We interrupt your regularly scheduled Georgian programming to bring you some news from Central Asia
I started doing research on the empty coast of the eastern Caspian and then things quickly snowballed. So here are some proposals covering Central Asia. Two of them are similar to or inspired by
@arkh4ngelsk's
post, although the end result is fairly different. I'm trying out using thumbnails for most of the pictures here, since there's so many of them and the big ones break up the text so much. Click to embiggen.
The Eastern Caspian Coast
There are three/four drawings here of the same suggestion, based on your choice for the Caspian shoreline. The current shoreline is on the left and the most extreme change is on the right. I prefer one of the middle two. See below for details.
Two new locations (and a new wasteland location):
Uly Balkan and
Ogurja. Both share the following suggested attributes:
| Area | Climate | Vegetation | Topography | Culture | Religion |
| Khwarazm | Cold Arid | Desert | Flatland | Turkmen | Sunni |
For Raw Materials I recommend giving Ogurja
wool and Uly Balkan
fish. These are the resources associated with the region in the sources, since they were taxed in sheep and were mentioned as fishermen. Both as sheep could also work. If there is any mechanism for oil in the late game then Ogurja should be able to participate in it, as noted in the quotes below.
Population should be pretty low.
For province and area I'm not 100% sure, but I lean more towards Khwarazm as the area and Uzboy as the province, since there is probably more in common historically and culturally with the inhabitants of the existing locations on the Uzboy River and the Khwarazm area generally than with the more Persian regions to the south.
If you must only add one of these then choose Ogurja – in my opinion it’s more clearly indicated in the sources, as it has both the island(s) and the Uzboy riverbed which regularly appear in the references, and it’s more geographically suitable for habitation. Also it was a pirate base in the 1700s and that’s fun. How often do you hear about Turkmen pirates?
I am not totally happy with the “Uly Balkan” name, which is derived from the Uly Balkan (Great Balkan) mountain range – however the highest mountain in that range is actually the wasteland to the south of this location and I’m not sure how far into this location the rest of the range passes, but also don’t have any better ideas. The Russian name mentioned below is from the very tail end of the period and the Persian name is mentioned in a single source and it isn’t totally clear its the same place. I like them as dynamic names for potential conquests but not so much as the name at the start of the game. Suggestions would be great.
The wasteland is Mt Arlan and should have
Mountain topography and otherwise the same attributes. I know it’s meaningless in gameplay terms but there seem to be other wastelands that are also there mostly for show so it seemed ok to add.
Dynamic names:
| Turkic | Persian | Russian |
| Uly Balkan | Dehestān-e Sor, if you're willing to perhaps reach a little | Krasnovodsk |
| Ogurja | Chaharken or Cheleken | Ogurcha |
It’s clear that there was habitation in this area, but the exact nature, names, locations, and borders are vague and likely shifting. So this proposal is built on a lot of partial and unclear references and some assumptions and reaches on my part.
As for the borders, Ogurja follows the bed of the Uzboy river down to the sea, passing between Mt Arlan and the matching peak on the south side of the river valley, and fanning out as it approaches the sea. The island(s) are included with this location. Uly Balkan was harder to find natural borders for, and is basically covers what is now called the Turkmenbashy peninsula, cutting off at Mt Arlan in the south and the Ust-Yurt Plateau in the northeast.
Sources for inhabitation, resources, and naming
Thereupon Saphian Chan [Sufyan Khan, of Khiva] having sent word to the Turkmanns of the Abulchan [Balkan] of the Tribe of Irsari [Ersari]
…
You must know that the River Amu, after it has pass’d by Urgens [Urgench], takes its Course towards the West and the Mountain of Abulchan [Balkan, specifically probably Mt Arlan]; and from thence wheeling about that Mountain it runs Southward; then returning to the West, it passes thro’ the Country of Ogurza, and falls into the Sea of Masanderan [Caspian]. There were at that time [1500s] Habitations in abundance upon both sides of that River, from the Town of Urgens, as far as the Country of Ogurza; by reason of the Soil being exceedingly fertil, all sorts of Fruits and Roots grew there in Perfection. … The Turkmanns of the Tribe of Adaklichisseri-illi [Adakly-Khyzyr] dwelt on both sides of that River, from the Country of Pishga [Pishgah, some wells near Urgench] as far as that of Karikizit [Qara-kechit, unknown location]; from the Country of Karikizit as far as the Mountain of Abulchan, the Turkmanns of the Tribe of Aly-ili [Ali-eli] inhabit, and the Turkmanns of the Tribe of Ti-u-azi [Teveji] possess the rest of the two sides of the River Amu, from the Mountain of Abulchan, as far as the Sea of Masanderan.
