Tinto Maps #22 - 11th of October 2024 - Mongolia, Manchuria and Eastern Siberia

[Linbot#6018]

Reference of Manchu placenames in modern Liaoning:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/713499849 View attachment 1303290

Almost all of these are nothing more than Manchu pronunciations of the Chinese names. You could apply the same process to literally any Chinese word. That being said, I suppose there is more justification to do this in Liaoning than south of the Great Wall. But it would still be very strange to me to see "Šan Hai Guwan", and then immediately south of that every single location, including Beijing, is tone-marked pinyin.

I am still reviewing this part. But I believe that an independent Uriankhai culture could be better to describe this feature. When I sought the etymology of Haixi Jurchen placenames in the southern Manchuria, I found many of them were borrowed from Khitan or Mongolian languages, which indicated the strong influence over this region before Haix moved in. I saw the Wikipedia article of Uriankhai stated that Uriankhai controlled southern Manchuria in the 14th century, with a citation on The Cambridge History of China. This is exactly what I said on the politics of Manchuria.

Culturally speaking, Uriankhai was people of forest and closer to Oirats instead of Mongols though they lived in different ends of the steppes. Mongols called all kinds of people from the forest "Uriankhai", even including many Jurchens. Interestingly, Fuyu Wei of Uriankhai people during Ming Dynasty called themselves Weji, clearly a Jurchen loanword for forest people. Additionally, two of four headmen of Haixin Jurchen clans came from Uriankhai. Sibe was also a subject of Uriankhai before Khorchins conquered Uriankhai.

I disagree. The usage of the word "Uriankhai" to refer to Mongols in this region is exclusively a feature of the early Ming dynasty, it would be very awkward for it to persist into the 1800s in every game. The Uriankhai here were more of an ephemeral polity, and there's no reason to consider them the outgroup from all other Mongols. Also, the relationship between these Uriankhai and the forest-dweller Uriankhai is tenuous at best.

 

[Freshplayer]

Almost all of these are nothing more than Manchu pronunciations of the Chinese names. You could apply the same process to literally any Chinese word. That being said, I suppose there is more justification to do this in Liaoning than south of the Great Wall. But it would still be very strange to me to see "Šan Hai Guwan", and then immediately south of that every single location, including Beijing, is tone-marked pinyin.

I disagree. The usage of the word "Uriankhai" to refer to Mongols in this region is exclusively a feature of the early Ming dynasty, it would be very awkward for it to persist into the 1800s in every game. The Uriankhai here were more of an ephemeral polity, and there's no reason to consider them the outgroup from all other Mongols. Also, the relationship between these Uriankhai and the forest-dweller Uriankhai is tenuous at best.

It actually helped me check the origins of these places, as I am working on the whole Manchurian placenames.

 

[Freshplayer]

Proposal for change of placenames around Aigun. This concerns many placename changes, some of them are confusing, while the current naming is not satisfactory.

The original Aigun city was modern Grodyekovo in Russia, named after the Aigun River, and the current Aigun city was officially Sahaliyan Ula Hoton (City) built in 1685 as the administrative center of Sahaliyan Ula basin, nicknamed New Aigun. As the Sahaliyan Ula General relocated his office to Mergen, Sahaliyan Ula City became the seat of Aigun Vice-General in 1690. Thus, Sahaliyan Ula became Aigun, and Aigun became Old Aigun.

Heihe (黑河) and Blagoveshchensk were originally one city named Hailanpao (海兰泡) or Hailan Boo, which was divided into Daheihetun (Great Heihe Village) in the north bank and Xiaoheihetun (Small Heihe Village) in the south. Both Sahaliyan Ula in Manchu and Heihe in Chinese means black river, i.e. the Amur River. While the Russian side of Hailan Boo was renamed to Blagoveshchensk, the Chinese side was renamed to Heihe.

In the Treaty of Aigun (1858), Chinese and Manchu residents of the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River (shown in the left upper corner) would be allowed to remain between south of the Zeya River and the north of Hormoljin, under the jurisdiction of Manchu government. This rule was preserved until 1900, when Russians massacred these residents. In WWII, Hormoljin was a major Japanese fortress against the Russian intervention.

To illustrate these changes, I made this map:

In a nutshell, the name of Aigun should not be the current place in 1337. Aigun should be renamed to Sahaliyan Ula, Xunhe should be renamed to Hormoljin, and Tehcha should be renamed to Aigun. This is the map illustrating my proposal:

 

[Freshplayer]

What is the name for city Odoli?
This is my private note questioning the placename of Odoli. (Major source: 姚大力：“满洲” 如何演变为民族——论清中叶前“满洲”认同的历史变迁)

TLRD version:

• Emperor: My ancestor lived in a city called Odoli, located 1500 km north of City A, and 300 km south of City B. Can you find it?
• Scholar: But... the distance between A and B is only 1000 km. You can't make a triangle with sides 1500, 300, and 1000.
• Emperor: Try it — or lose your head.
• Scholar: Here is a very respectful and extremely persuasive map, Your Majesty.

This is a 1737 French map by the Jesuit mission in Beijing, which participated in the Kangxi Map program. Odoli seems to be the right name for the city in modern Dunhua. Many maps also think so, including the Historical Atlas of China and our current map. Odoli was said to be the ancestral home of the imperial family, and there are many records confirming this claim. But is this really a city named Odoli?

The city of Odoli (not the Odoli Clan) was first mentioned in the legend of Bukūri Yongšon. In Manzhou Laodang (满洲老档; lit. Old Manchu Archives), the legend was recorded from an account of a Hurka PoW on their ancestors:

My forefathers have dwelled for generations beneath Mount Bukūri (bukūrialin), by Lake Bulhori (bulhoriomo). Our homeland had no official records; knowledge of ancient life has been passed down solely through oral tradition. At Lake Bulhori, there once came three heavenly maidens—Enggulen, Jenggulen, and Fekulen—to bathe. At that time, a magpie brought a vermilion fruit in its beak. The youngest, Fekulen, took the fruit and swallowed it. She then became pregnant and gave birth to Bukūri Yongšon (bokoriyongshon), the progenitor of our people, the Manchus.

Lake Bulhori spans over a hundred li in circumference and lies approximately 120–130 li from Helongkiyang (the Amur). After the birth of our two ancestors, they departed from Lake Bulhori and settled by the Sahaliyan Ula (the Amur), in a place called Naruhun.

There is apparent evidence of fiction: 1. The name Yongšon is borrowed from Chinese, Yingxiong, lit. Hero; 2. helongkiyang borrowed from Chinese to refer to Sahaliyan Ula, but he used two different words; 3. Some scholars interpret the legend symbolically, suggesting that the three maidens represent family roles (child, father, mother), and that Bukūri Yongšon may have been seen as an illegitimate child. Though celebrated in Qing-era texts as the progenitor of the Manchus, he was never formally deified. Later in Qing Shilu (清实录; Qing Veritable Records), the story became interesting: the residence of Yongšon was located in the southeast of the Changbai mountain (in Korea) instead of the Amur, over 1000 km north of Changbai Mountain, and the city changed from Naruhun to Odoli, which is the original clan name under the Aisin Gioro family. In this updated version, Yongšon travelled southward to Odoli by a drifting boat, and was elected as the head of Ilan Hala in Odoli. Other than a change of locations and the very first mention of Odoli City, the most important issue in this updated version is that Yongšon was no longer the ancestor of the Hurka Clan but that of the Aisin Gioro family.

The conflicts between two versions continued for centuries: 1. Emperor Kangxi said the place should be around Changbai Mountain, but few knew the exact place (长白山系本朝祖宗发祥之地，今乃无确知之人), while we know the Jesuit Kangxi Atla as shown above confirmed Odoli was around modern Dunhua; 2. in the 1777 publication of Manzhou Yuanliu Kao (满洲源流考; lit. Researches on Manchu Origins), the location of Odoli was in the east of Changbai Mountain, in Eastern Manchuria, Korea, or Russia, instead of Dunhua in the North of the mountain Changbai, NW sides of the range Changbai, with geometrically impossible distances on the maps. These scholars could not figure out what the exact location of Odoli based on these conflicting legends, but had to admitted there was a city named Odoli, giving the name to the most possible one, the city of Aodong (敖东), former capital of Bohai State, clearly a glorious city for the heroic family. Although the court frequently labelled this city as Odoli, many people still remembered the original name of this city; in 1881, the new city of Dunhua was named after the old city of Aodong, pronounced as Akedun (阿克敦), far from the so-called Odoli. The legend of Yongšon may never have happened, but the authority of the imperial family forced people to believe.

