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Tinto Maps #23 - 18th of October 2024 - China

Hello, and welcome to another week of Tinto’s fun Maps. This week it will be a huge one, as we will take a look at the entirety of China. It is a really big area, but it didn’t make sense to split it into multiple parts to present it separately, so we are showing it all at once. So, without further ado, let’s get started.

Countries
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Obviously the territory is dominated by Yuán, with Dali as its vassal. They appear big, strong, and scary, but they will have their own fair share of problems for sure. I will not go into detail into the countries that can be seen further south, as we will talk about Southeast Asia in a future Tinto Maps.

Societies of Pops
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Quite a variety of peoples in Southwest China, as you will see later in the culture maps.

Dynasties
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Here we finally have managed to catch the full name of the Borjigin dynasty in all its glory.

Locations
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Before you ask, there are around 1800 locations in China proper, not counting impassables and barring possible counting errors.

Provinces
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Areas
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Terrain
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You will notice here that there are few locations assigned as "farmlands", that's because when we did this part of the map there was yet not a clear criteria on how we would be defining the farmlands and their placement here hasn't been reviewed yet.

Development
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As mentioned before, the harsh changes of development at the end of China proper is probably too strong right now and it’s something that will have to be reviewed, especially at the Liáodōng area.

Natural Harbors
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Cultures
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There is a lot of cultural variation in China, not only among the sinitic peoples (which have been divided according to their linguistical and dialectal differences) but also having many other types of non-sinitic peoples. The resulting pie chart for the cultures of the country is a wonder to see indeed. And even if Yuán itself is Mongolian, there are actually very few Mongolian people in the country, as only the ruling class would belong to it. That is one other source of further trouble for Yuán.

Religions
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Considering religion, there is also a lot of variation in the South West, and one thing you will notice is the clear lack of “Animism”. We have finally eliminated Animism as a religion from the game and have divided it into many multiple ones. Besides this, and some Muslim presence in some areas, there are other small pockets of religions that do not get to appear in the map, like Manichaeism, Nestorianism, Judaism and Zoroastrianism. And the elephant in the room is the Mahayana, that we have already mentioned that we have plans on dividing it, but more on it at the end.

Raw Materials
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A very resource rich region, which makes it understandable that China was able to basically be self-sufficient in terms of resources for long periods in history, and with many sources of highly appreciated resources like silk, tea, and even soybeans. Another interesting thing is the division on the preference of grain cultivation, with rice being more prominent in the south while the north tends to favor wheat and sturdy grains (millet, basically).

Markets
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Population
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Yes, there’s a lot of population in China, and with that many people and that many resources it obviously has a lot of potential. We have been following population census of 1351 and 1393, which allows us to have the most accurate values we can have.

Now, before closing off, let me turn back once again to the subject of religion, as it has already been pointed out that having a single Mahayana religion covering both China and Tibet (and parts of India) may not be the best both for accuracy and gameplay reasons, and we basically agree with it so we are planning on reworking a bit but it hasn’t been done in time for this Tinto Maps. However, as we are aware that you are not able to provide proper feedback unless we present you something, let me now share with you what are our plans with it. Please keep in mind that I will NOT go into details about their mechanics, and only talk about their distribution.

First of all, Tibetan Buddhism will be split and turned into its own religion. Although it “technically” is part of the Mahayana branch, it is true that its practices have distinguished it from Chinese Buddhism enough to represent it as its own religion, starting from the fact that they do not follow the same canon. The Mahayana that was present in India was already an outlier from start, so it will be made into its own religion.