Abulghazi, 235-6, annotations from Barthold 1902 and Barthold 1962, 135. The mentions of the river Amu here refer to the course of the Uzboy, which at times in this period had water in it and was apparently traversable by boat, as the Amu Darya was flowing largely towards the Caspian rather than the Aral. More on that if I do my Aral Sea post in the Steppe thread
The same passage from Abulghazi is also covered, in paraphrase rather than full translation but with more modern language, in those Barthold sources.
the Ersari who lived in Balkhan
Barthold 1962, 134.
It was agreed that the Turkmans would give 1000 sheep for every tax-collector killed [fourty]; of the total the Ersari tribe and the Salor of Khorasan had to supply 16,000 each, while the remaining 8,000 were to be delivered by the Teke, the Sariq, and the Tomut who were jointly called “Outer Salor”. The following year the khan sent his tax-collectors and recived the agreed number of sheep in full; later he began to levy the same number every year
Barthold 1962, 137
Ebn Ḥawqal… mentioned another Dehestān situated on a peninsula jutting out from the eastern shore of the Caspian. In Ḥodūd al-ʿālam the latter was called Dehestān-e Sor (Sar?) and described as a resort only of fishermen and hunters of falcons and aquatic birds.
Bosworth, C. E. “DEHESTĀN,” Encyclopædia Iranica.
Yacút [Yaqut al-Hamawi], about A.D. 1225, has the following description of the south-east coast of the Caspian, taken almost word for word from Istakhri:- ‘As you coast along the sea-shore to the right hand from Abuskun [port in Gurgan, sunk below the rising Caspian before the game starts], there is no single town or village, except at a place about 50 farsakhs from Abuskun which is called Dehistán (in Istakhri, Dehistán-Basir, for Dehistán Bazar?), where there is a harbour built(?) in the sea, in which the ships take refuge from the violence of the waves and a considerable number of people are settled here from the neighbouring country occupied in fishing. They have good water.'
Rawlinson 1879, 163. Barthold is somewhat confused by these reports but says that “50 farsakhs from the mouth of the Gurgen could bring us to the Balkhan Bay” Barthold 1902. The situation is ultimately very unclear on whether the Muslim geographers were saying that there is a Dehistan-e-Sor in the north in addition to the main Dehistan further south or if some of them were just very confused about the location of Dehistan.
This next quote is a long one, get ready
We arrived the 8th of September at the south end of Idak [now Ogurja Ada, or Ogurchinskiy], the westermost of the Ogurtjoy islands, and coasted the east side of it… It is a long sandy island, which stretches itself about north and south. Near it is Deverish a barren island, which extends itself to north east and south west. The pilots affirmed this to have been formerly a high land; but now it is low, which we imputed to the rising of the water…. Idak has two wells of fresh water, and is inhabited by eight or ten families, who have a few sheep and goats.
…
We weighed and came in close under the east side of Naphtonia. The coast is difficult of access, the land being very high; it extends itself six or eight leagues north and south, and contains about 36 families, who have 28 large boats with several wells of Naptha. The harbour is on the east side of the island… there is a large bay to the eastward of them, almost as far as Balkhan hill [Mt Arlan, probably]. Naphtonia has plenty of sheep, wild goats, camels, and asses, with exceeding good water… The soil is fruitful, affording all manner of garden-stuff. There is an old mosque, to which the inhabitants come to worship. These people subsist entirely by piracy, making continual depredations on the neighbouring parts of Persia.
…
To remedy this evil, nadir shah some years since offered to forgive all that was past, and to receive them into his favour, if they would come and settle about Astrabad bay, where they might have lands and sell their Naptha to the inhabitants of that quarter. This they accepted, and carried on a brisk trade for about two years, selling their Naptha to the Persians, Turkumans, and roving Ousbegs, and purchasing provisions to supply the inhabitants of the islands. But… they grew tired of this way of living, and returned to their trade of piracy; so that Balkhan became a general rendezvous of robbers.