 

[SuperLexxe]

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Adding link to here, just in-case it gets missed by the devs: https://forum.paradoxplaza.com/foru...yuan-dynasty-the-oirat-confederation.1758817/

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[Freshplayer]

Notes on the Udege culture:

Avoid using -ka (佳) in the placenames because it represents the groups affiliated to a territory (where they live or where they are from) instead an actually place.

For example, Udege will call people from the Iman river Imanka, from Biki basin Bikinka. Another example could be Aisin Gioro, where Aisin (Gold) is a group name (muken) affiliated to Aisin territory i.e. Jin (Gold) Dynasty, and Gioro is their family name; you can also imagine Udege created a similar name like "Imanka Ajanka" or "Namunka Suanka" if they became emperors.

existing groups (muken, territory):

• Imanka - Iman
• Bikinka - Biki
• Xunka - Khor
• Uninka - Anyui
• Smarginka - Smarga
• Namunka - Namu (sea)
• Xungake - Khungari
• Kur-Urmi - Kur & Urmi

existing clans (hala, family names):

• Ajanka
• Amaziga
• Amulinka
• Bese
• Kamanziga
• Kanchuga
• Kaza
• Kemenke
• Kimonko
• Kja
• Kjalunziga
• Pionka
• Pudzja
• Samanziga
• Sigde
• Suanka
• Suljajnziga

source: https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110849035_A19977187/preview-9783110849035_A19977187.pdf

 

[Freshplayer]

Notes on Solons: (source: 内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟阿荣旗查巴奇乡索伦族情况 索伦族调查材料之一; Materials of Survey on Solons: Part 1, Conditions of Solons in Arong Banner, Nei Mongolia, published by National People's Congress in 1957) (my transliteration is only for reference because there was no standard transliteration right now. )

Exonym: Solon; Endonym: Evenki

• Evenki: people living in the south of the mountains
• Tungus: people living among the mountains
• Yakuts: people expelled from the homeland for irreligion
• Tege'evenki: people living in the hometown (the Amur basin).
• Solon: people invited by the Khan (literally the Manchu emperors), an honorable title.
  • In the beginning, Solon moved around the Amur Basin, but later, Russia forbade them from returning to their homeland.
  • Daurs joined Solons to move southward; Daurs surrendered to the Khan earlier than Solons, while the Khan invited Solons to join his new country in Mukden.
• Mohung (Groups): Durar, Tuktong, and Nahata (Sigteng, slaves)
• Hala (family names): Chagubaqi, Zhaguqi, Horqi, Wenbuqi, Jimlong, Jiantar, Kalduxi, Niluhuqi Sohoqi, Iqihan, Wenlemortin, etc.

Generally speaking, I think Solon should be part of Evenki at the start of the game.

 

[Freshplayer]

I wonder if we can make Jianzhou and Haixi (Hai-si) Jurchens two different cultures instead of countries, as they spoke de facto different languages, even more different from that of their ancestors spoken in the Jin Dynasty. As I explained, the Hurga and Odoli were descendants of Wuguo Golo (五国部; Five State Clan), mainly the Hurga people, while Haixin had a more direct connection with the Jin Dynasty. There were cultural differences or some discrimination between the two groups.

First, on their languages:

When it comes to modern categories, the Hai-si Jurchen were more loyal to the Ming Dynasty, and may have had a closer relationship with the Alcuka dialect of Manchu, where the Jin Dynasty was established, while the Hurga was quite independent in the early Jin Dynasty. The following charts show the difference between the modern Jurchenic languages and the parallel position of the two languages.

2. On the historical relationship between Jurchen and Hurga, there are two cases:

Internally, Shizu (ancestor, honorably Emperor of Jin Dynasty) feared Bahei and worried that the border lords might rise up in revolt. So he sought to appease them with kind treatment and even attempted to form marriage alliances to win their goodwill. When a match was proposed to Wuchun, he refused, laughing: “How can the children of dogs and pigs live together and produce offspring? How could the Hurga (胡里改) and the Jurchen (女直) become kin?” (original text: 世祖内畏跋黑，恐郡朋为变，故曲意怀抚，而欲以婚姻结其欢心。使与约婚，乌春不欲，笑曰：“狗彘之子同处，岂能生育。胡里改与女直岂可为亲也。”乌春欲发兵，而世祖待之如初，无以为端。—— from Jinshi 金史; history of Jin)

In the past, Emperor Shizong of Jin once regarded the Suifun and Hurga people as brave and useful; Hailing (Wanyan Liang) had once intended to relocate them, but was unable to do so. (original text: 上（金世宗）尝以速频、胡里改人骁勇可用，海陵尝欲徙之而未能 —— from Jinshi 金史; history of Jin)

Hurga people, though recognized as Jurchen in the Jin Dynasty, sustained their chiefdoms for a long time. Instead of directly controlling the country, the Jin government appointed the chief of the five states (clans) and authorized his succession. As Jin Biao (金标) pointed out, Hurga lived in the heartland of the Bohai State (around its capital, Hurhan) and showed less respect and obedience for the rising Jin Dynasty, even though the regime continued for years. Ming scholars also claimed that:

The Maolian tribe of Jianzhou are the remnants of the Da clan of Balhae. They are content to live settled lives, skilled in weaving and sewing. In food, clothing, and daily customs, they resemble the Han Chinese. From south of Changbai Mountain, they can be governed through pacification. (original text: 建州毛怜则渤海大氏遗孽，乐住种，善缉纺，饮食服用，皆如华人，自长白山迤南，可拊而治也。—— from Huangming JIubian Kao 皇明九边考 A Study of the Nine Border Garrisons of Great Ming Empire)

3. The reasons for this proposal:
In EU4, Jianzhou, Haixi, and Yeren were united initially, which might not be historical in theory. Also, I detailed the ethnic composition of Warka, as the majority is from Hurga, and the rest is from the native Jurchen. Furthermore, I saw that Namuka Jušen (a.k.a. the Donghai Jurchen; a cultural group of modern Udege) was considered an independent culture despite its modern affiliation with the Jin Dynasty and the broad-sense Jurchen culture (I know many of them disliked Manchu). It should be better to make a clearer partition between different cultural groups instead of keeping Jianzhou and Haixi in the ambiguous "Jurchen" culture.

(The map shows the migration of Jianzhou Jurchen in blue, and Haixi Jurchen in Red.)

This new categorization is not ahistorical because Korean kingdoms had used it since the 14th century. They called Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen, Kholkhan (Kurka; Hurga) Orangkha (Udige), and Hollaron (Hulan) Orangkha to distinguish the native Jurchens in the Korean peninsula.

(main idea: The Tokol Udikai people, who lived in the Songhua River basin, are believed to be ancestral to the Weji i aiman (Weji tribe) of early Qing times. Linguistic and geographic evidence suggests that they may be related to the Hurha tribe, with names like "Toholo hala" corresponding to Udikai groups. Subgroups such as Namdulu Udikai and Ormicha Udikai also appear to have connections to Qing-era Weji communities, based on location and name similarity. Overall, historical and linguistic data indicate that the Weji i aiman likely inherited the lineage and identity of the earlier Udikai groups.)

Academically speaking, the modern term Udege is a replica of the Soviet re-invention of Uyghur identity, which used the historical name for the Weji people (Weji i aiman; people living in the forest) to refer to the whole group speaking similar Tungusic dialects. It will create much confusion in the historical narrative. I saw a previous discussion on Warka as an independent state in EU4, while this isn't the case because Warkas were never a so-called Udege (Weji-i Aiman) in the historical context, though it may qualify the modern definition after the Soviet re-invention. Here, Namuka is another example because literally it means people living around the sea, which was not historically Udege but modern Udege.

 

[Freshplayer]

I made a map of Manchuria with the ethnic names, trying to have a more unified orthography but very confused with some languages. Many of the placenames came from the old Manchu maps and dictionaries, some are inferred from their meaning and prononciation in Chinese according to choreographic materials. There are much of the case, Manchu names are different from the native names or the Old Jurchen names. I used blue to label the locations with a tributary Weisuo, which paid tributes to the Ming Dynasty and acknowledged the authority. I am still working one the table explaining everything about these names.

