201: THE LATE EMPEROR XIAN
In retrospect, it could be said that
Jiang Xian takeover of the Han government didn’t go as smoothly as planned. He had hoped that with the support of the Emperor, Niu Fu would fall in line and submit to the new regime, followed by his officers and the Wang clansmen, who would surely join him in the hope of keeping what power they had. Then Niu Fu died, his army went berserk, with the Wang Clan choosing to rally the mutinous officers in Sili Province instead of joining force with Jiang Xian to put them down. This did not bode well for him, as their leader Jiao Jiao had been chosen in part on the premise that he would lead the army against the new Chancellor. Out of fear of what might happen when the rebellious army came down on Luoyang, many officials and courtiers chose to flee in panic. This left the imperial bureaucracy in a bit of a mess and the government with a void that needed to be filled, and fast. This wasn’t exactly a great situation to be in, but hey, at least Jiang Xian was finally the Chancellor!
While it was clear that the incoming imperial army was a massive threat, Luoyang wasn’t completely defenseless either. Niu Fu had left a garrison within the Imperial Capital when he left. While they weren’t keen on their former leader being removed, they had also been cut off from the main army. With what information they had, it looked like their brethren were committing treason against the Han Dynasty, which was exactly how Jiang Xian presented it to the populace. His control of the Emperor was actually quite useful in preparing the defenses of the city. The Palace guards joined in the effort to protect their monarch, and he even managed to have volunteers show up to defend the Emperor and the Dynasty. Jiang Xian couldn’t exactly refuse them as he needed troops, and soon he had a small number of these heroes ready to serve. This left him with almost a thousand men ready to fight, although it is debatable how reliable that fighting force was. Training would be necessary.
Considering that Jiao Jiao and his fellow officers had around five thousand men, give or take, this was no winning combination he had on hand. Jiang Xian thus tried to find a way to save his fledgling regime through more diplomatic means. He already had some support in the person of Administrator
Xiao Ru of Chen Commandery, although it was debatable how likely this would prove useful in a war. No, he needed a righteous man who would pledge himself to protecting the Han. The best option seemed Gongsun Zan, who was a supporter of the Han Dynasty and had a court full of self-righteous loyalists. He sent an envoy telling Gongsun Zan to stop his war north and please come defeat the rebels in Sili Province. But something wrong must have happened, as in January 201
Yao Shuren was the one coming down on Sili Province in the name of protecting the Emperor. Yao Shuren wielding the banner of the Han loyalist. What a joke. But as long as it kept Jiao Jiao and his forces occupied, Jiang Xian didn’t mind who pretended to be what.
Soon enough, Jiang Xian found a positive in all the departures and treasons against his regime. With all the officers in rebellion and the older officials having fled, this was an opportunity for individuals lower down the totem pole to rise up the ranks. If there was ever a group to beneficiate from the new regime, it was these men. They had no qualms in serving such a man as Jiang Xian, which allowed the Chancellor to cherry pick those he felt would serve him well as loyal subordinates. Of course, most of them had stayed down the hierarchical ladder due to inexperience or lack of talent, but that barely mattered in the current context. The remaining older officials lacked the loyalty necessary to thrive in this new regime, and their experience was more a source of suspicion than respect.
Soon enough, low ranked officers in the garrison found themselves promoted to generals. First was Xie Pei, a man of no great talent but who was well liked by his men and known for his fervor in performing his duty. This was the kind of attitude Jiang Xian wanted In a commander, someone who was appreciated enough to keep the troops under control, but not enough to convince them to follow him into revolt. Then there was Xing You, who proved to be the only one of real talent among the three. Xing You wasn’t stupid and understood perfectly why he was being promoted and how to play the game of politics. More than anyone, he eventually became Jiang Xian’s man on the inside, humbly moving the soldiers toward the opinions ordered by his master and reporting any hearsay that seemed important. Finally, the youngest of the three was Wan Ke. Wan Ke was incompetent, having only reached a low command post due to familial ties in the bureaucracy. Kind, stubbornly loyal and content to serve the Chancellor, he was gullible enough to believe every word of propaganda coming from Jiang Xian’s mouth. He ate it all up.
