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Tinto Maps #15 - 23rd of August 2024 - Horn of Africa

Hello, and welcome one more week to Tinto Maps! After a short break, we’re back to the duty of sharing more maps! Today the region we will look at is the Horn of Africa! So let’s take a look at it, without further ado:

Countries:
Countries.PNG

Here we have the countries around Nubia, Ethiopia, and Somalia. The first ones are organized around the ancient kingdoms of Makuria and Alodia, which control the Upper Nile region. In the second area, the Empire of Ethiopia stands as the main power, with some smaller countries around it. Finally, the two Islamic sultanates of Ifat and Ajuraan stand as the main powers in the Horn and Somalia. Finally, around the African Great Lakes, there is a country that can be considered a ‘settled’ one, Kitara.

Dynasties:
Dynasties.PNG

The dynasties of the Horn. There are some historical ones, while others are randomly generated. The most famous one is probably the Ethiopian House of Solomon, from where all their Negus come. The Walshma ruler over both Ifat and Ajuraan and we have some others, such as the Medri of Medri Bahri, the Umar of Mogadishu, the Banu Kanz of Makuria, or the Baranzi of Kitara.

Societies of Pops:
Pop-Based.PNG

A new map has popped up! Here you can see the countries that we consider as ‘Societies of Pops’, as they were presented in the last Tinto Talks. We have the famous Oromo people in the lands between Ethiopia, Ifat and Ajuraan; the Kunama, Gumuz, and Berta in the lands between Ethiopia; and Alodia, and the Zaghwa to the north of Wadai; there are a few more to the west, but I’ll share that picture in the Western Africa thread, as it’s more appropriate there. There are more Stateless Societies of this kind that we would like to add in the future, if it is possible due to our schedule.

Locations:
Locations.PNG

Locations 2.png

Locations 3.png

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Locations 5.png
Locations! You might notice that the density is quite unequal. Unfortunately, the archaeological findings for the period are scarce, specially out of the most known areas and a lack of urbanization in most of the territory has made the finding of proper non-anachronistic settlements quite a challenge. Keep this in mind when making suggestions. ;) It has been that dramatic in some areas that we had to use names of tribes and rivers, a bit contradicting our own rules, but the areas had to be represented as they were active parts in the development of the region.
One thing: a big chunk of the Arabian peninsula can be seen in today’s Tinto Maps; but, please, reserve the feedback for its future DD, when we’ll show all of the peninsula. Apart from that, you can see more detailed maps if you click on the spoiler button, as usual.


Provinces:
Provinces.png


Areas:
Areas.png


Terrain:
Climate.png

Vegetation.png

Topography.png

The terrain types of the region are quite interesting and diverse. It is marked by the Rift Valley, which creates different biomes, such as the Ethiopian Highlands and Plateau, or the African Great Lakes. That also marks a divide between Arid, Tropical, and Oceanic climates. The vegetation of the region also ranges from desertic and sparse, to jungle forests. And one more note: you may also note that 'Marshes' have been renamed into 'Wetlands', as we could put some work into that suggestion the last week.

Natural Harbors:
Natural Harbors.png


Cultures:
Cultures.png

Another interesting map this week… You might notice that the lands of Ethiopia have a very mixed cultural situation. While more to the west and south, we are representing ‘tribal lands’ in a more homogeneous way, with kind of fixed boundaries to represent the different groupings. This doesn’t mean that there wouldn’t be a mixing of cultures, but this was one of the first areas to receive a minority's review and the scope was limited mostly to Ethiopia.

Religion:
Religion.png

Another interesting map! Miaphysite and Sunni are the more widespread religions in the region (while not all areas have their mixed populations, such as Nubia as you might notice, they eventually will as we cover more of the map in our sprints). Animism is completely placeholder, as usual, and you might see some pockets here and there (If you have specific suggestions, please do them). You may also notice a purple minority inside Ethiopia… That is representing the Beta Israel Judaism in the provinces of Semien, of course!