That leaves out that the current “Mahayana” remaining in game will be Chinese Buddhism, that is, those following the Chinese Buddhist canon, and it will be present in China, Korea, and Vietnam. The question remains on what to call the religion, and several things have to be considered for that:

  1. The religion will already include blended into it Confucianism and Daoism besides Buddhism, so all three religions are included. That means it can’t be named either Confucianism or Daoism, as they have been bundled in. Buddhism was taken as the base name because, from the three, it was considered as the one mostly oriented towards the “religious” (Confucianism being more focused on administration and Daoism on rituals), and the most similar to what an organized religion would be outside of China.
    1. As a subpoint on that, and I can’t go into details for it yet, but there will also be options inside it to favor Buddhism over Confucianism or the opposite, so that is already covered too.
  2. As mentioned, it will be present not only in China but also in Korea and Vietnam (and any other country that may convert too, like for example Japan), so naming it something that’s too intrinsic to Chinese identity would not be ideal. That would mean that a term like Sānjiào, although good, would feel a bit out of place when playing for example as Korea (we know that the concept spread there too, but it was more prominent inside China and regardless having the name be directly in Chinese would be the main issue when playing outside China)

So, for now, the current name we are considering for the religion is directly “Chinese Buddhism”, or even leaving it as “Mahayana”, understanding that the main current of Mahayana is the version following the Chinese canon anyway. But feel free to suggest any alternative naming if you feel that there may be a better option we haven’t thought of, as long as it takes into consideration the previous points. And of course, let us know your feedback on the proposed representation and distribution too.

And that’s it for today, after a bit longer closing than usual. Next week we’ll be back a bit further east, taking a look at Korea and Japan. Hope to see you there!
 
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I saw several people confused by the term “Moist” for a religion. I myself thought it might be the philosophical school of Mohism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohism ) but it sounds like it is intended to represent a particular regional set of animistic practices (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_(religion) ).

Given that “moist” often tops the list of people’s most disliked words in the English language (see this post and the earlier ones linked therein: https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=46921 ) I would recommend renaming this to just “Mo” on the religion map, to avoid all these confusions.

(I can’t tell if Bimoism is related, or just has a coincidentally similar name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimoism )
 
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Notes on the Sino-Tibetan borderlands

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Nice to see the Tinto Map of China released. In a previous post (https://forum.paradoxplaza.com/foru...2024-chagatai-and-tibet.1706913/post-29919531) I had given some brief suggestions regarding the region, but now I can finally get deeper into the historical context.

Looking at this Chinese map of the Xuanzheng Yuan (宣政院), we may notice that its jurisdiction had extended beyond the borders of modern Tibet and Qinghai, to include part of modern Gansu province. By the 14th century, this cultural region, known as Domé (mdo smad, 脱思麻), has a majority non-Han Chinese population under Tibetan influence.

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Instead of having these areas directly owned by Yuan, I would suggest to depict them as march vassals. These regions usually have a military governor centered at a garrison town, exerting authority towards the neighboring smaller native chiefdoms.

Here I tried to sketch out the territory of the major ones, including:
  • 4 Marshal Governates (元帥府): Hezhou, Jishizhou, Taozhou, Minzhou (can be combined as a single Domé tag with Hezhou as capital)
  • The Pacification Commission of Songpan-Dietan-Weimao (松潘疊宕威茂宣撫司)

I also include some Tusi Chiefdoms, including:
  • Biri Myriarchy (必里萬戶): a Mongolian tribe near modern Guide county; later disintegrated, with Rongwo monastery becoming the centre of power (reference: The First Mongol Contacts with the Tibetans, by Christopher P. Atwood)
  • Khagya Nomadic Confederation, which later became subordinate to the Labrang Monastery (established 1709)
  • Qiangic Chiefdom of Longzhou, House of Xue (薛)
  • Gyalrong: simplified into 4 major country tags, Gyalrong, Tsakho, Muchi, Tianquan
  • Nakhi: LijiangYongning
  • Suggested border adjustments for Nyarong and Hor - Trotsang was a Monastery built in the 17th century under Derge patronage, and should not be owned by Hor; Trehor (in modern Luhuo county) should be owned by Hor

Below is a detailed list of map suggestions.