These three men became the armed branch of the new imperial administration, and for better or worse would be used as tool by Jiang Xian whenever he saw fit to use them. After all, there were still many people in the city that opposed him, or even sympathized with the rebellious generals. Niu Fu sadly had quite the impact on many lives in Luoyang. This had to be fixed quickly. In a private audience, Jiang Xian convinced the Emperor that there were still enemies trying to take his newly acquired powers from him. The giant man pleaded his monarch to perotect the Dynasty from traitors. Incensed, Emperor Xian wrote an edict ordering the arrest and investigation of a list of officials, all suggested by Jiang Xian of course. He quickly brought that edict to Xing You, who perfectly understood what his boss wanted done. The general was able to sell the orders to his two collegues, and soon the troops were roaming the streets. Xie Pei was able to convince the reticent soldiers to go along with this, while Wan Ke fervently obeyed the orders.
Jiang Xian also started to recruit from the scholars who had stayed behind. He approached a scholar named Jia, a hardworking man who had often been passed over during Niu Fu’s time in power, leaving him resentful and bitter. Now Jiang Xian offered much authority to Jia, and the scholar welcomed this by giving his upmost loyalty to the Chancellor. He was quickly appointed as the new head of the Imperial Academy, the previous one having ran off to go join the rebels. Soon enough, the two men started working together quite closely, with Scholar Jian becoming something of an assistant to Jiang Xian. Their partnership proved quite fruitful, and Jiang Xian appreciated the fact that his new partner was both cowardly and shy, making him the dominant person in the relationship. He didn’t want some overly ambitious man to backstab him, after all.
One issue that the two quickly faced was the absence of a Head Scholar at court, something that the Emperor complained about endlessly. The Imperial Court was supposed to be the center of knowledge and virtues, yet there was no one to hold the title of Head Scholar. Jiang Xian consulted Scholar Xia, who was able to find him a scholar named Mu Bofu. In his early 40’s, Mu Bofu was actually quite the learned man, but his lack of talent in anything else and his willingness to challenge orthodoxy had put a stop to any dreams of a career. The Chancellor suggested him, and after reading some of his work the Emperor agreed with it (mostly because the other choices that he was presented were awfully terrible, which was the whole point). Once Mu Bofu showed up at court, the Son of Heaven proved a lot less impressed with the man, but Jiang Xian was able to convince him of the man’s talents. He certainly didn’t want to have to search for someone else again…
While Jiang Xian had managed to get the court under control, that didn’t mean that there weren’t any opposition left to his new regime. One of the most prominent figures of this opposition was none other than the old Wang Mao, who still resided within Luoyang. Having finally realized that his family had been double-crossed by Jiang Xian, he now worked to bring back the Wang Clan to prominence, even if both his nephews joined the officers in Sili Province against the current government. His efforts to organize opposition had court had so far fallen flat, in part because Jiang Xian had made sure to keep the old man under watch. For all his arrogance, Wang Mao was an ambitious man who couldn’t be trusted. He might use his old familial connections to launch something if left alone.
But while Wang Mao was an old elite who was trying to stay relevant, an irrelevant family was now rising up as another opposing force to the regime. The Pei Clan was headed by the old Pei Mao, son of a former Inspector of Bing Province. Pei Mao was an old official who did not distinguish himself outside of two facts. First, his incorruptible loyalty to the Han, the Emperor and the monarchy, probably as much as Jiang Xian in his older days, and second, the fact that Dong Zhuo had him blinded in 190 for one reason or another. Being blind certainly didn’t help his career, although he was now hailed as a symbol of sacrifice in the name of loyalty to the Dynasty. To help him protect the Emperor from the manipulating Chancellor were his two sons. The oldest, Pei Qian, had actually served in some capacity during the Imperial Campaign against the White Waves Bandits under Dong Huang, the one that had made Niu Fu famous. His younger son Pei Hui had been too young to participate at the time, but had since then showed quite the intelligence, becoming a good asset to his family. While the Pei Clan wasn’t a powerhouse at court, they certainly started to gain some traction among those not in Jiang Xian’s pockets.
But the most annoying problem from within proved to be the Emperor himself. He had supported Jiang Xian on the premise that Niu Fu was preventing him from ruling his empire. The new Chancellor was supposed to help him regain the reins of power. But as the year went on, the Son of Heaven quickly realized that he might have been duped. He was becoming frantic, often criticizing his Chancellor during open court and trying to undermine him, while behind the curtains he kept giving orders and complained when they were blocked by Jiang Xian. For example, Jiang Xian sent Xie Pei and Wan Ke in June to lead troops to go “convince” some neighboring villages that they needed to reaffirm their loyalty to the true Han government and pay their taxes. When he heard of this, the Emperor started to complain that he hadn’t been consulted on this matter, and even managed to get an imperial edict ordering them all to come back. Not only was this undermining Jiang Xian’s position, but the young monarch was also trying to divide him from his allies. The Emperor started to talk with Xing You, who had been made Minister of the Guard by now, and made overtures suggesting that the officer would do a great service if he helped his liege remove the Chancellor.