Raw Materials:
Raw Materials.png

The raw materials of this week! A big chunk of the region has livestock as its main raw material, while also having some agricultural goods as Wheat or Sturdy Grains here and there. The most unique good in the region is Coffee, which is cultivated in the Ethiopian highlands. And there are also some precious resources spread here and there, such as Gold, Ivory, Gems, and Incense.

Markets:
Markets.png

The main market centers of the region are Axum and Mogadishu, with ‘Adan/Aden being the main one controlling the access to the Red Sea. There are some weird calculations ongoing on the Somalian inner lands, that are already reported, and we’ll take a look at why is that happening.

Population:
Population.png

Population 2.png

Population 3.png

Population 4.png

Population 5.png
The population of the region! There are approximately 12.3M people in the Eastern African subcontinent; although take into account that it also comprises the regions of the Southern Great Lakes and the Swahili Coast, which we haven’t shown today, so we probably have to discount around 4M people from it (Swahili Coast accounts for 1.7M, and the Great Lakes for 4M, although that region is divided between today’s and next week’s Tinto Maps), for a total of around 8M.

That’s all for today! Speaking of next week’s Tinto Maps, it will be meaty, as it will cover Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa! See you!
 
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Lotuko people (one of the Nilotic peoples) aren't on this map, but related groups are. Their religion worships a Supreme God "Ajok", which M&T uses as "Ajokist" for areas in South Sudan and Darfur. Maybe that could be of use here?

And of course Waaqefanna for the Oromo.
 
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Vaguely surprised nobody has brought this up but I don't think Lake Victoria or the area around it should be named that at this time

I'd rename the provinces north of the lake after local villages or people and the lake itself has a number of names: Ukerewe from Swahili and Nyanza from Kinyarwanda make the most sense to me. They both have problems with not being universal terms among local languages but both are significantly better options than a British monarch who likely didn't live during the period of the game
 
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Hopefully we get a tinto map extra of the entire sahara so I can try to give a full review without going mad.
the natural harbour thing i came up (at least i presume) with for victoria and now gladly see it coming to eu5, the old trade node system of eu4 was confusing
needs a new approach. Every region can connect and there is no up or downstream only movement anymore, at least im curious to see how they designed it now if not seen it already in a dev diary and cant recall it anymore : )
 
Sorry to come off as nit-picky but, weren't the Kingdom of Simien (Beta Israel) we're known to be vassals to Ethiopia by this time? Ruled by the Gedawons (Gideons).
 
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Why was Ifat so large when it seemingly should have been smaller? According to the Arabic historian al-Umari, Ifat encompassed seven major towns: Bequlzar, Kuljura, Shimi, Shawa, Adal, Jamma, and Lao (The Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 46).

"The rapid expansion of Ifat can be attributed to its determined effort to dominate all Muslim regions. This ambition, however, was met with substantial local resistance, forcing the Walasma dynasty to launch military campaigns against various territories. Mora, Adal, Hobat, and Zatanbar were among the regions attacked and subsequently occupied, marking the rise of Ifat’s predominance in the Muslim areas" (Church and State in Ethiopia, p. 245).

'Umar Walasma played a crucial role in consolidating this power during the late thirteenth century. He extended his control over other Muslim principalities from Shewa to Hubat, near present-day Harar (Church and State in Ethiopia, p. 254). However, despite its impressive territorial reach, Ifat lacked direct political influence in areas such as Dewaro and Sarka, which limited its overall power (Church and State in Ethiopia, p. 265). Notably, Dewaro is located north of Bali.

No mention of states from the east of the above^, I don't think Ifat stretched into southern somaliland, let alone puntland, I'm happy to be proven wrong though...

Rough Estimate Of What Ifat's core was..
1724460910714.png


1724458578358.png
 
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Btw the year 1332 is indeed a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, marking the confrontation between Emperor Amda Seyon and the Ifat Sultanate led by Sabr ad-Din II, who declared Jihad on all of the Habesha States (So All Of Ethiopia & Medri Bahri). This conflict, which saw the involvement of the states of Hadeya and Dawaro, joining Ifat, represents one of the most significant religious wars prior to the infamous Ahmed Gragn campaigns of the 16th century. As such, it would be an ideal that this a starting event for Ethiopia to have to face when starting the game.
 
