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Tinto Maps #18 - 13th of September 2024 - Persia & Caucasus

Hello everyone, and welcome to one more Tinto Maps! Today we will be taking a look at Persia and the Caucasus! These are regions that encompass several modern-day countries and regions (Iraq, Iran, Balochistan, Afghanistan, Transoxiana, etc.), but for the sake of simplicity, we decided to name this DD this. Let’s start, without further ado!

Countries:
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The region is quite interesting in 1337, as there are plenty of countries to play with. The Ilkhanate is still alive, but in name only, the real power being hosted by the Jalayirids, who are overlords of some of their neighbors (the Chobanids, and the Eretnids). Other countries, such as Gurgan, the Kartids, and Muzaffarids are also struggling to get the hegemony over the region. Meanwhile, the strongest power in the Caucasus is the Kingdom of Georgia, although the region is also quite fragmented among different polities.

Ilkhanate.png

And speaking of the Ilkhanate, you may have wondered why isn’t it a unified tag… Well, it’s because we consider that it is clearly in decadence, having lost any grasp of authority over the provinces, so the best way of portraying it is through an International Organization. What we can see in this mapmode is that there are two pretenders to get the power, the Jalayarids and Gurgan, with the other countries still being formally part of it. I won’t talk more today about how it works and its features, but I’ll just say that there are two clear fates for the Ilkhanate: being dissolved, as historically happened, or being restored in full power as a unified country.

Dynasties:
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Not much to say today about the dynasties, as they’re akin to the country names, in most cases. Well, you might wonder which one is the yellow one, ruling over Gurgan… That country is ruled by the Borgijin, heirs of Genghis Khan. Now you get the full picture of their rule over the Ilkhanate being challenged by the Jalayirids, I think…

Locations:
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Provinces:
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Areas:
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Terrain:
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We’re back to a region with lots of different climates, topography, and vegetation. This will make it very unique, gameplay and looking-wise.

Harbors:
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You might notice that there are ports in the Caspian Sea… Because, well, it’s considered a sea in our game, so there can be ships and navies over it.

Cultures:
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There's quite a lot of cultural division throughout the region... The Caucasus is, well, the Caucasus, divided among lots of different people. Then we have the Iraqi and Kurdish in Iraq, Persian and a number of other cultures in Iran, Baloch in Balochistan, Afghan in Afghanistan, and Khorasani, Turkmen, Khorezm, Hazara, and Tajiks, among others, in Khorasan and Transoxiana.

Religions:
Religion.png

Another interesting religious situation. Orthodox is the main religion in Georgia, and Miaphysitism in Armenia, with other confessions spread here and there throughout the Caucasus (Khabzeism, and three 'Pagan' confessions, Karachay-Balkar, Vainakh, and Lezgin). Then Iraq is divided among Sunni, to the north, and Shiism, to the south. And Iran is in an interesting situation, having a Sunni majority, but with some important Shiite pockets here and there. And Zoroastrianism, of course. It was not trivial to properly portray them, as we don't have good data for the 14th century. So what we did was some calculations, between sources that tell that there was still a majority as late as the 11th century, and the religion becoming severely reduced by the 16th century. Therefore, we decided to go with 20% of the population as a general rule of thumb; however, we're quite open to feedback over this matter.

Raw Materials:
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This region is full of rich resources, in stark contrast to the one we showed last week, Arabia. There are a couple of bugs on this mapmode that you might spot, I think.

Markets:
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This region has several markets: Tabriz, Baghdad, Esfahan, Hormuz, Nishapur, and Zaranj., This will make for regionally fragmented-but-integrated economies (that is, good market access everyhwere, but with regionally diverging economies).

Population:
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The total population of the region is around 9M, taking into account all the different areas that we’re showing today. That is divided into about 4.5M in Iran, 2M in Iraq, 1.5M in the Caucasus, and around 1.5M in Transoxiana.