...
we weighed, and ran up the side of the island Dargan, which forms the south part of the bay, and extends near east and west. There is some rising ground on it, but no inhabitants, the land being barren and sandy. We continued sounding, and got up to a small island on the south side of the bay, called Dagadaw
…
The day after… designing also to go on shore on the main land for fresh water. Our pilot carried use to two springs, where there were many tracks of camels and sheep. The water was brackish; and yet the Turkumans and their cattle drink of it.
…
Our pilots informed us that… the inhabitants keep 10 fishing boats in a bay about half a day’s journey to the northward [I believe this is Garabogazkol, or near it], which the Persians call Obb Maysey. Here they catch plenty of fish not only for their own use, but likewise for sale to the Turkumans and roving tartars. The Russians pretend there is a whirlpool in this bay, but this is denied by the Turkumans, who affirm they fish all over it.
…
the deepest [water] is close along the island Dargan, which runs up near the foot of the mountain of Balkhan, between which and the island there is a little channel of five feet water.
Hanway 1753, 133-6
The region on Elton & Woodroofe 1753. North is to the right. This map was made for and appears in the Hanway book alongside the text quoted above. Elton and Woodroofe sailed on and charted the Caspian.
In the 12th/18th century the activity of such pirates reached a peak. Their principal haunts were located on the rocky coasts surrounding the bay of Balḵān (Krasnovodsk), on cape Čeleken, and in the neighboring islands (Dargān island, the Ogūrtjoy/Ogurchinskiĭ islands). Between raids the pirates lived from fishing.
de Planhol, Xavier. “CASPIAN SEA i. GEOGRAPHY,” Encyclopædia Iranica.
Some 18th century European maps follow – of course many of these maps are derived from the sources I just quoted, or are copying each other, or are plain inaccurate, but it’s a little extra visualization.
| | | |
| d’Anville 1737 | de Vaugondy 1753 | d’Anville 1754 | Santini & Remondini 1779 |
A discussion on the Caspian Shoreline
You might be wondering why there are four versions of the Caspian locations I proposed, and why the Elton and Woodroofe map looks nothing like the modern region. That’s because the Caspian has had a quite unstable water level. At the time of the start of the game, and also in the mid 1700s when Hanway was writing, the water level was quite high (Leroy et al 2022) and would have covered some of the low points in what is now the Cheleken peninsula. Cheleken peninsula in fact seems to have not been a peninsula until the 20th century, rather being an island (and, judging by some of the things I saw while searching for sources here, might be on its way back towards an island).
Chart from Leroy et al 2022, showing Caspian water level estimates over time.
Hanway, Elton, and Woodroofe weren’t inventing things on their map – we can see similar things, though less extreme, on a map in Rawlinson 1879.
And we can even see the previous islands on a modern elevation map; the following are the same elevation map colored at three scales; one highly compressed to amplify small changes at low elevations (left), one at a normal scale (right), and one in between (center). All have been rotated so that north is to the right, as on the Elton and Woodroofe map, and you can see the higher elevations that map out the same pattern of islands as Elton and Woodroofe drew.
So as for the four proposals at the top: the leftmost is just the current shoreline from the Tinto Map, which is the modern shoreline. Then we have a small change, patterned after the Rawlinson map, with Cheleken (Naphtonia, in Hanway) as an island but Dargan only a peninsula. Then one with both Cheleken and Dargan as islands but the coastline south of Dargan hewing closer to Rawlinson and the modern day. The rightmost is the most extreme change, modeled entirely on Hanway. My preference is for one of the middle two, as they strike a balance for a shoreline that saw a lot of variance over the course of the game.
Merv
One new location:
Khurmuzfarra. Suggested attributes as follows
| Province | Area | Climate | Vegetation | Topography | Culture | Religion | Raw material |
| Merv | Eastern
Horasan | Cold Arid | Sparse | Flatland | Tajik | Sunni | Unsure, perhaps wheat as it’s on an oasis which is farmed |
This is modified from arch4ngelsk’s suggestion. I have deleted Geok-Gumbuz, as the location of its namesake is highly unclear and almost the entirety of the drawn area in their suggestion is desert and occupied only by caravansarais. Also, seemingly the main role of Geok-Gumbuz in their proposal is to fill the narrow arm connecting Merv and Amol, but that area consisted of a road through the desert connected by caravansarais and probably shouldn’t be represented by its own location or by wide borders.