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Countries: Medri Bahri, which is correct and it means Land Of The Sea (Medri means Land, Bahri means Sea).

Dynasties: The ruler of Medri Bahri was titled Bahr Negus (meaning "King of the Sea," with Bahr = Sea and Negus = King), not "Medri." This title dates back to the Zagwe Period (~12th Century AD). Evidence for this comes from a land grant by Emperor Ṭänṭäwǝdǝm (Tantawedem), which mentions: "The king threatened excommunication against several śǝyyuman (literally, 'appointed ones') if they contravened the acts he had established: those of ʿAgamä, Bur, and Särawe, as well as an officer with the title of baḥǝr nägaśi, the viceroy (literally 'king') of the coast. He also mentioned a region called Gwǝlo Mäkäda, over which several śǝyyuman exercised authority" (Source: A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea, pg. 43). This tradition of Bahr Negus continued on until the 19th century.

Locations in Medri Bahri:

  • Mendefera (traditionally called Adi Urgi)
  • Debarwa - Correct
  • Debre Bizen? (Too small to make out)
Additionally, there are no locations mentioned in the east, specifically in the province of Akele Guzai. A suggested location is Digsa, one of the oldest towns in Akele Guzai. According to Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Volume 2: D-Ha (pg. 125), Digsa was settled by the son of the founder of the province of Akele Guzai. Also, Historical Dictionary of Eritrea by Tom Killion (pg. 165) notes: "DIGSA (Akele Guzai). A village of about three thousand between SAGENEITI and HALAI in the Deqi Digna district. According to tradition, Digsa was settled by the family of Weresenezghi in the fourteenth century."

Provinces: All Correct
Areas & Terrain: Correct

Natural Harbor in Medri Bahri:
Massawa, traditionally known as Basé/badi by the local Tigre tribes, was a significant harbor during medieval times, including the 14th century AD. In 891-2 AD, the Arab geographer Al-Ya'qubi mentioned Massawa, as did Al-Mas'udi in 953 AD (The Ethiopian Borderlands, pg. 37).

Cultures: Correct
Religion: Correct
Raw Materials: The text is too small to see for Akele Guzai, but there isn't much to comment on here.
Markets: Nothing to comment on here.
Population: Nothing to comment on here.

Note: During the reign of Amda Seyon, there is evidence of a claimed invasion into Medri Bahri, possibly making it a tributary state. Amda Seyon himself recorded: "I, King Amde-Siyon, went to the sea of Eritrea. When I reached there, I mounted on an elephant and entered the sea. I took up my arrow and spears, killed my enemies, and saved my people" (Church & State In Ethiopia, pg. 145).

Who am I? I am from the village of Halay in Akele Guzay. My expertise lies in the Aksumite Period rather than the Solomonic Era, so I don't have much to add regarding the latter. I write articles about the Aksumite Period and related topics on my website (HabeshaHistory.c0m)

Attached Is a painting of Hailu of Tsazzega & a picture of Woldemichael of Hazzega the last Bahr Neguses (both claiming the spot) in the 19th century before the annexation by the Italians.
Just to Reiterate, as this post was quite long my main gripe was with the dynasty of Medri Bahri being called Medri, this makes 0 sense, Medri just means Land why would the rulers/dynasty be called Land? They were called Bahr Negus
 
