The beleaguered garrison in
Lodz finally surrenders on the night of 22 September. In the south, the cavalry still resists the 9th Pz Div – they continue their gallant defence of
Turka until 24 September, when they are finally forced to retreat. This inspires BJ Guildenstern to produce some excellent propaganda to inspire the common Turk against the Nazi menace. All thought of history, Polish Winged Hussars and so on are forgotten!
“Turks for Turka! Join the National Republican Guard Today!”
The
Battle for Warsaw begins on 26 September, with only a single German inf div (the 61st) attacking, with the 11th Pz Div attempting to reinforce, against two entrenched Polish divisions (one mountain and one infantry). For now, they can hold out. Two days later resistance in Warsaw continues strongly, but more German troops are gradually marching to reinforce the fight. By
1 October, the city is completely surrounded and three German divisions are in the fight for
Warsaw against a single weakening infantry division. The end is near. By 6pm that night, after a month of war, Warsaw falls and Poland is conquered.
Final Polish dispositions as at 6pm on 1 October 1939, after the fall of Warsaw.
The next day, the Germans enforce their conquest and the secret protocol of the Nazi-Soviet Pact is enforced: the Soviets occupy and absorb eastern Poland. Poland’s initial agony is over – now begins its torture. These events bring Turkish alignment to less than 100 distant from the Comintern.
Chapter 67. Germany declares war on and invades Denmark on
3 November. Unlike in OTL, Denmark puts up a dogged fight, throughout the month.
A review of the Turkish Army is conducted to apply lessons learned from observing the Polish campaign and to set unit production priorities, including for the Air Force (so far neglected). Alignment to the Comintern has improved so much Soviet licenses can again be bought and Turkey goes shopping for tanks and aircraft. There is also a reorganisation of unit structures and orders placed to fill gaps (see the chapter for details). A new Corps HQ (3rd Corps) is raised to command the growing number of formations now deployed in Greece. All three Corps HQ are reinforced with a standard mix of MIL, AT and AA brigades to bolster their defensive strength, effectively as light support divisions (the concept was field tested in the Yugoslavian War). Mechanised forces are gradually being developed, with licensed medium armour and (newly licensed and ordered) MOT units. Later in the month, some excellent SU-85 TDs are licensed from the Soviets as well, to augment the developing mechanised formations.
French (and Allied) counter-espionage efforts begin to tell in Paris: our network there is being eroded and is consuming Turkey’s small reserve of spies. Turkish manpower is boosted by a (mod) +40 MP ‘National Republican Guard’ event, nominally triggered by the the commencement of war in Europe, the defeat of our Polish friends and Germany’s continued aggression against its neighbours. By 31 October,
Copenhagen still holds out, though the end is near.
Chapter 68. Plans for the Army Reorganisation and deployments for the
Calistar and
Iskandar Lines are finalised and put into motion. Darth Kelebek is given captured spies to interrogate: they reportedly give ‘good sport’!
Darth Kelebek: “Do they give good sport?” Once again, the attempted photograph of Kelebek comes out strangely distorted, as of some twisted monster’s visage. Curiously, it never occurs to people that it may be their eyes that are malfunctioning, not the camera!
General Yamut (who is also the Army Chief) is given command of the new 3rd Corps. There is an attempt (not a Turkish one) to kill Hitler. By
17 November, the brave Danes are finally defeated in Copenhagen and surrender formally the next day.
The
Iskandar Line fortifications are strengthened and radio technology is finally introduced in the Turkish Army! Tensions rise between the Soviet Union and Finland over Karelia and other border disputes during the month, culminating in a Soviet declaration of war on 30 November. The Winter war has begun – a chance for Turkey to see how its potential ally performs on the battlefield.
Chapter 69. A review is done of manpower sources, industrial capacity and resources across the Glorious Union. It will be used to determine what the key centres are and what should be protected, if possible (see chapter for details). But basically, other than the great Turkish cities of
Istanbul and
Ankara, the other three key cities are
Beograd,
Sofiya and
Athina. The loss of any would have a significant impact on Turkey’s productive strength. The massive oilfields of Ahvaz (on the Persian Gulf) also stand out. It is concluded that Turkish force levels are not yet strong enough to defend forward by themselves, even in combination with the ‘puppeted’ Romanians. Turkish alignment is again closing in on the Comintern joining threshold of 50 distance: by early December it was just under 70, after recovering from a recent period of German diplomatic influence. By year’s end, Cennet has finished her initial S.I.T.H. training and is sent to
Paris for some ‘on-the-job’ experience. The Soviets accept a license request for a new BTR-7 medium tank brigade – an improvement on the T-28 models already ordered.