RemarksRuler & culture
1. Fulin (富林) -> Lizhou (黎州)Fulin Fort (富林堡) was established during the Ming Dynasty, and only became the county seat in the 20th century.Chiefdom of Lizhou; Tibetan (Kham?), Yi
2. Xinmian (新棉) -> Songlindi (松林地)Modern name originating from asbestos mining. Early history unknown, ruled by Songlindi Tusi since 1711.Kham and Ersu
3. New location: Yanzhou (岩州)Important for modern borders of Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.
Yanzhou was located in modern Lan'an (嵐安) township, Luding (瀘定) county. Later the county became divided between 2 Gyalrong Chiefrdoms, Lengbian and Shenbian.
Gyalrong
4. Chengxiang (城廂) -> Tianquan (天全)Chengxiang is an anachronistic name that means "town", created for modern administrative purposes.
The Chiefdom of Tianquan was known since the Yuan Dynasty.
Capital of the Chiefdom of Tianquan, Gyalrong
5. Luyang (蘆陽) -> Lushan (蘆山)Modern town name.Chinese
6. New location: Muchi (Mu phyi)Modern Baoxing county. Capital of the Gyalrong chiefdom of Muchi.Gyalrong
7. New location: Caopo (草坡)Part of modern Wenchuan. Inhabited by the Qiangic Caopo people, later conquered by the Gyalrong chiefdom of Wasi (瓦寺) in 15th century.Qiang
8. New location: Baoxian (保縣)Modern Xuecheng Town (薛城鎮), Li County.Chinese, Qiang
9. Zagunao (unchanged)Chinese translation of Tibetan name, but its original name is unknown.Capital of the Chiefdom of Tsakho (Zagu), Gyalrong
10. New location: WokzhiGyalrong Chiefdom of Wokzhi, in modern Wori town of Xiaojin CountyGyalrong
11. Yungdrung (adjusted borders)
12. Zhanggu -> Drakgo (brag 'go)Owned by Chakla. Not to be confused with the other brag 'go in modern Luhuo county.Gyalrong
13. New location: GeshitsaGyalrong, Chiefdom of Geshitsa
14. New location: DrugzurCapital of Gyalrong Chiefdom of Trokyap, modern Zhoushan (周山) village in Jinchuan County.Gyalrong, Chiefdom of Trokyap
15. Nubzur (unchanged)
16. New location: TreboThe wider area of Trebo, also known as Tre, gives the name to the "Trehor" tribe, namely the "Hor" tribes of the land of "Tre".Kham, Chiefdom of Trehor
17. Dawu (adjusted borders)
18. New location: GartarTranslated to Chinese as Hada (哈答) during Yuan Dynasty. The nearby area was owned by Chakla by the 18th century.