Spoiler: older version

 

[Freshplayer]

Yaran Province

1. Historical names: Yelan, Yalan, Yalu (耶懒路 押懒路 牙鲁河卫 雅兰)
2. Locations: Shili -> Sirin or Sira, Shili -> Yaran, Anju -> Hūlhin, Namuka -> Faltu, Noto -> Nentu, Anchun -> Huye.
3. Etymology: This area was named after the river Yaran Valley (right circle) in the current Shili location, while the river Shili (Sirin) is in the left circle. The city of Yaran was known as Suchan (苏城) during the Russian regime, which was transliterated from the Chinese pronunciation of Jucen (lit. border in Manchu; Juchen -> Suchen -> Suchan), while the river preserved the name Yaran during the Qing Dynasty. (see Atlas général de la Chine, de la Tartarie chinoise, et du Tibet : pour servir aux différentes descriptions et histoires de cet empire)
4. History:
   • The region was initially under the regime of Yaran Golo (Group) Jurchen under the Wanggiya (Wanyan) clan. Hanpu (函普) from Silla (Korea) became the leader of the Wanggiya clan by appeasing the feud with other clans and matrilocalities in the early 10th century. His younger brother, Baohuoli (保活里), led the Wanggiya clan along the shore to settle down in the Yaran Valley.
   • After the Wanggiya family established the Jin Dynasty, Yaran Wanggiya was recognized as a royal family, and their clan was converted to a circuit under the Dongjing (东京) Circuit. In 1124, the seat of Yaran moved to modern Ussuriysk, and the circuit was merged with Supin. In 1171, Yaran Mingghan was established under the Supin Circuit. In 1198, a Yaran Jiedushi (military governor) was established. Yaran was under Helan Fu in the Yuan Dynasty.
   • After the Yuan Dynasty, the Yaran Golo became Yalu Wei (牙鲁卫; Yalu<-Yaran) and Shili Wei (失里卫; Shili<-Sirin), and later Donghai Jurchen (东海女真; Namu(n)ka in Manchu, lit. seaside clan)
5. Locations:
   • Shili -> Yaran, a Ming Dynasty Weisuo (nominally), home to Yanja, Gijile, and Sirin Gioro families
   • Shili -> Sirin, a Ming Dynasty Weisuo (nominally), home to Yanja, Gijile, and Sirin Gioro families
   • Anju -> Hūlhin, the estuary of Hūlhin in Manchu maps. Even for the historical city Anju, it should be better called Anzhou from Chinese or Anjeo from Manchu, instead of Anju from Korean.
     
   • Noto -> Nentu
     
   • Namunka -> Faltu
     
   • Anchun -> Huye
     
     • As I pointed out Anchun could be part of Supin or Yaran
     • I feel many people may be misled by Arsenyev's account of Anchun empire (Jin Dynasty) for this place name, but Anuchino was de facto named after Dmitry Anuchin, one of the earliest Russian colonizers in this area.

PS: (don't call it Furdan)

Addition: Story of Sirin Sefu (西林安班玛发; Sirin Amaban Mafa; lit. Great Elder of Sirin)
In the ancient time, the Chayan clan could not bear the attack of nearby Ganiu (噶纽; Ga'niyo Gurun), who had more population and good samans, but liked wars. Ganiyo was a barbarian clan ruled by women, who loots properties and men from other clan. Sirin people called for the rescue of the sea goddess, the Sirin Sefu (西林色夫) was sent to save them. He lived in the sea and landed the clan to teach all kinds of institutions including Samanism, government, etc. With the help of the gods, he defeated the Ganiyo and united with Heseri, Niohulu, and Nimaca clans to explore the eastern sea. In the end, he led his people to sail the sea and find the dream land, Kuwu (Kuye Island, i.e. Sahaliyan Island).

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Sixty-six Clans honored the Asin Gioro family and awarded the name of Manchu (满洲从龙六十六部) : (v=uu=ū)

• suksuhu aiman、sarhv、giyamuhv、jan、wanggiyan、elmin、jakvmu、sakda、suwan、dunggo、yarhv、andarki aiman、weji aiman、hvrha、warka、fio、sahalca (the above followed Aisin Gioro family voluntarily)
• joogiya、mardun、onggolo、antu gvwalgiya、hunehe aiman、jecen i aiman、tomoho、janggiya、barda、jaifiyan、dunggiya、olhon、dung、juxeri、neyen、fodoho、sibe、anculakv、hada、jang、akiran、hesihe、omoho soro、fenehe、hoifa、huye、namdulu (Ussuriysk under Suifun)、suifun、ningguta、nimaca、urgucen、muren、jakvta、ula、usui、yaran、sirin、ehe kuren、gvnaka kuren、sahaliyan i aman、indahvn takvrara golo、noro、sirahin、yehe、gvwalca、usuri、hingkan、huncun、kvyala (these clans were conquered by the Aisin Gioro family)

 

[Freshplayer]

Tumen Province

1. Historical names: Xiguan, Wentehe, Hunchun/Huncun
2. Locations: Huncun, Tulazi -> Yancun or + Turma, Yenji -> Aidan, Kahari -> Gahari, Longjing -> Shānlú, Helong -> Xiǎnzhōu
3. Etymology: possibly from the city of Wentehe, but still disputed
4. History: As you can see from the map, the city site has two parts with different histories.
   • Initially, it was a Woju (Okjeo) territory before the Goguryeo annexation and the construction of the city. In the 7th to 10th centuries, it became a city of the Bohai State.
   • After the fall of Bohai in 926, the Mohe (Malgal) people moved into this city, which became known as Tumen Wentehe (lit. Tumen River Temple; this is because Wentehe built a temple in the city, which is on the Tumen River; in 2022, the oldest Buddhist temple of Manchuria was unearthed in this city). The city was also known as Wentehe. Wentehe was one of the earliest clans that joined the Wanggiyan family's conquest and became a notable clan in the Jin Dynasty.
   • In the Jin Dynasty, the city became divided into two parts: the newer Fio (Fiyoo, lit. dustbin in Manchu) in the north, under the Fuca family, and the older Wentehe in the south, under the Tanggū family. Puxian Wannu rebuilt the Fio city and made it the eastern capital of the Dongzhen State. After the Yuan conquest of Dongzhen, Fio city became the seat of Xiguan Zongguanfu (奚关; Xiguan Governor of Jurchen) as the administration center of the Tumen basin.
   • In the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, ancestors of the Jianzhou Jurchens moved southward and took over this city as their new base. After Jianzhou Wei was relocated from the Tumen basin to the Hun basin, adjacent to the Ming Dynasty, those who were not willing to migrate became known as Warka (an alternative form of Hurga). Then, the city became the capital of Warka.
5. On location names (Orthographic rules: 1. Manchu c = Pinyin ch = /tʃʰ/, /tɕʰ/ - Norman 2013)
   • Huncun (preferred) or Hunchun, a nominal Weisuo (珲春卫), was subjected to the Ming Dynasty; however, though Huncun and Wentehe may have had a historical relationship, their current locations are different from the historically Wentehe-Fio city on the Tumen River, but on the Huncun River. Also, home to families including Namdulu (那木都鲁氏), Guwalgiya (瓜尔佳氏), Niohuru (钮祜禄氏), Šumuru (舒穆禄氏), Hešeri (赫舍里氏), Boheri (博和理氏), Menggiya (孟佳氏), Mongoso (蒙鄂索氏), Muyen (穆颜氏), Nicili (尼奇哩氏), Niuhule (钮胡勒氏), Hūsiri (瑚锡理氏), Kuyala (库雅拉氏), Gejile (葛济勒氏), Yanja (颜扎氏), Zhaojia (兆佳氏), Sacha (萨察氏), Sakca (萨克察氏), Murca (穆尔察氏), 色哷哩氏, Shimulu (石穆鲁氏), Taiculu (泰楚噜氏), Nicili (尼奇理氏), Ningguta (宁古塔氏), Niuhute (钮瑚特氏), Wendu (温都氏), Ujalhū (乌扎勒瑚氏), Simere (锡墨埒氏), Nimaca (尼马察氏)
     
   • Tulazi -> Yancun or Yánzhōu (i.e., the lower Furdan in the previous post; see the river name Yentchou). This city's name came from the older Chinese name Yánzhōu (盐州), a prefecture established by the Bohai State, a major port accessing the Bohai capital from Japan. In Yongbieocheonga, it was transliterated in Korean as Yanchun/Anchun (眼春). Tulazi is actually another city located north of Yanzhou, which was historically known as Turma in Russia.
     
