203-204: THE RISE OF CHEN PROVINCE
After his annexation of neighboring territories,
Xiao Ru immediately proceeded to a reorganization of his council. He felt like it needed fresh blood that he could trust, now more than ever. With the Chief Censor Chunyu Shenxi having slept with one of his concubines (even though he regretted it) and the Assistant Administrator Chang Lin having slept with another of his concubines (which he did not regret), Xiao Ru had good reasons not to trust his main advisors. At this point, the new Governor of Chen Province only wished for loyalty and upmost loyalty. While this might come at the extent of competence, Xiao Ru didn’t care. Besides, it wasn’t as if idiots weren’t already part of his inner circle, so what was that going to change? At least he could rely on these idiots. He thus quickly made the announces of the new appointments, which came to no one surprise considering his frequent tendency to do so.
His first appointment was an old official named Chen Cong, who had previously served under the Prince of Pei before his principality was annexed earlier that year. Chen Cong had left Xiao Ru quite impressed, as he heard that the old official was Liu Qi’s best subordinate. While he would prove disappointed upon meeting the man in person, Xiao Ru still decided that his clear loyalty to his master was good enough to promote him. He appointed Chen Cong Administrator of Pei Commandery as well as the first ever Commandant of Chen Province. The Governor’s second pick was a new addition to the higher ranks of his territories. Ding Yan had risen through Chen from a simple village official to a courtier of his lord, with his talents for intrigue, his military skills and his general knowledge making him a great catch. Even better, he was stubbornly loyal to Xiao Ru, which made him the perfect choice to replace the Prince of Liang (Liu Mi) when he died. Weirdly enough, Ding Yan found himself appointed as Chief Clerk, a post in which he would prove abysmal. It showed that loyalty was all that mattered.
At the same time, Xiao Ru finally concluded his deal with Cao Cao. For a few years now, the two warlords had been in talks about the possibility of a marriage between their children. Xiao Ru in particular hoped that this might eventually lead to an alliance (or maybe even the submission of Cao Cao). However, the legendary colonel was a lot less enthusiastic about this, and with the war against Gongsun Zan raging on, he pushed the whole affair to the sideline. It was only when he returned from that same war that he began to be a lot more open to the idea, seeking a new ally against the threat of Gongsun Zan now that Lü Bu was dead. But by now Xiao Ru felt slighted by the stalling, especially after all the gifts he sent to sweeten the deal were left unanswered. Thankfully for Cao Cao, he knew how to manipulate others to get what he wanted. Soon enough, a marriage was agreed between Cao Cao’s fourth son Cao Zhang and Xiao Ru’s firstborn child and daughter, Xiao Xiaowen. The couple, who were 15 and 12 respectively, were quickly married. While this was celebrated, Cao Cao was annoyed when Xiao Ru refused a full alliance after being snubbed for so long.
But while all this was happening, there was still a war to fight. Since June Xiao Ru had thrown his hat into the mess that was becoming Chenliu Commandery. Ruled by a child named Zhang Rou, the large territory quickly became the target of various invasions from its neighbors, all wishing to take a bite out of it. But Xiao Ru wanted more, a lot more. He didn’t want just a bite; he wanted the whole thing. Even with all those invaders, Chenliu Commandery had surprisingly held out quite well so far. This was in part thanks to the help of it’s greatest general; Dian Wei. Dian Wei was a hero known throughout the region, and easily one of the greatest warriors throughout China (only equaled by Zhang Fei in Ji Province and the late Lü Bu). Dian Wei was the reason Zhang Miao made Chenliu Commandery the strongest state out of former Yan Province, similarly to how Xiao Ru came out as the dominant force in former Yu Province. But then Zhang Miao died in 200 and was replaced by his son Zhang Rou. The regency quickly started to phase out Dian Wei from any position of power, and by the time Xiao Ru invaded he was in charge of a garrison in the north of the province. What a waste of potential.
On the subject of commanders, Xiao Ru had to appoint one for this campaign. Of course, Chang Lin requested to be appointed to the job, as he had greatly helped in the previous campaigns to protect the Prince of Pei. And besides, he was the best commander Xiao Ru had on hand. But the former favorite was now vehemently hated by his liege, and there was no way he would be given command of this campaign. Chang Lin was feeling unwell at the time, which the Governor used as an excuse to refuse him. He could send the Commandant, but Xiao Ru was aware of how terrible this idea was. Anyone else would do a better job at it, really. In the end, his pick to lead the campaign was a conventional one. Gan Bogao was a reliable if standard general who could do the job just fine. The two men weren’t exactly on good term these days though, and Xiao Ru really wished he had someone else to send.