And that’s all for today! Next Friday we will be taking a look at India! Yes, in its entirety; we think that it is the best way to do it, although we’ll talk more about it next week. Another change, only for next week: the DD will be published at 10:00 instead of the regular 15:00, as I won’t be available in the afternoon to reply. Letting you know so there’s a proper wow-pole-run, yes. See you!
 

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Okay.

Here is whatever the hell I managed to decipher from this translation.

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Urmia is also noted as being as far as I can tell independent.

Note that this is all likely dating from before the collapse of the Ilkhanate (the author lived from 1301 to 1349 and we don't know when this was written), so don't take this as a verbatim "this is what it must be in 1337".

Also like any of these locations they're listing off are basically impossible to find. I did my best to find things but good god. I'm not even sure how many of these are even correct!
Dertenk/Hulwan appears to be modern Sarpol-e Zahab (34°27′54″N 45°51′18″E). Rawust/Riyawast I can't find much, but given the rough similarity of name, the short distance from Hulwan, and a weird redirect from "Dertenk" in this Wikipedia article might be modern Rizhaw/Rijab (34°28′23″N 45°58′57″E).

Dinawar seems easy and Nehavand is nearby.

Dakuk is probably the one near Kirkuk.

Ushnuh is probably modern Oshnavieh. It's "a town in Adharbayjan" and Le Strange apparently says "50 miles from the southern shore of the lake [Urmia; not my insertion] was Baswa [a.k.a. Pasawa]... to the north-west of it lay the town of Ushnuh." And the town is also called Ushnuyah the Wiki article for Oshnavieh seems to roughly match that description.

Kangavar seems easy.

Karkar is tough, I can find two potential sites, both separated from everything else but also close enough to be possible. Karkar and Kargan-e Qadim (which you seem to have gone with). But there's also a whole bunch of Korkans that could theoretically be close enough.

The Sohri are in either Akre or Rawandaz or Erbil (or multiple). Rawandaz holds more "very high" and "extremely steep" mountains which the Great Zab flows through. Shaqlawa could be this one, which would also put them partially in the Erbil location, but I can't find any Xoftiyans. Tel-Haftun is named as "modern Sohran" here which theoretically could be nearby Soran. I'm not sure why you treat them as two separate entries here (12 and 13).

I can't find a Mazenjan, but since we know it's around the Zab and near Erbil and no mountains are mentioned they might well be in Akre and/or Erbil (the border of these is the Great Zab).

This source (pg 174) says the Zerzaris are said to have lived in Rustaq, a district in what is now the "south-eastern tip of Turkey." That source is also useful for Jolemark and Margavar, on the same page, and also discusses al-Umari in various other places.

Jolemark is modern Hakkari.

Mergewar probably refers to Margavar (which would mean #16 is very wrong on your map).

Amadiyah is modern Amedi, and is otherwise obvious since it has a location in-game.

Mt Alfaf is also called Mt Maqlub and is one of the highest mountains in Nineveh, so perhaps the Dabilis lived in this vicinity. But taking the entire mountain range into consideration the highest mountains are in the core mountain range, especially to the northeast of Oshnavieh (that's not based on a thorough check but a quick skim).
 
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Dertenk/Hulwan appears to be modern Sarpol-e Zahab (34°27′54″N 45°51′18″E). Rawust/Riyawast I can't find much, but given the rough similarity of name, the short distance from Hulwan, and a weird redirect from "Dertenk" in this Wikipedia article might be modern Rizhaw/Rijab (34°28′23″N 45°58′57″E).

Dinawar is presumably easy and Nehavand is nearby.

Dakuk is probably the one near Kirkuk.

Ushnuh is probably modern Oshnavieh. It's "a town in Adharbayjan" and Le Strange apparently says "50 miles from the southern shore of the lake [Urmia; not my insertion] was Baswa [a.k.a. Pasawa]... to the north-west of it lay the town of Ushnuh." And the town is also called Ushnuyah the Wiki article for Oshnavieh seems to roughly match that description.

Kangavar seems easy.