As the good lackey he was, Xing You quickly reported this whole thing to his master. Backing the Emperor was not a good idea, and Xing You preferred to play it safe by sticking to the Chancellor. To this were added other reports that came in from his wife, who had quite the influence with the maids in the palace. Diaochan told her husband that the Emperor was often talking about how he would rid himself of Jiang Xian like he had done with Niu Fu. Empress Duan, who had been selected because she was a pushover that Jiang Xian could manipulate, was now useless as she did nothing to stop her husband’s grand ambitions and bring him back to Jiang Xian’s side. Diaochan also made it clear that if this continued, this could be a problem for them both. Jiang Xian agreed that something had to be done, but surprisingly, it was Diaochan who spoke the words first.
“The Son of Heaven cannot continue to reign.”
However, Jiang Xian was a bit hesitant to proceed forward. Maybe this was due to his lingering attachment to the Emperor. After all, only a decade ago he had risked his life to save the young monarch, sneaking in the palace to make him sign an edict. More realistically, this was out of political fear. His legitimacy came from this emperor, so deposing him to replace him with a puppet would not sit well. More likely than not, it would lead to a coup or the rebel officers finally attacking, ending with the old emperor restored while he and his puppet were killed. This led him to the grim conclusion, the only ending in which he got rid of this turbulent monarch and still kept his legitimacy. He had to kill the Emperor.
This was not some easy decision to take. Dong Zhuo had also killed Emperor Shao (May-September 189) to replace him with his younger brother, and look where that got him. And that was only the most recent example. Half a century ago, the evil Liang Ji had poisoned the child Emperor Zhi (145-146) to keep power. Both men were among the most hated villains of Chinese history. Did he really want to join them? In the end however, his political instinct kicked in, and the need of survival outweighed his loyalty to his master. And besides, the Han needed a united front right now. What the Emperor was doing endangered the Dynasty on the long term, he justified to himself. He had to do it.
Of course, he had to do it in such a way that wasn’t too obvious. Thankfully, he had plenty of experience in plotting the assassination of an authority figure, and previous successful regicides certainly gave him tips on what to do and what to avoid. He decided on a slow poison, something that would eat the Son of Heaven from the inside. All he needed was a good tool to do the job. He found it in a young maid, who agreed under the promise that she would be married to the next Emperor. That poor naïve thing. During a feast, the maid made sure to refill the Emperor’s drink as often as possible, with the monarch unaware that he was being poisoned. However, the plan almost went off rail at that point. Not only did the Emperor refuse to drink a lot during the feast, but he also chose to go sleep with his empress instead of returning to his own quarters.
This was an issue because only eunuchs and women were usually allowed entrance in the Empress’s palace, as to ensure that the progenies of the Emperor were truly his. This meant that Jiang Xian and most of his agents weren’t on hand to finish the job if needed. Thankfully, the maid was around, as was Diaochan. His wife quickly rotated the servants in the Empress’s palace, making sure to only keep those that were fully loyal to her. When the Emperor told his wife that he was in pain and that his stomach hurt, the maid (the same from the banquet) was quick to suggest that a doctor be called. Overriding usual protocols, both the Emperor and Empress Duan agreed to have a physician called. Of course, this was no doctor, but an agent of Jiang Xian, who gave the Son of Heaven poison in the form of medicine, telling him it would take effect during the night. When Empress Duan woke up the next morning, 3rd of October 201, she found the Emperor dead. He was twenty years old.