I have retained the Khurmuzfarra location, as the namesake can be placed precisely well within the shape and it is labeled as “major city” in one source (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan 2023, 633). I have significantly redrawn the shape compared to arch4ngelsk’s suggestion: the northern border has been moved southward to align better with the border between the oasis and the desert, and the eastern arm which connects to Amol has been given to this location. The borders of that eastern arm have also been pushed to the north so that they properly enclose the medieval road from Merv to Amol, which can be well placed based on the ruins of caravanserais along that road (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan 2023). The existing arm mostly follows the current paved road, which is further south than the medieval road (William & Wordsworth 2008).
The borders of Merv would remain as they are, except for where the new Khurmuzfarra location supersedes them.
However, considering the extent to which Merv was the center of gravity of the area, I don't think it's egregious if you stick to one location. It might mainly be a decision of how big you want the location(s) in this oasis to be. If you decide to leave this region as one location only, I would still suggest pushing the borders of the eastern arm to the north as described above, to properly cover the location of the medieval road.
Khwarazm-Jand Corridor
A corridor should exist connecting Jand to the core of Khwarazm oasis. I consider this probably the most important change in this comment, considering the historical importance of the connection and the massive impact it will have on gameplay connections in the region. This road is regularly mentioned in the sources as a route for armies, and there were even periods where Jand was subject to Khwarazm.
As the sources I have seen do not really discuss the precise route of the road, or where it terminates in Khwarazm, I have drawn the eastern part starting at Jand as curving along the Janadarya River (since that seems reasonable), and once that ends I simply drew the shortest route across the desert. There is also mention in the sources of a road between Jankent/Yanikant (which is along the Syr Darya further north than this map covers, and seemingly ceased to exist prior to the start of the game) and Khwarazm, but since Jand and Jankent were close to each other and likely part of the same network I’m treating them as one here in terms of quoting sources.
Note many of these quotes are about times shortly before the Mongol Invasion, and therefore outside the time frame of the game, but that’s because that is a period where there are comparatively plenty of written records and the locations in question were regional power centers. I see no indication that the corridor would have become impassible by the time of the game.
From Yanikant to Khorezmia was reckoned ten days’ journey
Barthold 1968, 178
the march from Jand to Khorezmia was considered possible only in winter
Barthold 1968, 298 – but note further down a successful traversal in summer.
an expedition from Khorzemia into Jand and Sawran was undertaken
Barthold 1968, 314
… he [Atsiz, Khwarazmshah] was at last able to leave Khorezmia with his army. The steppe lying between Khorezmia and Jand was traversed in a single week...
[in a footnote:] It is remarkable that, contrary to custom, the expedition from Khorezmia to Jand was undertaken during the hot season.
Barthold 1968, 328-9
the Khwarazm-shah made an expedition to Sighnaq against Qayir-Tuqu-khan, who, on learning of the arrival of a Khorzemian army in Jand, took to flight… The Khwarazm-shah returned to Khorezmia in eighteen days
Barthold 1968, 342-3
in consequence of this Muhammad [Muhammad II, Khwarazmshah] did not stay long on Khorezmia, and set out with an army for Jand.
Barthold 1968, 356
From the south-east Jaghatay’s and Uguday’s corps, with the thousands of the right wing, advanced on Khwarazm through Bukhara, while Juchi’s corps advanced from Jand in the north-east.
Barthold 1968, 433
During these apocalyptical events Jochi, the eldest son of Chingiz Khan, temporarily used Jand as a base for his campaign against Khwarazm itself.
Golev 2021, 47
Direct southern contacts [from Jankent] to the civilization of Khwarazm on the river Amu-Darya are evident in pottery and architecture.
Harke & Azhantseva 2021, 55
Map of tenth century towns and travel routes, from Harke & Azhantseva 2021, 57
Nurota-Zemukh Corridor
This is a much more tenuous suggestion that can easily be rejected, but it’s kind of fun so I thought I’d include it. It’s based on a road from a place near Otrar to Nurata, whose brief moment in the spotlight was a use by the Mongols, and then being traveled by a writer, both prior to the game’s time frame. It then may have been in continued use after, but it’s not really clear.