Karkar is tough, I can find two potential sites, both separated from everything else but also close enough to be possible. Karkar and Kargan-e Qadim (which you seem to have gone with). But there's also a whole bunch of Korkans that could theoretically be close enough.

The Sohri are in either Akre or Rawandaz or Erbil (or multiple). Rawandaz holds more "very high" and "extremely steep" mountains which the Great Zab flows through. Shaqlawa could be this one, which would also put them partially in the Erbil location, but I can't find any Xoftiyans. Tel-Haftun is named as "modern Sohran" here which theoretically could be nearby Soran. I'm not sure why you treat them as two separate entries here (12 and 13).

I can't find a Mazenjan, but since we know it's around the Zab and near Erbil and no mountains are mentioned they might well be in Akre and/or Erbil (the border of these is the Great Zab).

This source (pg 174) says the Zerzaris are said to have lived in Rustaq, a district in what is now the "south-eastern tip of Turkey." That source is also useful for Jolemark and Margavar, on the same page, and also discusses al-Umari in various other places.

Jolemark is modern Hakkari.

Mergewar probably refers to Margavar.

Amadiyah is modern Amedi, and is otherwise obvious since it has a location in-game.

Mt Alfaf is also called Mt Maqlub and is one of the highest mountains in Nineveh, so perhaps the Dabilis lived in this vicinity. But taking the entire mountain range into consideration the highest mountains are in the core mountain range, especially to the northeast of Oshnavieh (that's not based on a thorough check.
Note that there are a couple that I didn't put on the map because I could not place them at all. Also note that there's some places that are mentioned that I couldn't really make work, either, that I didn't mention in the initial post.

Mazenjan is referred to later as being granted Akre, so Akre makes sense there (which is why I went with it).

Then there's these:
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Note that there are a couple that I didn't put on the map because I could not place them at all. Also note that there's some places that are mentioned that I couldn't really make work, either, that I didn't mention in the initial post.

Mazenjan is referred to later as being granted Akre, so Akre makes sense there (which is why I went with it).

Then there's these:
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Malazkerd is unknown but as I said Rustaq is described in the source I linked as a district in the southeastern tip of modern Turkey.

That source also identifies (pg 180-81) Kawar (it says Gawar) as being something called the Gevar Plain. I can't find much by that name but based on the Kurdish name of the place and the surrounding topography I suspect it's the vicinity of modern Yuksekova. Although that doesn't seem to match with "the direction of Rum" in relation to the Jolemarki, assuming the Rum in question is the Sultanate of Rum.

Regarding Mazenjan I think you got your numbers messed up; you put the Sohri in Akre and the Mazenjani in Rawandaz alongside a repeat of the Sohri screenshot.
 
Malazkerd is unknown but as I said Rustaq is described in the source I linked as a district in the southeastern tip of modern Turkey.

That source also identifies (pg 180-81) Kawar (it says Gawar) as being something called the Gevar Plain. I can't find much by that name but based on the Kurdish name of the place and the surrounding topography I suspect it's the vicinity of modern Yuksekova. Although that doesn't seem to match with "the direction of Rum" in relation to the Jolemarki, assuming the Rum in question is the Sultanate of Rum.

Regarding Mazenjan I think you got your numbers messed up; you put the Sohri in Akre and the Mazenjani in Rawandaz alongside a repeat of the Sohri screenshot.
Ah, yeah, probably. I'll have to go back at some point and do a revision.
 
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Hormuz

In 1337, Hormuz was ruled by Qutb al-Din Tahamtan (Deramku dynasty), a strong ruler who consolidated many regions around the Persian Gulf. Their borders should be expanded.

Older map, see more recent post here
Hormuz_20250113111307.jpg

Hormuz_20250113111256.jpg

I'd be happy if anyone could help fill out some details, I couldn't find many more good English sources.