The Empress quickly panicked and started screaming. Soon enough, the maid (who had stayed vigil all night) came in to see the scene. In tears, Empress Duan asked what to do. The maid went to seek Diaochan, who advised the Empress to get dress discretely and go meet her husband in secret. She was escorted by Xing You, who made sure she was never seen by anyone. Instead of calming the Empress, Jiang Xian played on her fears. This was an assassination by enemies of the Dynasty, and they would not stop there. They would kill her and launch an attack on her relatives due to her association. Afraid for her life, Empress Duan pleaded Jiang Xian to save her. The giant Chancellor raised her up and told her he had a plan, magnanimously offering to save her. She had to leave Luoyang right now if she wanted to be safe from these killers. He already had everything prepared. Not questioning why he had everything ready before she even asked, Empress Duan made her exit from the Imperial Capital. By the time that court was in session, she was already long gone. All that was left was get rid of the maid…
Jiang Xian first announced that the Empress had fled the capital in a hurry. This threw the court into chaos as everyone tried to figure out why she would flee like that. Then, and only then, did the Chancellor reveal the death of the Emperor. With the Empress out of the picture, she couldn’t assume the powers that would have normally fell onto her during this crisis, leaving Jiang Xian as the highest authority in Luoyang, especially when it came to the succession. Now, this actually proved quite a bit of an issue, as Emperor Xian had no son or brother to pass the throne to. Scholar Jia, Mu Bofu and other experts had to go up the family line all the way to the descendants of Emperor Zhang (75-88), the third Emperor of Eastern Han. Of course, Jiang Xian had no intention to hand the throne to some high-ranking provincial warlord or an old man with a mind of his own. No, what he searched for was a child that could be controlled easily to ensure the stability of the court.
In the end, the honor of succeeding to Emperor Xian fell on the eleven years old Liu Kai. Liu Kai’s relationship with the previous emperor was quite distant. His grandfather, Liu Yu the Prince of Jinan, had the same great-great-grandfather as the late Emperor: the Prince of Hejian, sixth son of Emperor Zhang. This made Liu Kai seven generation removed from his imperial ancestor. In term of his more immediate family, his father Liu Yun had died of camp fever at the age of 18 in 192, just a few months before his own father’s death. This resulted in the disappearance of the Principality of Jinan and Liu Kai being sent to the imperial court to be raised by now absent relatives. A child with a lacking education, no family in sight and little to no personality. A perfect choice to ascend the throne. Liu Kai would thus become the 15th Emperor of Eastern Han, and the 31st since Emperor Gaozu founded the Dynasty in 202 BC. History would remember him by the posthumous name of Emperor Mu of Han (漢穆帝;
HànMù Dì; “The Solemn Emperor of Han”).
Jiang Xian was as quick to ensure his total control over the child monarch as he had been to put him on the throne. He quickly declared himself not only regent of Emperor Mu but also his guardian, responsible of his education and his upbringing. That way he could make sure that this one turned out the way he wanted. But more importantly, and more brazenly considering the situation, he had the new Emperor betrothed to his daughter Jiang Chang. Jiang Chang was ten at the time, making her around the same age as Emperor Mu. To her credit, the young girl was proving a great match for any young man. Her beauty was starting to show up, with the general opinion being that she would inherit it from her famous mother. She was also strong, both of body and mind, able to assist any future husband. But right now, this seemed like Jiang Xian was just trying to assert ever more control on the new emperor, denying him the allies that future in-laws could have provided.
News of the succession started to spread, but Jiang Xian had more important things to deal with. With Emperor Xian no longer in the way, he started to seriously hinder the careers of anyone not loyal to him. At the same time, he went ahead and promoted his goons to high offices as reward for their loyalty over the year. Of course, the child Emperor Mu trusted his regent to deal with all these appointments for him, as he was too young to lead the imperial government. Mu Bofu ow could add the rank of Grand Tutor to that of Head Scholar. The gullible Wan Ke was made Grand Commandant of the imperial armies while Xie Pei became Excellency of Works. As for Xing You, the only one who truly understood how things worked, he was placed in charge of the Censorate as reward for remaining loyal to Jiang Xian. These men, who had been nobodies only a year ago, now stood in positions that were beyond their wildest dreams. And so court continued with these men in charge, with Jiang Xian at the head of it all. After all, the Dynasty needed to be ruled, and Emperor Mu certainly needed the help of his trustworthy Chancellor.
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PS: So since we now had multiple Emperors in the story, I'll start to also refer to them by their posthumous names. So Emperor Mu will often be called Emperor Mu instead of just "the Emperor".
Also, the genealogy of the Imperial Clan might have been confusing, so here's a picture showing how they are related. In rhe center down in Emperor Mu (seventh gen descendant of Emperor Zhang), on his right is Emperor Xian with his brother and father (fifth gen descendant of Emperor Zhang). Also for comparison is Liu Siyuan on the left, for hum... reference. (fourth gen descendant of Emperor Ming)