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Thanks for the work as always! I think that, from all the regions that were covered by Tinto Maps so far, the Horn of Africa is the one which i knew the least of what to expect, it's a region that although i find very interesting, i've not come to study properly so far. Because of that, i will mostly keep my "verified" feedback on the areas which i do know about, and in the end of this post make a few question-suggestions ("hey, shouldn't X be Y?") that come from ignorance, but hopefully will point fingers towards issues that exist, and i guess that's the point of feedbacking, no? Well, i'll stop sorry-saying myself, heh.
Somewhat surprised there aren't more societies of pops. I would have liked to see some of the Nilotic peoples as SoPs, especially Dinka and Nuer. The Shilluk people also established a centralized kingdom in the 1400s, will there be some way for this to appear? I believe lots of Bantu peoples also had chiefdoms which should qualify them for SoPs.
The Shilluk can probably be represented as a SoP with a particularly advanced set of...well, advances, we can't know exactly the things needed for the "settling" of SoPs, so i can't be sure if it can be roughly time-measurable, but the Shilluk should be set in a way that at least in most un-harmed simulations, by the 1550s they have formed the "Shilluk Kingdom" along the White Nile.
Waddai as a country did not exist until 1501. And their culture was Maba, not Tunjur. I'm unsure who ruled Ouaddai at this time if anyone.
You're half-right and half-wrong (as is the current set-up, although you're more right than the set-up), yes, Waddai didn't exist until 1501, but Maba culture was exactly the culture of the "Waddai" polity, and before then, who ruled the region was the Tunjur people. What makes you right-er than the set-up, is that in 1337 a "Tunjur Waddai" is still anachronistic, "Waddai" shouldn't exist, and instead should be a part of the Daju kingdom to its east, the Tunjur would take over Darfur in the 1400s, as described in this PhD about the history of Darfur. @Pavía as consequence, Tunjur culture shouldn't be in the area currently covered by Wadai, neither, apparently "Tunjur" culture stems from Nubian migrants from Dongola, so the "Tunjur" takeover should instead be portrayed by the replacement of Daju elites by Nubian elites, something analogous to what happened in Norman England, and only after that the development of an actual, separate, Tunjur culture. I don't know if it's accurate but it certainly fits having Daju-owned Malha location be Nubian-dominant.

By the way, there should be some Myaphisite pops in Darfur and Kordofan, we know that Christian iconography was around that region due to the Saharan "horizontal" trade route, a good point to start on that is this section on the Daju Kingdom wikipedia:
1724462001114.png


It surprised me to see that extension for the Sudanese Arabs, were they really present in Northern Kordofan by then? I've only found this map about it online, it cites Hasan (1967): "The Arabs and the Sudan. From the seventh to the early sixteenth century", Braukämper (1992): "Migration und ethnischer Wandel: Untersuchungen aus der östlichen Sudanzone" and Adams (1977): "Nubia. Corridor to Africa", all relatively old sources, but i didn't find nothing more recent about the topic.
1724462019895.png


Why are the Nuer near their South Kordofan mid-migration homeland, while the Dinka (both were initially the same group, and probably should still be by 1337?) are in their modern-day placement? Shouldn't they be a bigger "Dinka" culture located in the current Nuer culture locations PLUS pops in what's currently the Nuba culture monolith (which is a big shame, since we know that the Nuba mountains are rich in cultural - and particularly linguistical - diversity, and the culture map should probably reflect that!), with their subsequent southwards migration being a possible source for later elaboration of flavor in the region (especially once SoPs become playable!).

Wouldn't it be better if Harari culture pops were integrated into the Harla? The Harari people is currently considered to be the main descendants of the Harla, and their modern ethnical identity is in great part due to becoming isolated in one city (Harara) and its surrounding settlements, being surrounded by strangers from all sides, which isn't the case in 1337, tl;dr: In 1337, the Harari aren't yet the "people of the city", they have most of the Harla cultural spectrum in constant contact, and as such, shouldn't they be part of Harla culture?
 
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View attachment 1178675View attachment 1178676
I'm missing a few oasis and some routes
I very, very, very roughly drew the trade lines from the first map over the maps we've gotten. They've got most of routes in already but there's a few they don't have and they have an extra one around the "Hoggar" area that your map doesn't have. I marked Tessalit and Al 'Atrun (again, very very roughly in location) because those are the two towns/oases I saw that they didn't have locations for. But also note that that map's website says that it's meant to cover 500 BC to 1900 AD, so it's a much more expansive timeframe than even the whole span of Caesar, let alone 1337 specifically. Likely not all of the routes, towns, and oases shown there would have been in use or existence in 1337.

trade2.png

(To be clear this map is not a suggestion, just a rough overlay of the map posted above)
 
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Thanks for the work as always! I think that, from all the regions that were covered by Tinto Maps so far, the Horn of Africa is the one which i knew the least of what to expect, it's a region that although i find very interesting, i've not come to study properly so far. Because of that, i will mostly keep my "verified" feedback on the areas which i do know about, and in the end of this post make a few question-suggestions ("hey, shouldn't X be Y?") that come from ignorance, but hopefully will point fingers towards issues that exist, and i guess that's the point of feedbacking, no? Well, i'll stop sorry-saying myself, heh.