The months went by and Gan Bogao was proving to do a good enough job. He had yet to encounter an enemy army, but he was besieging enemy cities and working his way through what would probably be a long war. Really, any attempt to remove Gan Bogao now would probably fail. But by the end of the year, Xiao Ru was presented with an opportunity to appoint a second general to the campaign. In December 203, the famous Zhang Yan (or infamous, by this point) showed up at the doors of his city, requesting asylum. Accompanied by a small squad of hardcore supporters, Zhang Yan came offering his services, having heard of Xiao Ru’s generosity toward his subordinates. Still, the Governor was no idiot. He understood the situation perfectly, how the former bandit had just failed to take over a province and now sought power in his domain. Neither man trusted the other, and both understood the dangers each of them could represent. But Xiao Ru needed great generals, and Zhang Yan needed a home. Within two weeks, the former bandit was on his way to take command of the left flank of the Chen army, Gan Bogao having managed to retain overall command of the campaign.
At first, Gan Bogao proved welcoming of the newcomer, patiently waiting for Zhang Yan to adapt to his current status before having him help on the campaign. The issue was that Zhang Yan didn’t want to adapt, he wanted to lead. He was also a bit paranoid of Gan Bogao, seeing him as something of a rival for control of the army. Eventually, Gan Bogao started to realize what was happening and did his best to keep Zhang Yan out of decision makings, although the success of this strategy was mixed. On the one hand, he still remained as the overall commander of the army, with Zhang Yan’s fervent Taoist beliefs annoying the other officers more than anything. However, his bravery in battle, even with an eye and a hand missing, bought him the respect of the rank and file. While Gan Bogao did try to be conciliatory, he simply couldn’t find a common ground with Zhang Yan, who had no desire to compromise with his colleague. He saw where that got him in Yang Province, and he didn’t want to live this again.
While the campaign was happening, Xiao Ru was also in negotiations with Yuan Yi, Yuan Shu’s cousin. The Administrator of Shanyang Commandery had great difficulties reining in his own subordinates, which made him sympathetic to Xiao Ru’s plight. Their views also aligned when it came to enforcing the law, which had to be upheld with violence if necessary. As soon as Xiao Ru became Governor of Chen Province, he entered into talks about the possibility of annexing Shanyang Commandery into his territories. This way, both men could help each other. Xiao Ru could ensure that the magistrates of Shanyang Commandery stayed in line, as it was far harder to challenge a powerful governor than a weak administrator. Meanwhile, Yuan Yi could serve as Chief Clerk of the province, ensuring that law was respected and that the administration was efficient. This was a tempting offer, but Yuan Yi still hesitated to surrender his independence. His cousin Yuan Shu also helped slow down the negotiations, writing Yuan Yi letters to advise him to refuse Xiao Ru and not trust him. Xiao Ru still continued, convinced that if he sent enough gifts Yuan Yi would eventually agree to his proposal.
Over the course of 204, the army led by Gan Bogao managed to rack three victories against the Chenliu troops. This was not surprising, as they lacked the numbers to oppose the Chen army. Still, there were rumors that Gan Bogao was not the one who needed to be celebrated for these wins, but instead Zhang Yan. After all, the former bandit had been a key player in every single battle, his strategies working like wonders and ensuring little to no casualties. Thanks to his often-quick thinking on the battlefield, the Chen forces had lost less than ten soldiers in three battles. Meanwhile, Chenliu Commandery had lost more than five hundred men since the war started, and that was only accounting for the deaths on the battlefield. It didn’t help that the newcomer helped spread the rumors himself to undermine his fellow general. While Gan Bogao tried to show kindness by sharing credit for the victories with Zhang Yan, the court saw it as a sign that the former bandit was the one to credit for the successes.
By early July, it seemed that victory would soon be assured. Or at least it would be, if the garrisons led by Dian Wei weren’t posing considerable problems to the Chen forces. Even as he had been discarded to the side, the hero refused to surrender (although he was getting growingly exasperated by the Chenliu leadership). While Chang Lin offered to go lead the troops against him, his health had not yet recovered and he was ignored. Instead, Xiao Ru declared out loud
“H-H-H-He will b-b-b…” then took a breath and managed to say
“He will be my s-su-su-subordinate! Argh!”, the last part being his frustration at his inability to overcome his stutter. He sent gifts and offers to Dian Wei, promising to appoint him general and to make him a magistrate if he switched side. While Dian Wei initially refused, news of this spread to his liege’s court. The regents, who had always been suspicious of him, accused him of conspiring with the enemy and ordered his arrest. But the troops refused to obey, and instead encouraged their heroic leader to defect. Seeing no other choice, Dian Wei switched side.