   • Huncun and Tulazi (North Part) -> Tungken Alin, a nominal Weisuo (童宽山卫), subjected to the Ming Dynasty, home to Jangci family.
     
   • Yenji -> Aidan, a nominal Weisuo (爱丹卫), subjected to the Ming Dynasty, home to Nara, Foimo, Giyanggi, & Tuktan
     
   • Gahari (preferred) or Kahari, home to Fuca
     
   • Longjing and Helong -> Hailun / Longjing -> Shānlú + Helong -> Xiǎnzhōu
     
     • Xiǎnzhōu: Xianzhou under Xiande Fu, capital of Bohai State (742-755), unearthed in 2000. Possibly the site of Helancheng Wei (合兰城卫), a nominal Jurchen Weisuo subjected to Ming Dynasty
     • Shānlú: Shanlu was the seat of Luzhou under Bohai State, known for its rice. Amba Hailan, greater Hailan River

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Sixty-six Clans honored the Asin Gioro family and awarded the name of Manchu (满洲从龙六十六部) : (v=uu=ū)

• suksuhu aiman、sarhv、giyamuhv、jan、wanggiyan、elmin、jakvmu、sakda、suwan、dunggo、yarhv、andarki aiman、weji aiman、hvrha、warka、fio、sahalca (the above followed Aisin Gioro family voluntarily)
• joogiya、mardun、onggolo、antu gvwalgiya、hunehe aiman、jecen i aiman、tomoho、janggiya、barda、jaifiyan、dunggiya、olhon、dung、juxeri、neyen、fodoho、sibe、anculakv、hada、jang、akiran、hesihe、omoho soro、fenehe、hoifa、huye、namdulu (Ussuriysk under Suifun)、suifun、ningguta、nimaca、urgucen、muren、jakvta、ula、usui、yaran、sirin、ehe kuren、gvnaka kuren、sahaliyan i aman、indahvn takvrara golo、noro、sirahin、yehe、gvwalca、usuri、hingkan、huncun、kvyala (these clans were conquered by the Aisin Gioro family)

 

[Freshplayer]

Šanggiyan Alin or Changbaishan Province (Updated)

Historical names: Changbaishan, Baishan, Golmin Šanggiyan Alin, Šanggiyan Alin

1. Locations: Golmin Salggiyan -> Neyen, Jexeri -> Ješeri, Heturi
2. Etymology: Golmin/Chang = Long, Šanggiyan/Bai = White, Alin/Shan = Mountains in Manchu/Chinese, lit. Long White Mountains. The region was historically across the range, but now more limited in the Ming Dynasty as Korea expanded to the south side. The volcano erupted in 1199, 1597, 1668, and 1702.
3. History:
   • In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Khitan Liao Dynasty called the native Jurchen in this region Changbaishan Sanshibu (lit. thirty clans of Changbai Mountain). Each clan was named after a different river that originated from the mountains (You may do it for naming, for the Korean side). The Liao Dynasty established Changbaishan Nvzhen Dawang Fu (lit. Changbaishan Jurchen Great Princely Authority; 长白山女真大王府) to govern these clans.
   • The Wanggiyan family was among the Jurchen settling in the upper Sunggari basin on the north side of Changbai Mountain before migrating to the lower reach. By the early 11th century, the Wanggiyan family had conquered the region and controlled the Changbaishan clans. After the establishment of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, the Jurchens worshiped Changbai Mountain as the source of the River Sunggari.
   • In the Ming Dynasty, the clans were organized into three golos (circuits) under Jianzhou Jurchen: Neyen, Jeseri, and Yalu. The major clans include Wanggiyan, Uya, Biru, Hūwanggiya, Saimire, etc. (50 in total). Many Chinese (Liu & Li) and Mongols (Giri families) lived with the Jurchen.
4. On location names (Orthographic rules: 1. Norman/Möllendorff c = Pinyin ch = /tʃʰ/, /tɕʰ/ 2. Norman/Möllendorffš = Pinyin sh = Abkai x)
   • Golmin Salggiyan: Neyen, confluence of the Egue-nein and the Sain-nein
     
     
     
   • Jexeri -> Ješeri
   • Linjiang -> Yalu
     
   • Sanggari ->Todo, a nominal Weisuo subjected to Ming Dynasty (秃都河卫 Tudu; transcripted as Toatou in the French map)
     
   • Sanggari -> Hotonggi, Hotonggi was a Ming Dynasty Jurchen Weisuo located on the Hotonggi River, discovered in 1974.
     
   • Yalu: I want to refer to Yalu Fu (鸭渌府), the Western Capital of Bohai, also as the last clan of Changbaishan Golo. The site of Yalu is still disputed because Chinese and Korean historians believe it was in this area, on the other side of the Yalu River. But at least, in the Ming Dynasty, the Yalu Jurchen should have lived on the north side.
   • Note: home to almost every family.

---

Sixty-six Clans honored the Asin Gioro family and awarded the name of Manchu (满洲从龙六十六部) : (v=uu=ū)

• suksuhu aiman、sarhv、giyamuhv、jan、wanggiyan、elmin、jakvmu、sakda、suwan、dunggo、yarhv、andarki aiman、weji aiman、hvrha、warka、fio、sahalca (the above followed Aisin Gioro family voluntarily)
• joogiya、mardun、onggolo、antu gvwalgiya、hunehe aiman、jecen i aiman、tomoho、janggiya、barda、jaifiyan、dunggiya、olhon、dung、juxeri、neyen、fodoho、sibe、anculakv、hada、jang、akiran、hesihe、omoho soro、fenehe、hoifa、huye、namdulu、suifun、ningguta、nimaca、urgucen、muren、jakvta、ula、usui、yaran、sirin、ehe kuren、gvnaka kuren、sahaliyan i aman、indahvn takvrara golo、noro、sirahin、yehe、gvwalca、usuri、hingkan、huncun、kvyala (these clans were conquered by the Aisin Gioro family)

 

[Freshplayer]

Dingliao Province -> Foson Province

Historical names: Yalu, Posu, Posuo, Foson, Dingliao

1. Locations: Dingliao -> Fènghuángchéng, Dandong -> Jiǔliánchéng, Kuandian -> Pushi, Donggo -> Donggo & Wandu, Wanggika -> Fulu
2. Etymology: Foson Ula, lit. Lit River, transliterated into Chinese as Posu (婆速), and Korean as Pajeo (婆猪), was the historical name for the Hun River (浑江) before the coming of Jianzhou Jurchen. I saw a post from a Korean poster who wanted to name the south bank Jurchen Pajeo, but this could be a misunderstanding of the place and geographically incorrect. Korea called the Jurchen the name of Pajeo because they came from the historical Posu circuit on the other side of the border in the Jin Dynasty, as shown in the second map. In 1433, Koreans crossed the Yalu River and attacked the Jianzhou (Pajeo) Jurchen in this region.
3. History:
   • The Posu Circuit was established in the early 12th century by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, initially as a Tumen based on Yalu Fu of Bohai. The capital of this circuit could be Jiuliancheng (in Dandong Location) or Pushi (in Kuandian).
   • The Yuan Dynasty resumed the Posu and renamed it to Posuo.
   • The Ming Dynasty put the whole region under Dingliao Wei in Liaoyang.
4. On location names (Orthographic rules: 1. Norman/Möllendorff c = Pinyin ch = /tʃʰ/, /tɕʰ/ 2. Norman/Möllendorffš = Pinyin sh = Abkai x)
   • Dingliao -> Fènghuángchéng, initially a Goguyeo city on Fenghuang Mountain, nicknamed Fenghuangcheng (Fenghuang City). Ming used the Fenghuang Fort as the seat of Dingliao Right Wei. French recorded as Fonghoang in 1737.
     
   • Dandong -> Jiǔliánchéng, Jiuliancheng (Jiulian City) was a 12th-century city within the current jurisdiction. In 1894, the Japanese conquered the city from the Qing Dynasty. Renamed to Dandong (Red East) under communism in 1965.
     