Source: “The Seventh Dalai Lama’s residence in Kham: Gartar Monastery interactions with indigenous chiefs and the Qing court”
Kham; owned by Chakla
19. New location: Kazhi (bka' bzhi)bka' bzhi dgon pa (高爾寺) was a Sakya monastery established in the 13th century, in modern Gao Er Si Shan village (高爾寺山), Yajiang County.
Adding this location allow smoother borders along the Yalong river.
Kham
20: Fengyi (鳳儀) -> Maozhou (茂州)Anachronistic town name.Chinese, Qiang
21: Luhua (蘆花) -> Trochu (khro chu)Modern Chinese town name. The area was inhabited by Qiang people, later conquered by the Gyalrong Chiefdom of Tsakho.Qiang, Gyalrong
22: Maerkang (馬爾康) -> BarkhamAnachronistic Chinese translation.Gyalrong
23: New location: Maiza (麥匝)Qiang, Chiefdom of Maiza (麥匝簇長官司)
24: Qiongxi (邛溪) -> Tagyelling (lta rgyal gling)Qiongxi is an anachronistic Chinese name. Tagyelling was the old capital of the Gyalrong Chiefdom of Somang before it moved to Somang township of Barkam county.Gyalrong, Amdo
25: Maiwa -> KhyungchuKhyungchu river; the Maiwa tribe only migrated from Dege to Gakog county in the 20th century. In 1337 this tribe is probably wondering somewhere in Amdo. In the 17-18th century, it migrated south to Nyarong. Amdo
26: New location: Gurkyang(sGur skyang)Gurkyang Monastery, founded 1102, one of the greatest Bon Monasteries in AmdoAmdo
27: Dazhasi -> Dzögé (mdzod dge)Anachronistic Chinese name of a monastery founded in 1663.Amdo
28. Rinpung -> Gamal (dga' mal)The Rinpung monastery was founded in 19th century. The location can be named after the Gamal Monastery, founded in 1355.Amdo
29. Jin'an (進安) -> Songpan (松潘)Jin'an is a modern town name.Qiang (majority), Amdo
30. Long'an (龍安) -> Baima (白馬)Long'an is the later name of the nearby location Longzhou. The location was inhabited by the Baima Tibetans.Baima Tibetan
31. Qushan (曲山) -> Shiquan (石泉)Known as Shiquan county until 20th century.
32. Liulin (柳林) -> Choné (co ne)Modern Chinese town name. Choné Monastery was established in the 13th century.Amdo
33. New location: Dingqiang (定羌)Modern Kangle county.Amdo
34. New location: Qiecang (癿藏)Modern Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County. Qiecang was a local Tibetan tribe during the Ming Dynasty.Amdo (Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar people migrated to here during the Qing Dynasty)
35: Liujiaxia (劉家峽) -> Bingling (炳靈)Liujiaxia became famous only after the Liujiaxia Dam was constructed in 1969. The location can be named after the Bingling Temple.Chinese, Salar
36: New location: RongwoOne of the most important monasteries in Amdo, built in 1301.Amdo, Monguor
37: New location: Chentsa (gcan tsha)Ancient region known since the Tibetan Empire period.Amdo
38: Heyin (河陰) -> Guide (歸德)Heyin is a modern town name.Amdo
39. New location: Mangra (mang ra)Translated to Chinese as Mangla (莽剌) in Ming Veritable Records.Amdo
 
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Please make sure to separate Pénghú(澎湖) from Lloa. These two places have never belonged to the same basic administrative unit. Even before the Han Chinese entered Taiwan, the Yuan and Ming dynasties had already established rule here. It is necessary to distinguish it from the main island of Taiwan.
Those islands indeed belong to Lloa.
 
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Please make sure to separate Pénghú(澎湖) from Lloa. These two places have never belonged to the same basic administrative unit. Even before the Han Chinese entered Taiwan, the Yuan and Ming dynasties had already established rule here. It is necessary to distinguish it from the main island of Taiwan.
Ming kicked the Dutch out of Penghu by force but considered Taiwan fair game:
 
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Please, make Yuan red again.
It should be blue, sky-blue, or white. Blue is the colour of the Mongol people and white was the official colour of Yuan, and is also associated with the Mongol people. The colour red has no connection to Yuan other than the association created by eu4.
 
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Are we still talking about Buddhism? I'm no expert that's sure, but I don't understand how is Zen Buddhism so wrong, but Mahayana, or any other name for that matter better?
Zen Buddhism is essentially a school within Mahayana/Chinese Buddhism, and it's not even the largest one. However, lots of people think that just using Mahayana Buddhism as the religion paints too broad a brush and wipes out the significant impact of Daoism, Confucianism, and folk religions.

That's why people are arguing for something like the Three Teachings as the name, because very few people of the time would describe themselves as Buddhists, or Confucians, or Daoists, but they would use aspects of all three (combined with their local folk religion) in their religious and personal lives.

Similarly, this religious syncreticism spread to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan in different ways - Korea combined Buddhism and Confucianism with Korean shamanism while Japan combined Buddhism with Shintoism with very little Confucianism.
 
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I'm so happy to hear the plans for differentiating Tibetan Buddhism! Thanks for the extensive research that goes into developing these games. On the note of naming the buddhist sects, I'll quote from Peter Harvey's "An Introduction to Buddhism", 2nd ed., from page 4 of the introduction:
While Buddhism is now only a minority religion within the borders of modern India, its spread beyond India means that it is currently found in three main cultural areas. These are those of: ‘Southern Buddhism’, where the Theravāda school is found, along with some elements incorporated from the Mahāyāna; ‘Eastern Buddhism’, where the Chinese transmission of Mahāyāna Buddhism is found; and the area of Tibetan culture, ‘Northern Buddhism’, which is the heir of late Indian Buddhism, where the Mantranaya/Vajrayāna version of the Mahāyāna is the dominant form. One can see these as like the three main branches of the‘tree’ of Buddhism, though as all parts of a tree are genetically identical, this underplays the differences that have developed within Buddhism over time.
Chapter 12 of the book covers these three areas of Buddhism in greater detail. Personally, I favor the labels Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana, as was used in EUIV. However, this passage also offers the more neutral terms of Northern Buddhism, Southern Buddhism and Eastern Buddhism, which might also suit the game's design goals.