The defection of Dian Wei had a ripple effect throughout Chenliu Commandery. Most of the soldiers surrendered their arms, and by early August most of their territories had fallen to Chen control. Panicking, the regents opened negotiation with Xiao Ru in a last-ditch effort to save their skins. They flattered Xiao Ru and offered him tons of gifts, which did sweeten him enough to listen to them. All they wanted was for Zhang Rou to retain control of his territories. If that meant becoming subjects of Chen Province, then this was fine with them. Feeling charitable, Xiao Ru took them on their offer, with the entirety of their territories passing under his control. This massive gain of territories seems to be just what Yuan Yi needed to make his decision. Chen Province was on the ascendant, and he could either stand in its way or join in its good fortune. He chose the latter, submitting almost immediately to Xiao Ru.
But Yuan Yi wasn’t the only one who took notice of Xiao Ru’s expansion. Governor Tao Shang of Xu Province looked at this in fear. His position in the region was already tenuous, but now he had to compete with this upstart, who was clearly not going to stop there. If left unchecked, Xiao Ru might take over the whole region, a prospect that was simply unacceptable to Tao Shang. As soon as he heard that Chenliu Commandery was negotiating a surrender with Xiao Ru, the Governor decided to act. Without consulting with Tan Zhihan first, Tao Shang sent an ultimatum to Xiao Ru, ordering him submit and become a tributary of Xu Province, with a refusal meaning war. Xiao Ru was infuriated by this demand, proclaiming that
“X-Xiang Yu n-ne-never surrendered, and n-never will I!” His comparison to the famous Hegemon King of Western Chu, who chose death instead of submission, was pretty clear. Xiao Ru would never accept submission. As a jab to Tao Shang, he ended his letter to him by
“If I was to submit, shouldn’t I ask Tan Zhihan, not you?” Infuriated by this remark, Tao Shang declared war against Xiao Ru in August, days after he had finished annexing Chenliu Commandery.
With such an important war on the horizon, Xiao Ru once again decided to reshuffle some of his council. The Commandant Chen Cong had died in July, and the Chief Clerk Ding Yan was proving dangerously bad at his job. While he had previously sought loyalty above all else, he now wished for competent men to serve in these positions. Yuan Yi was appointed as Chief Clerk as promised, a decision that surprised no one and did not cause any fuss. For the post of Commandant, Xiao Ru decided that he couldn’t rely on a decent general, he needed a great one. Considering how Zhang Yan had been given most of the credit for the recent victories, he seemed like the logical choice. After years of trying and failing to attain the position in Yang Province, the former bandit leader was finally appointed as Chen Province’s second Commandant. Gan Bogao tried to oppose this, pointing out that he was the one in charge of the recent campaign, but all it did was kill his career. He was shuffled out of the court and appointed to a distant county as magistrate, where he would stay until his death in 222 at the age of 56.
But ironically, Zhang Yan found himself in the same position Gan Bogao had previously been, with a general who had the clear goal of outshining him. And just like with Gan Bogao, this subordinate might actually be able to pull it off. While Xiao Ru recognized Zhang Yan’s talent, he did not trust his new Commandant. Because of this, he also gave great powers to his new general Dian Wei, the hero all too happy to be appreciated for once. This caused heavy tensions between the two men, especially as it soon became clear that Xiao Ru heavily favored Dian Wei over Zhang Yan. Both men quickly started to see a rival in their colleague, which left them completely unable to work together. Because of this, the remobilization of the Chen army turned into a slow convoluted mess, with conflicting orders and opposing loyalties among the officers making it difficult for the army to organize. Ding Yan, the former Chief Clerk who was serving as a general, tried to play diplomat between the two men, but that failed miserably.
Meanwhile, Xu Province had no such problem. Its Commandant was the ultimate military authority in the province, and unlike Zhang Yan had no rivals to worry about. Ever since his arrival in the province, Ma Teng had risen through the ranks. By 204, he had been appointed as Administrator of Lu Commandery after he successfully defended the region from one of Gongsun Zan’s subordinates. His growing influence in the army did worry Tao Shang enough for the Governor to take personal command of the campaign. Ma Teng wasn’t offended by this one bit, even if his son Ma Chao was. The old Commandant knew that his liege would need to rely on him for tactics and other military affairs anyway, so he didn’t mind allowing Tao Shang to present himself as a leader. While the Chen troops were still struggling to mobilize, the Xu army entered enemy territories and started to besiege border cities.
In October, two news came to Xiao Ru that changed his current situation. The first one, which was terrible, was that Tan Zhihan had decided to join the war on Tao Shang’s side. After being convinced of the necessity of this war and making sure that Budugen the Great would not attack in his absence, the Governor of Qing Province started mobilizing. This was a problem, as while Xiao Ru could field more troops than Tao Shang thanks to his recent annexations, he had no way of challenging Tan Zhihan’s massive army. Tan Zhihan also had at his disposal extremely competent generals like He Jintao and Ba Daiping who could easily be a match for the likes of Zhang Yan and Dian Wei. This was certainly not something Xiao Ru wanted to hear.