Initial exchanges in the Winter War have favoured the Finns, with some Soviet border provinces being taken by them! It seems the Soviets were neither well prepared nor strong, despite the fact they are the ones who attacked. Sobering news. By the end of the month, fighting rages in four different sectors in the Winter War: the Finns remain in occupation of Soviet territory, but the Red Army is beginning to apply itself.
Chapter 70. Alignment rapidly shifts the final distance required: as soon as the threshold of 50 was reached on
2 January 1940, Stalin sent the invitation to join the Comintern. It was accepted straight away. The
Brave New World (in its original literary meaning) had arrived!
Turkey continues to lose spies in France and cannot now fill the gaps, even with elevated espionage training levels. On 6 January, Romania mobilises its armed forces – a useful development: they will be ready should war come suddenly. As January 1940 wears on, the Soviets start to recoup earlier losses and advance into Finnish territory on the Karelian Isthmus. By midnight on
31 January, on the main southern front, the Red Army has made large gains in Karelia and seem close to breaking through.
Chapter 71. A summary is provided of major surface ship losses since the start of the war (so far, German and British). The spy wars – at home and abroad – continue unabated. The ground war in Finland turns decisively to the advantage of the Soviets in the south: they have made a general breakout from Karelia and are now intent on forcing the Finns to the surrender table, where their war goal is to enforce the territorial demands that triggered the war in the first place.
Chapter 72. BJ Guildenstern finds some excellent advertising from his old home – he years for some of that Custom Ground Coffee (you will need to see the advert in the chapter to see what he means). US Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles makes a well-publicised and (from confidential reporting) revealing tour though Europe during March 1940. Crete continues to prove unruly, with another uprising there. By mid-March, the Soviets are racing towards
Helsinki in the south and to the Finns’ Baltic Coast. Germany declares war on Norway on
18 March, but it is not followed up with an invasion.
Helsinki falls to the Red Army on
20 March, but the Finns fight on. It seems more of their VP cities must be taken to force them to give up. More (useful) French blueprints are stolen on 23 March – some recompense for the elevated espionage costs encountered of late. Another slight increase is made to spy training after another is captured in Paris, but there are other important demands on Turkish leadership points (research and officer training). A large espionage effort cannot be sustained. The German light cruiser
KMS Karlsruhe is sunk by the British. Finland has now been largely occupied: only a few key centres remain.
Chapter 73. The Finns are finally defeated and brought to the surrender table on
1 April: Karelia and other concessions are given to the Soviets.
Cennet (‘Connie’) Kavgaci, Inönü’s former ward, is (following Turkey’s joining of the Comintern) now undergoing training with the NKVD. Germany declares war on Luxemburg on
2 April and has conquered it by 5 April. Another useful set of French blueprints is stolen (this time cavalry light artillery). The Netherlands is invaded on
12 April, bringing them into the Allies. Mid-month, the second T-28 armoured brigade is delivered. By 21 Apr, the spy war in France continues to get more difficult. At sea, during April the Germans lose the KMS Admiral Scheer (CA) and Emden (CL). The Franco-German border remains quiet and Belgium is still neutral. The Germans have made large inroads into the Netherlands and most of the country has been over-run by
30 April.
Chapter 74. The Turks compare their basic military units to those of the combatants in Western Europe, to see how they compare – and therefore what Turkey may face in future conflict with the Wehrmacht. Germany occupies the last Dutch province in Europe on
5 May and immediately declares war on Belgium. The Dutch relocate their capital to Palembang in the Dutch East Indies. In Turkey, the first suggestions are made about the possibility of coming to France’s aid to help keep them in the war – specifically by inciting the Soviets to join in, thus creating the dreaded second front for the Germans. On 7 May the long-deflected needs of the Turkish Air Force are finally recognised, with freed industrial capacity being used to start construction of the first new air unit to be constructed in Turkey: a Soviet licensed Polykarpov I-16 monoplane interceptor wing! By mid-month, a large proportion of the French spy ring in Paris has been rounded up and liquidated. The losses cannot be replaced. The remainder try to hide and no new assignments to France are made. This looks like the end of the road for stolen plans out of France. On 15 May, Finland mobilises again – perhaps they fear another attack by the Soviets? In the West, the Germans have taken Belgium’s main border fortifications and have crashed through from Holland to outflank Antwerp and Brussels to their west.