PS: For any curious about the relationship of Vajrayana and Mahayana, this is from page 3 of the same book:
The Mahāyāna produced many schools of its own, such as Zen. One group of these which developed by the sixth century in India, and is sometimes seen as separate from the Mahāyāna, is known as the Mantranaya, or the ‘Path of Mantras’. It is mostly the same as the Mahāyāna in its doctrines, but developed a range of powerful new practices to attain the goals of the Mahāyāna, such as the meditative repetitions of sacred words of power (mantras) and complex visualization practices. It is based on tantras or complex systems of ritual, symbolism and meditation, and its form from the late seventh century is known as the Vajrayāna, or ‘Vehicle of the Thunderbolt’.
 
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微信图片_20241019062908.png

County县Town镇
Yǒngnián永年Línmíngguān临洺关
Nánhé南和 Héyáng和阳
Shāhé沙河XX
Xíngtái邢台XX

Wow! I saw my hometown, haha. ;)
But there are two small mistakes:
1:
Línmíngguān is a town, it belongs to Yǒngnián county,
In 1958, Yǒngnián county government moved to Línmíngguān from another town, because there is a railway station in Línmíngguān.
2:
Héyáng is also a town, it belongs to Nánhé county,
In 1265. Nánhé county was renamed to Héyáng county, and in 1368, the first year of Ming Dynasty, it was changed back to Nánhé county.
Correction: This statement has no evidence.
 
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I have made a comment in this thread before but I will reiterate: I don't think it makes sense to eschew Sanjiao because it's a Chinese word. Kongo can convert to Catholic and no one bats an eye. A Japan converting to Catholic wouldn't feel out of place; hell, if the religion were called Catholicus it wouldn't feel weird (although pedantic). A nation neighboring China, whose history/culture is for better or worse deeply tied with China, would not look weird in adopting a religion with a Chinese name. What *would* be weird is if the religion was monolithic to the point they played the same in Korea, China and Vietnam, but it seems it will not be the case regardless.

So yeah, just go with Sanjiao. "Oh but what if Portugal converts to it" then I say,

images (23).jpeg
 
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Not really, but one of the many old "Animism" religions in the area has been made into "Wuism" as an actual separate religion.
If Wuism is a separate religion, it should be decently widespread across China
 
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Can we use a older Chinese romanisation like that Of Chinese postal romanisation instead of modern romanisation?

Also it feels very weird to use Mandarin romanisation for all of Chinese provinces considering how southern China barely spoke mandarin during that period. Could they at least use romanisation of local languages for major sinitic languages like Hokkien and Cantonese?

Edit: wip spreadsheet for suggesting location names, check P.22 of comments for more info
 
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That's Wuism (Chinese folk shamanism)
She people do indeed traditionally follow a form of Wuism, but as I mentioned, it should be widespread in many of the Han cultures as well, unless it's also incorporated into the main Chinese religion in some form
 
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View attachment 1201462
There is a lot of cultural variation in China, not only among the sinitic peoples (which have been divided according to their linguistical and dialectal differences) but also having many other types of non-sinitic peoples. The resulting pie chart for the cultures of the country is a wonder to see indeed. And even if Yuán itself is Mongolian, there are actually very few Mongolian people in the country, as only the ruling class would belong to it. That is one other source of further trouble for Yuán.

Is the Four Class hierarchy (Mongols, Semu, [Northern] Han, and Southern Han) under Yuan rule defined as a contributing factor for cultural strife?
 
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