     • Home to Aha Gioro (阿哈觉罗氏), Šušu Gioro (舒舒觉罗氏), Irgen Gioro (伊尔根觉罗氏), Tonggiya (佟佳氏), Joojiya (兆佳氏)
   • Kuandian -> Pushi. Kuandian was built in 1573. The Pushi (蒲石) River was first known as Bozhuo (泊汋; with a city) in the 8th century as the Tang-Bohai border and transliterated as Pou-che in French in 1737.
     
     
     
   • Donggo was a tributary of the Hun River; the Donggo Clan was named after this river, which was initially the imperial Zhao family of the Song Dynasty, captured by Jurchen and imprisoned in Ilan Hala. After generations living with Jurchens, they became Jurchens and joined the southward migration of Hurga. They were aliens among the Jurchen because they were dedicated to farming instead of looting.
     • Wandu (丸都) was the first capital of Goguryeo, nicknamed Pochengzi (破城子) in the Qing Dynasty. It is now in Ji'an City. This is a historical flavour.
     • Home to Donggo (董鄂氏), Sunggiya (嵩佳氏), Irgen Gioro (伊尔根觉罗氏), Laibu (赖布氏), Hitara (喜塔腊氏), Guwalgiya (瓜尔佳氏), Ese (额色氏), Henggiri (恒吉哩氏)
   • Wanggika -> Foson; although Wanggiya(n) might be a prominent clan in this area, their significant migration from the north had not happened at the game start. The region was renamed to Hunehe and occupied by Hunehe clan after the mid-Ming Dynasty.
     • Proposal of Splitting this province: I proposed either giving a name like Zhèngzhōu (正州; it might be mistaken for another Zhengzhou, historical city of Bohai), Fèiliú (historical county of Bohai), or the historical Jurchen name for the current Fu'er River or Feiliu River, Fulu.

Supplementary Materials
Manchu - Korean - Chinese names for Jurchen Clans

Manchu	Korean name	Korean1	Korean2	Chinese
Kurkan/Kurka	骨看	gol gan	골간	库尔喀
Ubxun	亏乙未车 / 兀未车	u eel mi ca / u mi ca	우일미차 / 우미차	乌布逊
Namudulu	南讷 / 南突 / 南豆乙	nam nul / nam dol / nam du eel	남늘 / 남돌 / 남두일	那木都鲁
Yaran	也罗	ia la	이야라	雅兰
Nimaca	尼麻车/嫌真	ni ma ca	니마차	尼马察
Gejile	巨节 / 居节	ge jel	거절	葛济勒
Saca	沙车	sa ca	사차	萨察
Urgucen	亏乙仇车	u eel gu ca	우일구차	乌尔古宸
Cipkuri	时加乞	si ga gel	시가겔	七虎林
Huasihari	好时渴	ho si gal	호시갈	瑚锡哈哩
Tohoro	都骨	do gol	도골	脱阔罗
Kuyala	古也乙	go ia eel	고이아일	库雅喇

---

Sixty-six Clans honored the Asin Gioro family and awarded the name of Manchu (满洲从龙六十六部) : (v=uu=ū)

• suksuhu aiman、sarhv、giyamuhv、jan、wanggiyan、elmin、jakvmu、sakda、suwan、dunggo、yarhv、andarki aiman、weji aiman、hvrha、warka、fio、sahalca (the above followed Aisin Gioro family voluntarily)
• joogiya、mardun、onggolo、antu gvwalgiya、hunehe aiman、jecen i aiman、tomoho、janggiya、barda、jaifiyan、dunggiya、olhon、dung、juxeri、neyen、fodoho、sibe、anculakv、hada、jang、akiran、hesihe、omoho soro、fenehe、hoifa、huye、namdulu、suifun、ningguta、nimaca、urgucen、muren、jakvta、ula、usui、yaran、sirin、ehe kuren、gvnaka kuren、sahaliyan i aman、indahvn takvrara golo、noro、sirahin、yehe、gvwalca、usuri、hingkan、huncun、kvyala (these clans were conquered by the Aisin Gioro family)

 

[Freshplayer]

Notes on misnomers:
(Don't use names for other things for the places)

1. Places named after Bira (lit. river in Tungusic languages):

• Bira -> Kimni
• Bureya -> Nioman
• Bir -> Birayan (still not a proper name) -> Jingkiri or Zeya (Hailan Boo or Harnuur)

2. Places named after Clans:

• Achan (Clan name, they called the city Achansk) -> Ujala (Village)
• Xungake (adj. or people) -> Khungari (river)
• Uninka -> Uni
• Xunka -> Sukpai
• Smarkinga -> Smarga
• Bikinka -> Biki
• Imanka -> Iman

 

[Freshplayer]

Spoiler: reference maps

Sihote/Weji Province
Historical names: Hinka, Khanka, Kanka

1. Locations: Nogule -> Nogule & Yoose, Kema, Samarginka -> Samarga, Bikinka & Imanka ->Olon
2. Etymology: Sikhote Alin in Manchu; the coast was known for freshwater pearls as shown in the French map.
3. History:
   • 
     
     
     
   • The clan in Sikhote Alin was initially known as Yuexi in Bohai State (7-10th century), which was later transformed as Anbian Fu under Anzhou (Anju)
     • But archaeologically, Olga (current Anju location) might not be the site of Anzhou, while more sites were discovered around the Nogule estuary as shown in the left picture above.
   • The Udege in this region was called Wild Jurchen by Ming Dynasty, and Namunka Weji i Aimin (Seaside Forest people; 东海窝集部) or simple Weji i Aimin by Manchu (lit. Forest people), .
     • Ming Dynasty set two Weisuo in the estuaries of river Ele (now Samargal; 斡兰河) and river Yoose (Джигитовка; around Plastun; 约色河). Yoose was the border between jurisdictions of Ilan Hala Vice-General and Ningguta Vice-General.
     • Weji was a major enemy of Nurgaci, the founder of Qing Dynasty. After victory over Weji, Nurgaci recognized Weji people as their compatriots speaking the same language, but some rejected reunification with Manchu and later became known as Balama (lit. crazy people, wild people).
   • I did not find Russian sources on their oral history, but this region was home to many Manchu (Tungusic) sagas, and known for historical matrilineality and Saman traditions. For example, the river Samarga was named after Tungusic word, Saman.
     • In the sagas, they called their country Weji (lit. Forest) State, and their people Bigan Niyama (lit. field people) or Mooniya (people on the tree). As I frequently argued, Udege was a name given by Russian researchers, and its true meaning is Weji.
     • (TLDR; the Udege nation, Weji, was a female theocracy could sail to Hokkaido) In the Saga of Ubušun (video) (said to be source of the Ussuri on the south side of the Sihote Alin), the heroine, Umesiben Mama, daughter of the goddess, was mandated to become the salvationist saman to unite the Weji people and appease the wars. At that time, most of Weji clans knew little about how to make homes, living on the trees, hunting and fishing for food; Umesiben taught them. In the end, Weiji was united under the saman Khanum and sailed across the Dergi Mederi (east sea) to the Berin and Hokkaido to search the place of sunrise. Their route was shown on the second picture.
4. On location names
   • Nogule -> Nogule
   • Nogule -> Yoose, a Ming Dynasty Weisuo and border pass in Qing Dynasty.
   • Bikinka -> Olon, a traditional Udege village on the west end of Bikin Valley recorded in Qing Dynasty.
   • Strongly recommend adding inaccessible forest covers and paths within it like what have been done in Siberia. Expand the west ends of the mountainous locations. (Weji did not farm and the land was preserved for thousands of years due to terrains and climates)

(Map of sites and routes of Bohai State Sihote Coastal Area) (Map of Jurchen-culture sites in Primorsky Krai)