Chapter 74A. A dossier of information and assessments is provided to Cabinet to support the discussion late on
15 May on whether and (if so) how and when Turkey should intervene in the European War. Diplomatic angles are discussed (Soviet and Axis likely actions and reactions) and military considerations, including whether to defend further forward or back, are canvassed. Industrial impacts (ie sacrificing an extra year of military preparation against the benefits of an early Soviet entry and an increased possibility of keeping France in the war) are also considered. The concept of the
Yeniҫeri Line (from the Romanian border to the Adriatic coast, going north of Beograd) is first proposed. See the chapter for more detailed information.
Chapter 75. The Special War Cabinet Meeting of 15 May considered and decided Turkey’s next steps. The various Cabinet members speak to their specialities. The conclusion is that if Turkey declares war on Germany, the Axis will respond with declarations on Turkey and the Soviets will consider their non-aggression pact voided due to the declaration of war on their Comintern ally (ie Turkey). The Japanese would likely also attack the Soviets – a drawback, but that will be Stalin’s concern. A few variables aside (such as the Soviets annexing the Baltic States so they can then redeploy to the border with Germany, and France still being strong enough to have a chance of survival by the time an attack is made in the east), plans are made to establish a forward defensive line as soon as possible, and trigger a war if/when the above conditions permit it. See the chapter for the arguments, pro and cons, and risks (especially re Axis armour and air power, if the safety of the Calistar and Iskandar Lines is sacrificed by doing so). The final decision and its timing is up to the President. Orders are issued for the Turkish Army to deploy forward and then await developments - with a good degree of anxiety and anticipation.
Chapter 76. A New French leadership confronts the Nazi menace – with General Henri-Honoré Giraud elected (somewhat surprisingly in OTL terms) as both President and Prime Minister of France, leading an
Action Franҫaise dominated government. The rest of the month (16-31 May) sees Turkish forces moving into their
Yeniҫeri Line positions in the centre of the former Yugoslavia, linking up with the Romanians on their right. The Germans make further inroads in Belgium and seize the tip of the
Maginot Line (
Wissembourg) on 18 May. Charles Lindbergh continues his isolationist broadcasts in the US. Leadership is diverted from spy training to diplomacy, virtually conceding defeat in the spy war there. British Fascist and general troublemaker Oswald Mosley is arrested on 23 May. Time seems to be running out in the West, with the Cabinet concerned the a tipping point will be reached before the Soviets enact their plans to annex the Baltic States and are in adequate (if not ideal) position for Turkey to induce them into an attack on Germany.
Brussels is taken on
30 May and King Leopold of Belgium sues for peace, a unilateral decision done without Allied consultation, leaving a large gap in the Allied front. At the same time the Germans are breaking through from their breach in the north-east of the
Maginot Line. That evening, the Soviets issue their ultimatum and annex the Baltic States.
Then straight after, word comes through that the Italians have ‘stabbed France in the back’, declaring war on them.
On
31 May Belgium surrenders, leaving a large gap in the French line. It is now or never if any intervention to preserve France is to be launched. Even though the Soviets have just enforced their Baltic annexation, the units in that area are all still at the old borders. This will be a hindrance if war is declared now, but it cannot be put off any longer. The
Yeniҫeri Line is occupied, France is beset by the Axis in the north and south, Belgium has surrendered and the British have not provided any Expeditionary Force to assist them. Final approaches are made to the Stalin to seek his support for an intervention: Turkey will toss the match that lights the second bonfire in Europe. The immediate results will be known the following day – 1 June 1940.
Yeniçeri Line, 31 May 1940.