In Zarnuq [somewhere in the vicinity of Otrar] there were some Turkmens who led the Mongols to Nūr[ata] by a hitherto unknown road, which from this date received the name of ‘the Khan’s road.’ Juwaynī travelled along it in 1251. It has been held by persons acquainted with these regions that the campaigns… compel the assumption that the nature of the country has changed considerably since their time, as ‘at the present day there is no road whatsoever between Nur-ata and the estuaries of the river Arys [by Otrar], not even a caravan route; between these two points stretches the waterless Kyzylkum desert.’ This opinion has subsequently been rebutted, as caravan routes exist even at the present day between Utrār [Otrar] and Nūr[ata].
Barthold 1968, 408
Samangan-Kahmard Border Connection
These two provinces should have their borders connect. A road between Balkh and Bamyan used in the era passed through here. The orange box is drawn at roughly the point where the actual road lies, but of course you could draw the connection over a larger border area as well. I have left the town of Madar marked on the map as it’s mentioned in the quotes below and is the primary evidence for drawing this connection.
At the present time the usual way from Balkh to Bāmyān is through Khulm; the Arabic geographers had evidently another road in view, namely, that ascending the river of Balkh, and thence west to the junction with the road from Khulm. On this road the only town mentioned is Madar, six days’ journey from Balkh, and four from Bāmyān. A village of that name still exists to-day on the road from Khulm, seventy miles from Bāmyān; somewhat to the north of the present village, on the left of the road (if it is approached from the north) the ruins of the ancient town of Madar are visible.
Barthold 1968, 68
There was yet another road to Bāmiyān—through the valley of the Khulm river, which becomes narrower again above Haybak, and through several mountain passes, of which the southernmost one, Aq Rabat, is still considered to be the border between Kabulistan and Afghan Turkestan. The tenth-century geographers only briefly mention this road from Balkh to Bāmiyān, and reckon six days of travel from Balkh to the town of Mādar, and from there four more days to Bāmiyān. The settlement of Mādar still exists, and in its vicinity one can see the ruins of the old town. The mention of Mādar shows that the road in question is the one that leads from the valley of the Balkh Ab into that of the Khulm river, and not the still more arduous road upstream along the Balkh Ab to its source
Barthold 1984, 23-24
If you go to
Madar, Afghanistan in Google Maps and go to satellite view you can follow the road heading north through the passes towards the Khulm River.
Renames
Kunya-Urgench →
Urgench: I
already posted this one.
Kunya here means “old,” and “new” Urgench wasn’t founded until the 19th century. The city is called just plain “Urgench” (with various spellings) in all sources relating to the period of the game, even maps from the 18th century. Also the Persian dynamic name should be
Gurgānj; it appears all over the place in the sources.
Kerki → Zamm: Zamm was the medieval name of this location. I am unable to find exactly when the name changed, but it is still called Zamm on maps from the 18th century and even one outlier from the 19th century, so I suspect it was Zamm for much of the game period. The complicating factor here is that one period source called it “Karkūh,” so it’s also possible that both names co-existed during this period. Nevertheless, the modern sources all call it Zamm in that era and most period sources seem to as well.
On the Amu-Darya below Kālif were the towns of Zamm and Akhsīsak, the first on the left, the second on the right bank of the river, five days’ journey from Tirmidh and four from Āmul (Charjuy), i.e. evidently on the site of the present fortress of Kerki…. In enumerating the crossings of the Amu-Darya Maqdisī mentions neither Zamm nor Akhsīsak; the Kerki crossing is called by him Karkūh, and opposite Karkūh, on the right bank of the river, was the Bānkar (or Bāykar) crossing.
Barthold 1968, 80
the town of Zamm, now Kerki
Barthold 1984, 19
the town of Zamm, the modern Kerki
Bosworth, C. E. “ĀMOL (ĀMŪYA),” in Encyclopædia Iranica
Zamm on maps
| | |
| de l’Isle & Bauche 1745 | de Vaugondy 1753 | Reichard 1817 |
Sources
Texts
If there's a link it's to an open access article.
Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur.
A General History of the Turks, Moguls and Tatars, Vulgarly Called Tartars: Together with a Description of the Countries They Inhabit. Vol. 1. London: J.and J. Knapton, 1729.
http://archive.org/details/39020025955496-ageneralhistory. This is an 18th century translation into English from the French translation from the original Chagatai. I’m sure it’s not an ideal version but there doesn’t seem to have been any later translations and I don’t speak Chagatai.