But at least he got one good news by the middle of the month. Chang Lin’s health had never recovered, and on the 16th of October 204 he died of Slow Fever at the age of 40. To say that Xiao Ru was overjoyed would be an understatement. Finally, he was rid of this arrogant backstabber! Now he could appoint someone he truly wanted to advise him. Knowing full well that there might be disputes over Chang Lin’s replacement as Assistant Administrator, Xiao Ru outsmarted everyone by promoting an impeccable candidate. Li Fengzhou had previously served in Chenliu Commandery, but like Dian Wei, he found himself pushed aside by the jealous regents. As soon as the commandery was annexed, he offered his services to Xiao Ru’s court, where he quickly made a good impression on everyone. He was competent in every domain, and humble about it. Even Xiao Ru’s enemies could not deny of great of a choice he was to help the Governor rule Chen Province.
But if the death of Chang Lin was a nice surprise, the following death in November was a complete shock, and not just to Xiao Ru. On the 14th of November, Tan Zhihan just died. No one was sure how, but the best guess was that the stress of the Xianbei threat had finally proven too much for him. This completely changed the war’s dynamic in and instant. Qing Province was now ruled by his son Tan Shenquan. And although the teenager seemed to be following in his father’s footsteps, he was still considered too young to rule or lead armies. A regency organized around his mother, who managed to stall any conflict for power over her son. Still, the sudden change in power left the Qing army weakened and disorganized. Tao Shang, who was expecting Tan Zhihan to come reinforce him, followed Ma Teng’s advice to retreat to their own territories instead of staying vulnerable to Chen attack. As for Xiao Ru, he now started to wonder if this defensive war could not turn into an offensive one, now that he had the advantage.
And Xiao Ru’s position soon found itself strengthened further, as Tan Zhihan’s funerary rites weren’t even performed yet that Qing Province was struck with a revolt. Zhuge Jin, who had since succeeded Ying Shao as Administrator of Taishan Commandery, still regretted his commandery’s annexation by Tan Zhihan. He had been planning for an opportunity to free himself from Qing control, and had hoped that the war would provide one. But his brother Zhuge Jun, who was loyal to their new overlord, had tried to betray his plans to the Governor. While Tan Zhihan had died before he could be warned, Zhuge Jin decided to not take any risk and revolted anyway. Zhuge Jin had prepared for this day, notably by becoming good friend with Budugen the Great. But the Khagan was occupied at the time, which meant that he needed someone else to back him up.
This left him with only one solution: ask Xiao Ru for his support. Unlike his brother Zhuge Liang, Zhuge Jin chose to put the past behind them if it meant saving his commandery. Yes, the man had killed his father, but a decade had passed since. Vengeance would be impossible and dangerous. Determined, he sent envoys to the Chen court asking for an alliance. If Xiao Ru sent supply and some support to Zhuge Jin, then the administrator promised to keep Qing Province distracted. Xiao Ru was surprised by this, but he also reviled in the pleas of the Zhuge boy. How things had turned. After enjoying this for a moment, he did agree with Zhuge Jin’s assessment, prompted by Li Fengzhou’s advices. Keeping Qing Province would be beneficial. He quickly sent gold and supply to Zhuge Jin, with a letter praising him for putting their previous dispute behind (which did not include the murder of Zhuge Gui, as Xiao Ru was adamant that he would NEVER kill someone for something as petty as Fei County). And just like that, the war became Xiao Ru and Zhuge Jin against Tao Shang and Tan Shenquan. Never say never.
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PS: So I mentioned a guy named Xiang Yu in this chapter. Xiang Yu was an important figure in the fall of the Qin Dynasty (the first Chinese Imperial Dynasty), refusing to submit to the new dynasty and wishing to restore his state of Chu. The Qin collapsed on itself due to multiple revolts to restore the old order of many kings, with Xiang Yu being the general of the biggest revolt (although his uncle Xiang Liang started it). He was something of a violent and arrogant man, but a great warrior and general, renowned for his strength. After the end of the Qin, he divided China in 18 Kingdoms. He took the title of Hegemon King of Western Chu, making it clear that he was superior to the other kings. But he was challenged by Liu Bang, King of Han, starting a four years conflict through China called the Chu-Han Contention (206-202 BC). Spoiler alert, Liu Bang won. After hearing that his wife had killed herself, Xiang Yu chose suicide instead of surrendering to Liu Bang, and Liu Bang then declared himself Emperor of the Han Dynasty. So basically, Xiang Yu was there for the “First Days of the Han”. If you have Netflix, there is a show called King’s War that tell these events from Liu Bang and Xiang Yu POV. Good show.
Anyway, when Xiao Ru compared himself to Xiang Yu, he basically meant that death was preferable to submission to Tao Shang, a clear signal that he would never surrender. Saying no and risking losing a war was better to him than saying yes and bowing to Tao Shang.