The Shilluk can probably be represented as a SoP with a particularly advanced set of...well, advances, we can't know exactly the things needed for the "settling" of SoPs, so i can't be sure if it can be roughly time-measurable, but the Shilluk should be set in a way that at least in most un-harmed simulations, by the 1550s they have formed the "Shilluk Kingdom" along the White Nile.

You're half-right and half-wrong (as is the current set-up, although you're more right than the set-up), yes, Waddai didn't exist until 1501, but Maba culture was exactly the culture of the "Waddai" polity, and before then, who ruled the region was the Tunjur people. What makes you right-er than the set-up, is that in 1337 a "Tunjur Waddai" is still anachronistic, "Waddai" shouldn't exist, and instead should be a part of the Daju kingdom to its east, the Tunjur would take over Darfur in the 1400s, as described in this PhD about the history of Darfur. @Pavía as consequence, Tunjur culture shouldn't be in the area currently covered by Wadai, neither, apparently "Tunjur" culture stems from Nubian migrants from Dongola, so the "Tunjur" takeover should instead be portrayed by the replacement of Daju elites by Nubian elites, something analogous to what happened in Norman England, and only after that the development of an actual, separate, Tunjur culture. I don't know if it's accurate but it certainly fits having Daju-owned Malha location be Nubian-dominant.

By the way, there should be some Myaphisite pops in Darfur and Kordofan, we know that Christian iconography was around that region due to the Saharan "horizontal" trade route, a good point to start on that is this section on the Daju Kingdom wikipedia:
View attachment 1178697

It surprised me to see that extension for the Sudanese Arabs, were they really present in Northern Kordofan by then? I've only found this map about it online, it cites Hasan (1967): "The Arabs and the Sudan. From the seventh to the early sixteenth century", Braukämper (1992): "Migration und ethnischer Wandel: Untersuchungen aus der östlichen Sudanzone" and Adams (1977): "Nubia. Corridor to Africa", all relatively old sources, but i didn't find nothing more recent about the topic.
View attachment 1178698

Why are the Nuer near their South Kordofan mid-migration homeland, while the Dinka (both were initially the same group, and probably should still be by 1337?) are in their modern-day placement? Shouldn't they be a bigger "Dinka" culture located in the current Nuer culture locations PLUS pops in what's currently the Nuba culture monolith (which is a big shame, since we know that the Nuba mountains are rich in cultural - and particularly linguistical - diversity, and the culture map should probably reflect that!), with their subsequent southwards migration being a possible source for later elaboration of flavor in the region (especially once SoPs become playable!).

Wouldn't it be better if Harari culture pops were integrated into the Harla? The Harari people is currently considered to be the main descendants of the Harla, and their modern ethnical identity is in great part due to becoming isolated in one city (Harara) and its surrounding settlements, being surrounded by strangers from all sides, which isn't the case in 1337, tl;dr: In 1337, the Harari aren't yet the "people of the city", they have most of the Harla cultural spectrum in constant contact, and as such, shouldn't they be part of Harla culture?
Props to you for listing sources. As far as I can tell neither wikipedia nor the paper you linked outright say that the Daju ruled Wadai as well as Darfur. Do you remember where you learned it by chance?

I do sympathize with your gripes about a homogenous Nuba culture, but do you really expect them to split it into half a dozen cultures limited to one location each? I don't expect them to portray every detail.

Edit: Actually I just realized there's already some one location cultures in southern Ethiopia. So I suppose yes, it's not entirely out of the question.