Additional: Suifun Province

Just made a detailed study over the naming around Vladivostok
View attachment 1296718
1. Suifun Region Supin, Shuaibin, and Suifun are historical names for the Suifen River and its surroundings. The Suifun River Basin should be designated as the Suifun Region. I used the Shuaibin Fu of Bohai State (The Historical Atlas of China) as a reference when designing the region.
View attachment 1296619
2. For locations, the primary reference is https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-0936c455171b8e2aa565427a9310805b_r.jpg. based on Later Qing Dynasty placenames.
2.1 Vladivostok -> Haišenwei (alternatively, -> Mayan), but I'm not sure these cities are in the place.
2.2 Shili -> Sirin or Siren in Manchu according to late Qing Dynasty maps. (Yaran was used in EU4 within the location, deriving from Jalan Mingghan (耶懒猛安) in the Jin Dynasty; In the Qing Dynasty, Jecen (lit. border) was used to refer to the city on the Yaran, while Chinese and Russian borrowed it as Sucheng (苏城) and Suchan. )
2.3 Dongming -> Sancara Angga, lit. fork road in Manchu, the original Chinese name 三岔口镇, expressed the same meaning.
2.4 Tulazi -> Turamu (Turamu Bay was renamed to Slavyansky Bay in 1972)
2.5 Kaiyuan -> Jianzhou (where Jianzhou Jurchen got their name; avoid duplicate; Kaiyuan = Jianzhou according to 金标：建州女真的迁徙与源流考述)
2.6 Nogule is a Udege name, while the earliest Chinese record called a river in this location Zhuqi (朱其), probably from Juce (outpost) in Manchu.
2.7 The city of Supin is not within the Juru Hoton but on the other bank of the Suifun against Furdan and Julgei - Ussuriysk, within Jianzhou location.
2.8 Yoose Bira (Ming Dynasty set Yushi Mingghan (鱼失千户所) in the place)
2.9 Anuchino's origin is suspicious and may not be Anchun (lit. Gold) in Jurchen. Vladimir Arsenyev cited the founding legends of the Jin Dynasty (Anchun Gurun) for its naming, but the region did not have much connection with the early Jin Dynasty. According to the local public library, the city was named after Dmitry Anuchin. In Manchu maps, only the River, Huye Bira (瑚叶河;呼也河) = Arsenyevka, was mentioned in the valley. The river was later renamed to Daobihe (刀毕河) in Chinese, and the Russians borrowed the Chinese name as Dolbyhe or Daubihe until 1972.

1. Locations: Kaiyuan -> Suifun & Jianzhou, Juru Hoton, Dongming -> Sancara Angga, Yongmingcheng -> Muhiye
2. Etymology: The Suifun River
3. History: (see the previous post)
4. On location names:
   • (see previous post)
   • Note Namdule clan was from the city of Suifun.
   • Yongmingcheng -> Muhiye (木阳河), a Ming Dynasty Jurchen Weisuo around this area. No evidence Yongmingcheng was in Haishenwai.

Addition 2: Story of Ubsiben (created by ChatGPT):

The epic unfolds through multiple chapters, beginning with a traditional "head song" that sets a solemn and mystical tone. This is followed by the "Creation Song," which narrates the myth of the heavenly mother Abka Hehe dispatching divine eagles and swallows to create the world, laying the foundation for Ubsiben's miraculous birth.

Ubsiben's origin is shrouded in mystery: a golden-eyed leopard eagle delivers a leather egg, from which hatches a mute girl. Despite being deemed ominous and abandoned multiple times by the tribal chief Gude Khan, she is adopted by the Huangzhangzi tribe. There, she becomes a shaman, leading the tribe to prosperity through her exceptional abilities.

In the "Gudemafa's Song," Ubsiben thwarts Gude Khan's schemes twice, ultimately becoming the shaman of the Ubulin tribe. As war and plague ravage the Ubusun region, she returns on a divine drum, is appointed the great shaman, and revitalizes her people.

The "Sea Demon War Dance" chapter depicts Ubsiben leading her people on an expedition to the Daughter Kingdom on the three islands of the female cave. Through extraordinary dance, she subdues the demon island queen, achieving peaceful unification. She also sends envoys to explore the sea, seeking the place where the sun rises, reflecting the Donghai ancestors' reverence for the sun.

Ultimately, Ubsiben passes away during an eastern sea expedition. Her people bring her body back and perform a grand sea burial. Her legacy is etched into cave walls and passed down through generations in song.

---

Sixty-six Clans honored the Asin Gioro family and awarded the name of Manchu (满洲从龙六十六部) : (v=uu=ū)

• suksuhu aiman、sarhv、giyamuhv、jan、wanggiyan、elmin、jakvmu、sakda、suwan、dunggo、yarhv、andarki aiman、weji aiman、hvrha、warka、fio、sahalca (the above followed Aisin Gioro family voluntarily)
• joogiya、mardun、onggolo、antu gvwalgiya、hunehe aiman、jecen i aiman、tomoho、janggiya、barda、jaifiyan、dunggiya、olhon、dung、juxeri、neyen、fodoho、sibe、anculakv、hada、jang、akiran、hesihe、omoho soro、fenehe、hoifa、huye、namdulu、suifun、ningguta、nimaca、urgucen、muren、jakvta、ula、usui、yaran、sirin、ehe kuren、gvnaka kuren、sahaliyan i aman、indahvn takvrara golo、noro、sirahin、yehe、gvwalca、usuri、hingkan、huncun、kvyala (these clans were conquered by the Aisin Gioro family)

 

[Freshplayer]

Spoiler: referenced maps

Province Amur Estuary

1. Locations: Nurgan -> Nurgan & Myoo, Datta & Tumzhdin (+ Koppi) -> Tumjin, Deren -> Kiji, Bulava (-> Bulau) / "()" means maybe
2. Etymology: Native land of Nivkh + Oroch, located in the Amur Estuary. In Manchu, Sakhalin Island was called Sahaliyan Ula Angga Hada (lit. "the Amur" or Black River Mounth Mountain); thus, the Amur estuary was Sahaliyan Ula Angga. In Yuan Dynasty, the strait of Tartary was also called as Saige Narrow Sea (赛哥小海), according to the Udege native, Yanxue (厌薛), who suggested the Mongols to cross the strait in the frozen season. (至元十年征东招讨使塔匣剌呈： 前以海势风浪难渡，征伐不到䚟因、 吉烈迷、 嵬骨等地。 去年征行至弩儿哥地， 问得兀的哥人厌薛称： 欲征嵬骨，必聚兵，候冬月赛哥小海冻结， 冰上方可前去。 先征䚟因、 吉烈迷， 方到嵬骨界。) My assumption on Saige is that it is from the older form of Sahaliyan, maybe Sagaliyan.
3. History:
   • The region was known for Jurchen (later Nanai, in the Amur basin) and Nivkh (along the Okhotsk shores) before the fall of Yuan Dynasty. After Yuan Dynasty, the only notable site was the Nurgan relics until the founding of Qing Dynasty.
   • In Qing Dynasty, the region was known for Shangwulin (贡貂赏乌林; Wulin = Manchu Ulin = fortune, lit. award fortunes for their offerings). The venue of Shangwulin was initially Kiji and later Deren, hosted by officialls from Ilan Hala. This fortunes were traded by Nivkh and other people with Ainu and indirectly Japanese, known as Santan Koueki (山丹交易) in the forbidden Edo Japan.
     
   • Before the Russian annexation, Manchu had clear knowledge to tell Oroch from Udege. In Manchu, Oroch was called Kurka or Hurka, from the ancient clan, Hurga, because Manchu people believed they were Hurga cousins lost in the southward migration and joined Weji State during the fall of Yuan Dynasty.
     • Manchu described them as seal-catchers, while Kyakala (Manchu word for Weji) called them Namunka (seaside people). Interestingly, the myth of Bukūri Yongšon was initially a Hurka saga but cited by the imperial Aisin Gioro familiy as their origin.
     • Linguistic evidence confimed Oroch had mixed origin, influenced by Manchu, Udege, and Evenki. Although they are linguistically close to Manchu, the genetic evidence showed their closest connection with Nivkh.
       • Manchu "Kyakala" -> Kiya Kala, lit. honeycomb people, people living on the forest (Weji except Namunka and Oroch, as I proved, modern term "Udege" was coined for people of different origins).
       • Manchu "Weji/Udege" -> People living in the forest, including Oroch and sometimes Namunka.
       • Udege/Manchu "Namunka" -> People on the seashore (incl. Udege Namunka Clan and Oroch)
       • Evenki "Oroch(en)" -> People who raised deers. This is just for their professions. Manchu called Evenki and all clans north of the Amur who raised deers, indahvn takvrara golo, literally the deer-driving group (使鹿部).
   • Nivkh, as descibed, paleo-Siberians native to the estaury of the Amur Estuary, who had close relationship with Oroch by blood.
4. On location names:
   • 
     