Notes:
- The Omani coast was long established as a key area of the kingdom, Qalhat was considered a sort of second capital.
- It's said that Tahamtan's empire spread from Basra to the coast of India, but those seem more like trade outposts rather than large conquests, it's something that could be represented by buildings.
- Areas directly conquered included Kharg, Kish, Bahrain, Qatif, and many other coastal areas between them.
- Muzaffarid influence over the Makran ports would have been very unlikely, it's better to represent them as part of Hormuz. I saw a mention of an "Emirate of Jask" in a Farsi text, but I'm not sure if it existed in 1337 or if that was even translated correctly.
- Golashkerd should go to the Muzaffarids
- There's conflicting information on whether the Arabian coast was ruled by the Jarwanids as vassals under Hormuz, or by the Usfurids who directly surrendered Bahrain and Qatif to Hormuz. Whichever one it was, Hormuz definitely conquered Bahrain and Qatif around 1330.
- Yas probably didn't exist yet, and the area is mentioned as being part of the Usfurid realm.

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Major cities of Hormuz

I would also move the island of Kharg into the Būshehr location, I think it makes more sense and would look better.
 
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- This source mentions several more regions as being subject to or influenced by Hormuz: Khunj, Gwadar, Machul, and several places in India. They might be more suitable as trade outpost buildings.

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Map of Hormuzi forts (triangles) and overland trade routes

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Map of archeological settlement sizes. For reference, Hormuz is estimated to have housed a population of up to 50,000 people, though a lot of them would move to Minab or overseas in the hot summer months.
 
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Going only by areas directly mentioned as being administered by Hormuz (including this source), they end up looking more like this:
Hormuz_20250116201613.jpg

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Location changes:
Būshehr -> Reyshahr
Siraf -> Shīlāw
Asīr -> Fal
Bandar-e Lengeh -> Lashtan
Bandar Khamir -> Kawrestan

A lot of the settlements around here are situated on small islands, they should probably get the same defense modifier that Venice, Tenochtitlan, etc. will be getting.
 
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One thing I think would be really cool to represent would be the rule of Kurdujin Khatun over Shiraz, which while largely nominal (thus they would be a Muzaffarid vassal) lasted until 1338

She was a Borjigin by birth and married into the Khitan Qutlug-Khanids, who were perhaps the last refuge of the Khitan people

 
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One thing I think would be really cool to represent would be the rule of Kurdujin Khatun over Shiraz, which while largely nominal (thus they would be a Muzaffarid vassal) lasted until 1338

She was a Borjigin by birth and married into the Khitan Qutlug-Khanids, who were perhaps the last refuge of the Khitan people


I think you mean an Injuid vassal, for they ruled Fars, and consequently Shiraz, which was the capital of Fars and from where the Injuids ruled the province.

As Kurdujin Khatun's rule was nominal, I don't think they are fit to be added as a vassal.
 
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Baluchistan

I felt like the setup here was a bit off so I decided to look a bit more into the region and found a very useful source for the time period, 'The Baloch and Balochistan' by Naseer Dashti (PDF download), Chapter 7 is especially useful. Going by this, I think the region can be redrawn like this:

Edit: Updated map here
Baloch_20250117200719.jpg

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Details:
  • The Saffarids (aka the Malik dynasty) are ruled by Malik Dīnār, who had seized the lands of Makran and Kij (Kech) during the collapse of the Ilkhanate (Ibn Battuta, II, page 341). Going by the existence of the other tribes at the time, they should only directly own land in the west.
  • The Kalmati tribe weren't ever really independent from the Saffarids as far as I can tell, but I've included them as a subject state because of Hammal Jiand.
  • The Rind-Lashari confederation are a little difficult to represent because they were in the middle of migrating from western/central Makran into India, and barely any dates are given for the events in the book. Going by the fact that Mir Chakar Rind was born in the Makran region, I think they should still occupy this area. In 1337 they were possibly subjects of the the Saffarids, but I would go for more of a tributary compared to the more direct control they had over Kalmati.
  • Bizenjo are a tribe who came into conflict with the Rind-Lashari while they were migrating.
  • Mirwadi are the predecessors of the later Kalat Khanate, and should be Brahui.
  • I don't have much to add about the Nahrui, I'm not sure if they would be subjects of the Mihrabanids or not.
  • I'm not sure who would occupy the Las Bela region in the southeast, it might still be occupied by Sindhi tribes. It's explicitly mentioned that the region was conquered by Mir Chakar Rind.
  • They should have Persian as their court language (TM Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism [PDF download], page 110).
  • They should have tribal government types, the Khanate of Kalat is always mentioned as the first non-tribal Balochi state. The Saffarids might be an exception to this, they seem to have had a more robust administration.
 