It does look like you might have a point about Arabs not yet being in Kordofan, good catch.
 
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the natural harbour thing i came up (at least i presume) with for victoria and now gladly see it coming to eu5, the old trade node system of eu4 was confusing
needs a new approach. Every region can connect and there is no up or downstream only movement anymore, at least im curious to see how they designed it now if not seen it already in a dev diary and cant recall it anymore : )
There was a TT on trade. You can find it in the archive pinned to the top of this forum.
 
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As far as I can tell neither wikipedia nor the paper you linked outright say that the Daju ruled Wadai as well as Darfur. Do you remember where you learned it by chance?
Whoops, forgot to mention that. Before the Sultanate of Wadai was founded, the region we consider as "Wadai" most often was connected with neighbouring Darfur in governing matters, i can't quite cite an authoritative source about that, but there are multiple mentions of the fact on and about:
- "The history of Ouaddaï before the 17th century is uncertain, but about 1640 a Maba chieftain, Abd-el-Kerim, conquered the country and overthrew the Tungur, a dynasty originating in Darfur to the east." in the Wadai article of the Encyclopaedia Britannica
- German explorer Gustav Nachtigal's Sahara and Sudan: Kawar, Bornu, Kanem, Borku, Enned goes a bit more in length about it, but it's important to note that it instantiates the later-coming Tunjur ruling both Darfur and Wadai, not the Daju, but one can argue (and i am arguing) very easily that the relatively smooth transition between Daju and Tunjur in Darfur makes it likelier that it was also the case in Wadai (and this means that the pre-Tunjur Daju polity had also control/influence over the region).
- "By the early 16th century the Tunjur kingdom ruled Darfur and Wadai. Capitals of the kingdom were in northern Darfur. The cities of Uri and Ain Farah are associated with the kingdom." in the Tunjur Kingdom wikipedia page, which, i must stress, is a bad wikipedia page, not necessarily (only) in scientific merit, but simply because despite citing reasonably good (and recent!) sources, it is very poorly formatted, and, in a way, poorly written. But this passage specifically cites both Kingdoms of the Sudan (which i've read, and it's very good) and The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture (which i have not), and can be easily verified.
I do sympathize with your gripes about a homogenous Nuba culture, but do you really expect them to split it into half a dozen cultures limited to one location each? I don't expect them to portray every detail.
My problem is not exactly that there should be half a dozen cultures in the place of Nuba, but that there should be something more than only a monolithic Nuba culture. At the very least there should be an appropriate representation of the different macrogroups as minority pops, and most importantly, "Nuba" culture is basically taking the complexity of an area and saying that everyone there (including those from groups which currently ARE cultures in-game outside the area) is the same just because they live in the same mountains...If here was at the very least something to differentiate the peoples often associated with the Niger-Congo language family (Katla, Rashad, Lafofa and Talodi-Heiban) and the Kadu, it would already be much better, and would require only a single new culture (no "net" new cultures if you portray the Dinka and Nuer correctly as the same culture), since the Temein can be abstracted as Daju pops, and the Hill Nubians can be abstracted (well, it's not really an abstraction, is it?) as Nubian pops, the only "missing" culture would be Nyima, so, uh...Nyima please ☝? Heh. Anyway, Pavía did say that the minorities outside of Ethiopia were not done, but the Nuba Mountains are a region where the lack of any minorities whatsoever makes it the more strikingly innacurate portrayal of anywhere in this TM.
 
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I was kind of hoping that in Africa, you can also expand/colonize deeper into Africa (or maybe have some sort of colonization mechanic, where early on its harder to colonize harder terrain, thus having it blocked but later on, with right equipment, it gets easier and thus the block is removed) but I guess the same case will be here, just as it is in EU4. But at the same time, there are rainforests, which are hard to colonize (sort of, since there do live different kinds of tribes of sorts), just like Saharan deserts, which are also wastelands for a reason. But there are corridors to move around, instead of needing to go around. So maybe could have some corridors going through Congo Basin as well? And same case hopefully for Kalahari desert as well (not just only coastal).
 
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