     
     
   • Nurgan -> Myoo, Myoo was said to be a city built by the Nurgan soldiers, now Nikolayevsk. But in French map, it seems on the south bank of the Amur. Nikolayevsk was known for its gold rush.
   • Nurgan -> Nurgan or Tyr. The city was rendered as Telmin in the French map, but known as Nurgan in Yuan and Ming Dynasty. However, Jurchen called it Nirugan, which means picturesque in Manchu/Jurchen. It should be a trade center.
   • Bulava, could be spelled as Bulau, which was Ming Dynasty Jurchen Weisuo (卜鲁兀卫)
   • Deren -> Kiji, after the lake and the village Kiji, which was the initial place of Shangwulin and a historical trade center in Qing Dynasty. The village served as a Ming Dynasty Jurchen Weisuo under Nurgan (钦真卫)
   • Tumzhdin & Datta -> Tumjin: the name, Datta, means the estuary in Oroch. It is not a proper name and Russian used Datta to name multiple places. The true identifier for this place is the Datta of the River Tumjin (Tumzhdin by Russian) or Tumjin Datta, similar to Sahaliyan Ula Angga.
   • Koppi could be Koppi or merged with Tumjin. Could we leave Koppi and Tumjin with inaccessible forests like what we have in Siberia?

---

Sixty-six Clans honored the Asin Gioro family and awarded the name of Manchu (满洲从龙六十六部) : (v=uu=ū)

• suksuhu aiman、sarhv、giyamuhv、jan、wanggiyan、elmin、jakvmu、sakda、suwan、dunggo、yarhv、andarki aiman、weji aiman、hvrha、warka、fio、sahalca (the above followed Aisin Gioro family voluntarily)
• joogiya、mardun、onggolo、antu gvwalgiya、hunehe aiman、jecen i aiman、tomoho、janggiya、barda、jaifiyan、dunggiya、olhon、dung、juxeri、neyen、fodoho、sibe、anculakv、hada、jang、akiran、hesihe、omoho soro、fenehe、hoifa、huye、namdulu、suifun、ningguta、nimaca、urgucen、muren、jakvta、ula、usui、yaran、sirin、ehe kuren、gvnaka kuren、sahaliyan i aman、indahvn takvrara golo、noro、sirahin、yehe、gvwalca、usuri、hingkan、huncun、kvyala (these clans were conquered by the Aisin Gioro family)

 

[Freshplayer]

Province Hingka
Historical names: Hinka, Khanka, Kanka

1. Locations: Juru Hoton (Northern part) -> Lefu & Mon, Anchun (West part) -> Lefu and
2. Etymology: Hingka was a local form of Manchu word, hungkere, lit. flow low. This low land was known for its agriculture, wetland terrains, and pearl-picking. (Maps of freshwater pearl mussels in the Russian Amur basin)
   Spoiler: Map of Pearl Mussel Distribution

   
3. History:
   • As early as BC 4100, the residents of Xinkaihu began fishing, hunting, and farming in this land. They were ancestors of the Mohe and Jurchen people. These ancient people lived in the land for thousands of years until the establishment of the Bohai State.
   • The Early Bohai State was a self-governing tributary state of the Tang Dynasty, operating in cooperation with Mohe and Goguryeo peoples, along with its tributary neighbors, including the Khitan, Heishui Mohe (ancestors of the Jurchen), and Shiwei (ancestors of the Mongols). To defend themselves from Heishui Mohe, they built a Bohai version of the Great Wall along their northeastern border, known as Chakiri-mudun (牡丹江边墙) by later Jurchen people. This wall distanced the Bohai people from Funie Mohe of Heishui Mohe in the north Hingka basin, leaving the modern Ussuriysk a major pass in the region and the name Furdan (lit. Pass in Manchu).
     Spoiler: Map of Early Bohai State

     

     
   • After Bohai conquest of Heishui Mohe, the wall was abondoned. However, during the 13th century, the Jurchen warlod, Puxian Wannu, repaired this wall and used it as defense against Mongol conquest. But this wall did not prevent him from the final defeat in 1233, by the future rule of Mongol Empire, Güyük.
4. On location names: I put much ancient sites on the map for reference. Literally, just Lefu for the Lefu basin, Mon for the Mon basin, Ilu for the Ilu basin, and Sungacha for the north bank.

Supplementary materials:

Unlike the story from the Ubuxun clan, Donghai Woji Zhuan (lit. legends of Donghai Woji; 东海窝集传) tells a story about how two princes of Fonie escaped from their marriage with Woji princesses and established the first patrilineal state, Donghai Woji, with the help of the Chinese. They also mention Woleng (should be Olong in Korea), Woji (Udege in Sihote Alin), Muleng (Muren), and Saman (known for having samans).

Main Story of Donghai Woji Zhuan:

1. Two princes of Fonie (佛涅部) had to marry princesses of Weji (窝集部) for succession. Princes joined Weji war against Wolen (possibly Maolin Wei 毛怜卫) for the queen's missing treasure. When they returned to Weji, two princesses went into princes' meeting with four girls (slaves) and became furious, asking the queen to kill them. Four girls were found plotting for a slave revolt to rescue the princes and ran to the Saman clan for help.
2. Princes were release for the War against Mulun (possibly Muren). They escaped from the battlefield and went to the South, where they met Ubxun elder and learned how to make cloth, wine, and corps. They iron-making and woodcraft from Sun Zhenren (a Daoist title for the master)
3. Returning to Weji, two princesses proposed the adoption of Ubxun techniques and abolished matrilineality. Old samans and minsters were discontent and succeeded to put princes into jail for the disease. After the princesses died from the disease, two princes were buried, but rescued by the four girls; later ran to an all-female clan and took the leadership. They surrendered the Bala clan, breast-raisers, Hinggan Clan, the Hero Tasiha and prepared to attacked Donghai Jurchen.
4. The princes gathered 600 men in the war against Weji. The conquered the Hurha city but failed to overcome Wusu clan (possibly Ussuri). They learned art of war from a Chinese hermit and hired him as advisor. They traded weapons from Kaiyuan, and won the war with the quuen. Huncun was persuaded to surrender in the end. Donghai became a tributary of China in under the princes.

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Sixty-six Clans honored the Asin Gioro family and awarded the name of Manchu (满洲从龙六十六部) : (v=uu=ū)

• suksuhu aiman、sarhv、giyamuhv、jan、wanggiyan、elmin、jakvmu、sakda、suwan、dunggo、yarhv、andarki aiman、weji aiman、hvrha、warka、fio、sahalca (the above followed Aisin Gioro family voluntarily)
• joogiya、mardun、onggolo、antu gvwalgiya、hunehe aiman、jecen i aiman、tomoho、janggiya、barda、jaifiyan、dunggiya、olhon、dung、juxeri、neyen、fodoho、sibe、anculakv、hada、jang、akiran、hesihe、omoho soro、fenehe、hoifa、huye、namdulu、suifun、ningguta、nimaca、urgucen、muren、jakvta、ula、usui、yaran、sirin、ehe kuren、gvnaka kuren、sahaliyan i aman、indahvn takvrara golo、noro、sirahin、yehe、gvwalca、usuri、hingkan、huncun、kvyala (these clans were conquered by the Aisin Gioro family)

 

[Freshplayer]

This is my map for the West side of Sihote Alin, where I suppose we should focus on the watery valleys, where the native people were known as Yupi, meaning 'people of the sea'. Fish Skin is used in Chinese culture because it was traditionally used to make clothing. The region was known for fish and wetlands. I provided the names for some important corridors, although some have lost their native names, with only a Chinese name available (I used - in Chinese names).

According to the Qing Dynasty definition, Yupi along the Ussuri were honored with the name Manchu, as one of the sixty-six clans. As evidence of loyalty, Ussuri Nanai accepted the order to have a haircut like other Manchu people, unlike their cousins in the lower Amur, who bore long hair. I find that most English sources were misled by the Russian account, which claimed there was no difference between the two Nanai groups, and were confused about the categorization.