Barthold, V. V. “Information about the Aral Sea and the Lower Reaches of the Amudarya from Ancient Times to the XVII Century.” 1902. Published in Russian as “Сведения об Аральском море и низовьях Амударьи с древнейших времен до XVII века”; I put the original through Google Translate for my quotes.
Barthold, V. V.
Four Studies on the History of Central Asia. Translated by V. Minorsky and T. Minorsky. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill, 1962.
https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3200.
Barthold, V. V.
Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion. Edited by Clifford Edmund Bosworth. 3rd ed. New Delhi, India: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1968. The 2nd edition, which I think is largely the same, is available at
https://archive.org/details/Barthold1928Turkestan.
Barthold, V. V.
An Historical Geography of Iran. Translated by Svat Soucek. Princeton University Press, 1984.
Golev, Konstantin. “The Cities along the Syr Darya in 11th–13th Cc.: Jand and Sïghnaq between the Cuman-Qïpchaqs and the Khwārazmshāhs Anushteginids.”
Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 74, no. 1 (2021): 11–52.
Hanway, Jonas.
An Historical Account of the British Trade Over the Caspian Sea: With a Journal of Travels from London through Russia into Persia; and Back Again through Russia, Germany and Holland. Vol. 1. London: Dodsley, etc., 1753.
http://archive.org/details/b30414702_0001.
Härke, Heinrich, and Irina Arzhantseva. “Interfaces and Crossroads, Contexts and Communications: Early Medieval Towns in the Syr-Darya Delta (Kazakhstan).”
Journal of Urban Archaeology 3 (2021): 51–63.
https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JUA.5.123675.
Leroy, S.A.G., P.J. Reimer, H.K. Lahijani, A. Naderi Beni, E. Sauer, F. Chalié, K. Arpe, et al. “Caspian Sea Levels over the Last 2200 Years, with New Data from the S-E Corner.”
Geomorphology 403 (2022): 108136.
https://amu.hal.science/hal-03580639.
Encyclopædia Iranica https://iranicaonline.org
Rawlinson, H. C. “The Road to Merv.”
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography 1, no. 3 (1879): 161–91.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1800653.
Williams, Tim, and Paul Wordsworth. “Merv to the Oxus: a desert survey of routes and surviving archaeology.”
Archaeology International 12, no. 1 (2008).
https://journals.uclpress.co.uk/ai/article/id/1198/.
Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. “Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor: Serial Transnational World Heritage Nomination.” UNESCO, 2023.
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1675/documents/. This is the "Nomination Text" document on that site.
Maps
all links go to high-res interactive viewers
Reichard, C.G.
Persien. In: Gaspari, A.C.
Allgemeiner Hand-Atlas der Ganzen Erde. 1817
. https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~276116~90049324:XLIII--Persia
d’Anville, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon.
Carte La Plus Generale et qui comprend La Chine, La Tartarie Chinoise, et le Thibet, Dressee sur les Carte Particulierees des RR PP Jesuites. 1737.
https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/61775op/carte-la-plus-generale-et-qui-comprend-la-chine-la-tartarie-danville
de Vaugondy, Robert.
Etats du Grand-Seigneur en Asie, Empire de Perse, Pays des Usbecs, Arabie et Egypte. 1753.
https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/se...80~490059:Etats-du-Grand-Seigneur-en-Asie,-Em
de l’Isle, Guillaume, and Philippe Bauche.
Carte de la Turquie de l’Arabie et de la Perse. 1745.
https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/de...bie-et-de-la-perse-dressee-sur-delisle-buache
Elton, John, and Thomas Woodroofe.
A Plain Chart of the Caspian-Sea, According to the Observations of Capt. John Elton, Author of Elton's Quadrant, and Thomas Woodroofe, Master of the British Ship Empress of Russia, Who navigated this Sea three years; Presented to Mr. Jonas Hanway of St. Petersburgh in 1745 by his most Obedient Servant Thomas Woodroofe. 1753.
https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/caspian-gibson-1753
Santini, Paolo, and Giovanni Antonio Remondini.
Carte de L’Empire de Perse. 1779.
https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/de...te-de-lempire-de-perse-1779-santini-remondini
Now I just have to compile the dynamic naming list that I accidentally created by reading so many sources
We now return to your regularly scheduled Georgian programming
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