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Baluchistan

I felt like the setup here was a bit off so I decided to look a bit more into the region and found a very useful source for the time period, 'The Baloch and Balochistan' by Naseer Dashti (PDF download), Chapter 7 is especially useful. Going by this, I think the region can be redrawn like this:
View attachment 1244487
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Details:
  • The Saffarids (aka the Malik dynasty) are ruled by Malik Dīnār, who had seized the lands of Makran and Kij (Kech) during the collapse of the Ilkhanate (Ibn Battuta, II, page 341). Going by the existence of the other tribes at the time, they should only directly own land in the west.
  • The Kalmati tribe weren't ever really independent from the Saffarids as far as I can tell, but I've included them as a subject state because of Hammal Jiand.
  • The Rind-Lashari confederation are a little difficult to represent because they were in the middle of migrating from western/central Makran into India, and barely any dates are given for the events in the book. Going by the fact that Mir Chakar Rind was born in the Makran region, I think they should still occupy this area. In 1337 they were possibly subjects of the the Saffarids, but I would go for more of a tributary compared to the more direct control they had over Kalmati.
  • Bizenjo are a tribe who came into conflict with the Rind-Lashari while they were migrating.
  • Mirwadi are the predecessors of the later Kalat Khanate, and should be Brahui.
  • I don't have much to add about the Nahrui, I'm not sure if they would be subjects of the Mihrabanids or not.
  • I'm not sure who would occupy the Las Bela region in the southeast, it might still be occupied by Sindhi tribes. It's explicitly mentioned that the region was conquered by Mir Chakar Rind.
  • They should have Persian as their court language (TM Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism [PDF download], page 110).
  • They should have tribal government types, the Khanate of Kalat is always mentioned as the first non-tribal Balochi state. The Saffarids might be an exception to this, they seem to have had a more robust administration.
My god you actually found something for Balochistan.

I cannot tell you how many years I've spent trying to find anything for this time period, only to come up with nothing.
 
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Baluchistan

Details:

  • The Saffarids (aka the Malik dynasty) are ruled by Malik Dīnār, who had seized the lands of Makran and Kij (Kech) during the collapse of the Ilkhanate (Ibn Battuta, II, page 341). Going by the existence of the other tribes at the time, they should only directly own land in the west.

Where'd you get Saffarids? Looks like it's the "Dinarids" from the thing you linked. Saffarids were wiped out 300 years prior. Also, Malik was his title, not his name (Malik in the Ilkhanate was the title given to Persian sedentary governors while amirs were the nomadic to semi-nomadic, usually Mongol governors; note that these are often used interchangeably in sources).
 
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My god you actually found something for Balochistan.

I cannot tell you how many years I've spent trying to find anything for this time period, only to come up with nothing.

Yeah, it definitely felt like striking gold when I found that book lol

Where'd you get Saffarids? Looks like it's the "Dinarids" from the thing you linked. Saffarids were wiped out 300 years prior. Also, Malik was his title, not his name (Malik in the Ilkhanate was the title given to Persian sedentary governors while amirs were the nomadic to semi-nomadic, usually Mongol governors; note that these are often used interchangeably in sources).

The rulers of Makran are called the Saffarids or Malik rulers in the first book I linked, there is some speculation as to whether the Malik rulers were descended from the Saffarids but it's apparently the most likely option.