Additionally, I emphasize the cities of Horo, Egong, Bisin, and Niman, as the Ming Dynasty established Weisuo in these locations. Additionally, the name Niman, instead of Iman, suggests that many Russians may have sought to alter the original meaning of this name, which is 'goat' in Manchu, possibly due to religious reasons. It's on the map; that's all. Niman was a historical Warka (not Udege/Weji, but close to Namunka) territory, home to Nimanca, Yukmo, Irgen Gioro, Nara, Fuca, and Wanggiya, among others. Morphologically, the Nimanca (Niman + -ka = de Niman) family was named after this region.

Supplemental materials:
In the traditions of the Nimanca family, Nima Enduri is a god goat worshiped by their clan. There is a full table from http://iel.cass.cn/ztpd/shyj/ssmzsh/201710/t20171027_3684720.shtml.

Sixty-six Clans honored the Asin Gioro family and awarded the name of Manchu (满洲从龙六十六部) : (v=uu=ū)

• suksuhu aiman、sarhv、giyamuhv、jan、wanggiyan、elmin、jakvmu、sakda、suwan、dunggo、yarhv、andarki aiman、weji aiman、hvrha、warka、fio、sahalca (the above followed Aisin Gioro family voluntarily)
• joogiya、mardun、onggolo、antu gvwalgiya、hunehe aiman、jecen i aiman、tomoho、janggiya、barda、jaifiyan、dunggiya、olhon、dung、juxeri、neyen、fodoho、sibe、anculakv、hada、jang、akiran、hesihe、omoho soro、fenehe、hoifa、huye、namdulu、suifun、ningguta、nimaca、urgucen、muren、jakvta、ula、usui、yaran、sirin、ehe kuren、gvnaka kuren、sahaliyan i aman、indahvn takvrara golo、noro、sirahin、yehe、gvwalca、usuri、hingkan、huncun、kvyala (these clans were conquered by the Aisin Gioro family)

 

[Freshplayer]

Province Muren
Historical names: Morin, Muren, Mulun

1. Locations: Mulin -> Mureken, Jixi -> Gihi, Mishan -> Hubsu, Hulin -> Cifur(in)
2. Etymology: Muren was named after the Manchu word Morin, because the location is suitable for horse raising.
3. History:
   • Historical Jurchen settlement. Initially under Funie Mohe under Heishui Mohe, and later became Dongping Fu of Bohai.
   • In 1406, Mailanhe Wei, later in 1410, became a subject of Niman Wei of Warka; under Weiji in the early Qing Dynasty.
4. On location names:
   • Hulin -> Cifurin or Cipklin. Said to derive from cifuri niyehe, lit. Seagull, but this name might not be of Jurchen origin. A historical territory under the Niman Jurchen from the Jin Dynasty until the Russian Annexation of the Amur. The river was known as Cifuri River (七虎林河) or Qihulin by the Chinese, and later simplified as Hulin.
     
   • Mishan -> Hibsu, lit. Honey in Manchu, known for the battle of Hibsu Alin (蜂蜜山之战) in 1900, for the Sino-Russian border disputes. Hibsu Alin was known as Fengmi Shan (Honey Mountain) in Chinese; thus, it was simplified as Mishan in 1908.
   • Jixi -> Gihi. In Chinese, it was explained as being located west of Mt. Coko Fiyo, but the Manchu scholar, Mu Huajun (穆晔骏), believed it was from the word, Gihi (lit. furry deer leather, 带毛鹿皮). Coal was discovered in the late Qing Dynasty.
     
   • Mulun -> Mureken. This city was historically known as Mureken in the Qing Dynasty.

Sixty-six Clans honored the Asin Gioro family and awarded the name of Manchu (满洲从龙六十六部) : (v=uu=ū)

• suksuhu aiman、sarhv、giyamuhv、jan、wanggiyan、elmin、jakvmu、sakda、suwan、dunggo、yarhv、andarki aiman、weji aiman、hvrha、warka、fio、sahalca (the above followed Aisin Gioro family voluntarily)
• joogiya、mardun、onggolo、antu gvwalgiya、hunehe aiman、jecen i aiman、tomoho、janggiya、barda、jaifiyan、dunggiya、olhon、dung、juxeri、neyen、fodoho、sibe、anculakv、hada、jang、akiran、hesihe、omoho soro、fenehe、hoifa、huye、namdulu、suifun、ningguta、nimaca、urgucen、muren、jakvta、ula、usui、yaran、sirin、ehe kuren、gvnaka kuren、sahaliyan i aman、indahvn takvrara golo、noro、sirahin、yehe、gvwalca、usuri、hingkan、huncun、kvyala (these clans were conquered by the Aisin Gioro family)

 

[Freshplayer]

Province Hūrha
Historical names: Morin, Muren, Mulun

1. Locations: Odoli -> Akedun, Ningguta -> Hurhan + Gioro, Mudanjiang -> Niyehe
2. Etymology: Hūrha is a name with a disputed origin, also spelled as Hurga, Hurka, and known as Huhan, Huligai, Huerha, and Hulaha by the Chinese. The word is more likely from the Jurchen word, hfirha, lit. Fishing net, for its rich fishing resources. The basin was home to Bohai State, and later Hurka Jurchens (incl. Kurka, Hurka, Hurha, etc.). The current Chinese name, Mudan, was first recorded in 1859, possibly a distorted transcription of Hurha.
   
3. History:
   • The first records of the Huai basin date back to 696, when Dazhuorong, the founder of the Bohai State, built a city on a hill along the River Aolou. Later, he was appointed as the Dudu of Huhan (more likely Hurhan), named after this river. Hurhan was the transportation hub boasting a nearby copper mine in the south mountains, easy access to Iron in the current Odoli location, and a land route to eastern rice-growing areas in the east.
   • After the fall of Bohai, Khitan used the name Wolanggai, while Jurchen used the name Huligai for this river. It was clear that Hurha may become Hurga at that time. This region was then under the rule of Wuguo Bu (confederation, groups, or people), which evolved into Huligai Lu in the Jin Dynasty and Five Tumens in the Yuan Dynasty.
   • The Qing Dynasty claimed the region was their ancestral home and forbade Chinese immigration until the late 19th century. The region was then known as Ningguta and was a notorious penal place.
4. On location names:
   • Odoli -> Akedun (see my previous post)
   • Ningguta -> Gioro. The current Ningguta City was in the seat of Hailang County, which was rendered as Foe Ningguta (lit. Old Ningguta) in the French map. New Ningguta city was built in the Qing Dynasty, 5km southwest of the existing Gioro City along the river. There were many Bohai relics unearthed in Gioro, which indicated it was a Bohai city.
   • Ningguta -> Hurhan. Hurhan was the last capital of Bohai, also known as Shangjing, Dongjing, and Longquan, and was probably the largest city in this area. Its walled area was approximately the same size as the modern Ning'an County City. In the 18th century, this city was referred to as Feningge Hoton, literally meaning 'Old City' in Manchu. Much of this city is still in use, even though most buildings have disappeared.
   • Mudangjiang -> Niyehe. Modern Mudanjiang City was initially built as a railway station in the late 19th century, while Niyehe was a historical Manchu settlement known for its significance in transportation. The earliest Chinese immigrants had arrived in the town by the 14th century. It communicates the North-South waterway of the Hurha River, and the West-East land routes, serving as a key fort in the early 20th century against Russian invasion.

Sixty-six Clans honored the Asin Gioro family and awarded the name of Manchu (满洲从龙六十六部) : (v=uu=ū)

• suksuhu aiman、sarhv、giyamuhv、jan、wanggiyan、elmin、jakvmu、sakda、suwan、dunggo、yarhv、andarki aiman、weji aiman、hvrha、warka、fio、sahalca (the above followed Aisin Gioro family voluntarily)
• joogiya、mardun、onggolo、antu gvwalgiya、hunehe aiman、jecen i aiman、tomoho、janggiya、barda、jaifiyan、dunggiya、olhon、dung、juxeri、neyen、fodoho、sibe、anculakv、hada、jang、akiran、hesihe、omoho soro、fenehe、hoifa、huye、namdulu、suifun、ningguta、nimaca、urgucen、muren、jakvta、ula、usui、yaran、sirin、ehe kuren、gvnaka kuren、sahaliyan i aman、indahvn takvrara golo、noro、sirahin、yehe、gvwalca、usuri、hingkan、huncun、kvyala (these clans were conquered by the Aisin Gioro family)