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From the Gazetteer of Makran
 
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It's also possible that Malik Dinar was just a ruler of of Rind, Lashari, or Kalmati, but apparently the Lashari migrated out of the western regions (called Lashar today) around the 12th century, which is the same time as the first Malik ruler, so I don't know who else could fill that gap
 
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Yeah, it definitely felt like striking gold when I found that book lol



The rulers of Makran are called the Saffarids or Malik rulers in the first book I linked, there is some speculation as to whether the Malik rulers were descended from the Saffarids but it's apparently the most likely option.

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From the Gazetteer of Makran
I have to wonder whether or not this is a matter of misinterpretation by both British authors and by Marco Polo. The first book makes it seem that it was referred to as a title, not a name, and that gazetteer doesn't seem to know whether it's a dynasty or a title because it uses it as both.

It's also worth noting that there's a few cases of confusion in the Balochistan book. Notably, it refers to Malik Dinar as a "Seljuk ruler of Kerman and Makran", but that was not the case.
 
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It's also possible that Malik Dinar was just a ruler of of Rind, Lashari, or Kalmati, but apparently the Lashari migrated out of the western regions (called Lashar today) around the 12th century, which is the same time as the first Malik ruler, so I don't know who else could fill that gap
Malik Dinar was this guy, unrelated to the one Ibn Battuta is talking about.
 
Figured it out.

The Nasrids and Mihrabanids are all, actually, Saffarids. Thought I was losing my mind because the Saffarids never directly ruled anything that far south, and that's why: the "Saffarids" that these sources are talking about are the Mihrabanids. Hence why the Mihrabanids also go completely without mention directly.

And yes, they referred to their rulers as maliks.

I'd need a copy of The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz to verify for sure.
 
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Figured it out.

The Nasrids and Mihrabanids are all, actually, Saffarids. Thought I was losing my mind because the Saffarids never directly ruled anything that far south, and that's why: the "Saffarids" that these sources are talking about are the Mihrabanids. Hence why the Mihrabanids also go completely without mention directly.

And yes, they referred to their rulers as maliks.

I'd need a copy of The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz to verify for sure.
Well Encyclopedia Iranica says "With his [Khalaf ibn Ahmad's] deposition, the Saffarid line almost certainly came to an end, since there are no firm grounds for connecting the later Maleks of Nimruz with the former dynasty." That's written by the same author of that book, Bosworth.

However, Barthold in An Historical Geography of Iran says "the might of the Saffarid dynasty... did not last long, but it left a deep impression on the memory of the local inhabitants; all the subsequent rulers up to modern times have claimed descent for Ya'qub, 'Amr, or their brothers, and have used their names in order to draw the population to their side. The province remained under the rule of such successors throughout the Middle Ages almost to the present [early 1900s], except for brief interruptions; the dynasty of the Saffarids, which survived in the persons of its real or fictitious descendants, thus lasted through both the Mongol conquest and the epoch of Timur." (pg 71)

So the Nasrids and Mihrabanids may not actually be Saffarid but perhaps at least claimed they were for legitimacy.
 
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Well Encyclopedia Iranica says "With his [Khalaf ibn Ahmad's] deposition, the Saffarid line almost certainly came to an end, since there are no firm grounds for connecting the later Maleks of Nimruz with the former dynasty." That's written by the same author of that book, Bosworth.

However, Barthold in An Historical Geography of Iran says "the might of the Saffarid dynasty... did not last long, but it left a deep impression on the memory of the local inhabitants; all the subsequent rulers up to modern times have claimed descent for Ya'qub, 'Amr, or their brothers, and have used their names in order to draw the population to their side. The province remained under the rule of such successors throughout the Middle Ages almost to the present [early 1900s], except for brief interruptions; the dynasty of the Saffarids, which survived in the persons of its real or fictitious descendants, thus lasted through both the Mongol conquest and the epoch of Timur." (pg 71)

So the Nasrids and Mihrabanids may not actually be Saffarid but perhaps at least claimed they were for legitimacy.
Quite likely. Definitely makes more sense than some random Saffarids managing to rule in Makran for so many centuries yet remaining completely unnoticed in the historiographical record.
 
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